Etabs - Technical Notes Manual

Technical Notes Manual
Technical Notes
Manual
For ETABS 2016
ISO ETA122815M5Rev. 1
Proudly developed in the United States of America June 2017
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Contents
Technical Notes
Note 1 IFC Import / Export
Note 2 Modified Darwin-Pecknold 2-D Reinforced Concrete

Material Model
Note 3 Automatic Generation of Point Spring Supports Based

on Defined Soil Profiles and Column-Footing Proper-
ties
Note 4 Parametric P-M2-M3 Hinge Model
Note 5 Material Time-Dependent Properties
i
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., OCTOBER 2013
TECHNICAL NOTE
IFC4 IMPORT AND EXPORT
Introduction
This document describes the import and export of Industry Foundation Classes IFC 4 files to and from ETABS
2013.1.2 or later and SAP2000 16.0.2 or later. Files written in IFC2x3, the previous release of IFC, can also be
imported and exported but this older functionality is not described here.
IFC files are repositories of Building Information Modeling BIM data. Most of this data is not relevant to structural
analysis and accordingly not imported by ETABS or SAP2000. Various types of IFC data are organized into subsets
named “views” which gather data types relevant to various aspects of building design, construction, and
maintenance. There are several such views, but only two views are relevant to ETABS and SAP2000: the “structural
analysis view”, and the “architectural coordination view”.
The structural analysis view describes a building structure in terms of nodes, elements, and loads. Files containing a
structural analysis view are the most suitable for import into ETABS and SAP2000, but are written by very few if
any 3D building modeling programs. Such files are suitable for export to other structural software, such as steel and
concrete detailing applications.
The architectural coordination view describes the components of a building in architectural terms. Files containing an
architectural coordination view are quite prevalent. Only some of the entities in these files are relevant to ETABS or
SAP2000, and whether these entities can be imported or not depends on how their geometry is described. For
example, if the external faces of a beam or column are specified in the IFC file but its centerline is not, the beam or
column cannot be imported. Furthermore, because the geometric extents of framing elements stop at the external
faces of their supports, the user needs to systematically adjust end points after import. Architectural coordination
view files are suitable for export to most building design software as they are generally well imported.
Whether it is a structural analysis view or architectural coordination view file, an IFC file contains, in addition to top
level entities from these views, entities from shared supporting IFC schemas which complete the description of the
top level entities and establish relationships between them.
This document includes seven sections:

1. Account of which structural analysis view entities can be imported.
2. Account of which architectural coordination view entities can be imported.
3. Account of which shared supporting schemas entities can be imported.
4. Procedure for importing an IFC file into ETABS or SAP2000.
5. Accounts of which ETABS and SAP2000 model components can be exported to a structural analysis
view file.
6. Accounts of which ETABS and SAP2000 model components can be exported to an architectural view
coordination file.
7. Describes the procedure for exporting an IFC file from ETABS or SAP2000.
IFC4 Import and Export Page 1 of 27

Technical Note IFC4 Import and Export
Structural Analysis View Import

Structural Analysis Domain Entities
The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Structural Analysis domain whether it is imported
into ETABS and SAP2000, and if it is imported, notes any restrictions:
IFC Entity Imported Restrictions

IfcRelConnectsStructuralActivity
IfcRelConnectsStructuralMember
IfcRelConnectsWithEccentricity Imported for ETABS frame objects and SAP2000 line
objects
IfcStructuralAnalysisModel
IfcStructuralCurveAction Imported if connected to a structural item.
IfcStructuralCurveConnection
IfcStructuralCurveMember
IfcStructuralCurveMemberVarying Per the IFC 4 Specification, a curve member whose
variation of profile properties can be sufficiently
described by a start profile and an end profile (e.g.
tapers) shall be modeled as a single direct instance of
the supertype IfcStructuralCurveMember.
IfcStructuralCurveReaction
IfcStructuralLinearAction Imported if connected to a structural item.
IfcStructuralLoadCase
IfcStructuralLoadGroup
IfcStructuralPlanarAction Imported if connected to a structural item.
IfcStructuralPointAction Temperature loads not imported for point objects and
shell objects, displacement loads not imported for
frame objects and shell objects
IfcStructuralPointConnection
IfcStructuralPointReaction
IfcStructuralResultGroup
IfcStructuralSurfaceAction
IfcStructuralSurfaceConnection
IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
IfcStructuralSurfaceMemberVarying
IfcStructuralSurfaceReaction

Structural Load Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Structural Load Resource schema whether it is
imported into ETABS and SAP2000, and if it is imported, notes any restrictions:

IfcBoundaryEdgeCondition
IfcBoundaryFaceCondition
IfcBoundaryNodeCondition
IfcBoundaryNodeConditionWarping
IfcFailureConnectionCondition
IfcSlippageConnectionCondition
IfcStructuralLoadConfiguration
IfcStructuralLoadLinearForce
IfcStructuralLoadPlanarForce
IfcStructuralLoadSingleDisplacement Imported for point objects
IfcStructuralLoadSingleDisplacementDist
ortion
IfcStructuralLoadSingleForce
IfcStructuralLoadSingleForceWarping
IfcStructuralLoadTemperature Imported for frame objects
IfcSurfaceReinforcementArea

Architectural Coordination View Import
Shared Building Element Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Shared Building Element schema whether it is

IfcBeam Imported if it has a ‘Body’ shape representation with a
'SweptSolid' representation type and an
IfcSweptAreaSolid; or if it has an ‘Axis’ shape with a
‘Curve3D’ representation type and an
IfcBoundedCurve. The end points typically require
adjustment by the user as they are at the face of the
support – wall, column, or girder. Always imported as
a straight line.
IfcBeamStandardCase
IfcBeamType
IfcBuildingElementProxy
IfcBuildingElementProxyType
IfcBuildingSystem
IfcChimney
IfcChimneyType
IfcColumn Imported if it has a ‘Body’ shape representation with a
IfcBoundedCurve. Always imported as a straight line.
IfcColumnStandardCase
IfcColumnType
IfcCovering
IfcCoveringType
IfcCurtainWall
IfcCurtainWallType
IfcDoor
IfcDoorStandardCase
IfcDoorType
IfcMember Imported if it has a ‘Body’ shape representation with a
IfcBoundedCurve. The end points typically require
adjustment by the user as they are at the face of the
support – wall, column, or girder. Always imported as
a straight line.
IfcMemberStandardCase
IfcMemberType
IfcPlate

IfcPlateStandardCase
IfcPlateType
IfcRailing
IfcRailingType
IfcRamp
IfcRampFlight
IfcRampFlightType
IfcRampType
IfcRelConnectsPathElements
IfcRelCoversBldgElements
IfcRelCoversSpaces
IfcRoof
IfcRoofType
IfcShadingDevice
IfcShadingDeviceType
IfcSlab Imported if it has a ‘Body’ shape representation with a
IfcBoundedCurve. Always imported as a straight line
IfcSlabElementedCase
IfcSlabStandardCase
IfcSlabType
IfcStair
IfcStairFlight
IfcStairFlightType
IfcStairType
IfcWall
IfcWallElementedCase
IfcWallStandardCase
IfcWallType
IfcWindow
IfcWindowStandardCase
IfcWindowType

Shared Schema Entity Import
Core Data Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Core Data schema whether it is imported into
ETABS and SAP2000, and if it is imported, notes any restrictions:
IfcActor
IfcGroup Derived IfcStructuralLoadGroup entities imported
IfcProject
IfcPropertySet
IfcProxy
IfcRelAssignsToGroup
IfcRelAssignsToGroupByFactor
IfcRelAssignsToProduct
IfcRelDefinesByType
IfcTypeObject
IfcTypeProduct
Geometric Constraint Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Geometry Constraint Resource schema whether it is
IfcConnectionCurveGeometry
IfcConnectionPointEccentricity
IfcConnectionPointGeometry
IfcConnectionSurfaceGeometry
IfcConnectionVolumeGeometry
IfcGridAxis
IfcGridPlacement
IfcLocalPlacement
IfcVirtualGridIntersection

Geometric Model Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Geometry Model Resource schema whether it is
IfcAdvancedBrep
IfcAdvancedBrepWithVoids
IfcBlock
IfcBooleanClippingResult
IfcBooleanResult
IfcBoundingBox
IfcBoxedHalfSpace
IfcCartesianPointList3D
IfcCsgSolid
IfcExtrudedAreaSolid
IfcExtrudedAreaSolidTapered
IfcFaceBasedSurfaceModel
IfcFacetedBrep
IfcFacetedBrepWithVoids
IfcFixedReferenceSweptAreaSolid
IfcHalfSpaceSolid
IfcManifoldSolidBrep
IfcPolygonalBoundedHalfSpace
IfcRectangularPyramid
IfcRevolvedAreaSolid
IfcRevolvedAreaSolidTapered
IfcRightCircularCone
IfcRightCircularCylinder
IfcShellBasedSurfaceModel
IfcSphere
IfcSurfaceCurveSweptAreaSolid
IfcSweptAreaSolid
IfcSweptDiskSolid
IfcSweptDiskSolidPolygonal
IfcTriangulatedFaceSet

Geometry Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Geometry Resource schema whether it is imported
IfcAxis1Placement
IfcAxis2Placement2D
IfcAxis2Placement3D
IfcBoundaryCurve
IfcBSplineCurveWithKnots
IfcBSplineSurfaceWithKnots
IfcCartesianPoint
IfcCartesianTransformationOperator
2D
IfcCartesianTransformationOperator Imported as IfcCartesianTransformationOperator2D
2DnonUniform
IfcCartesianTransformationOperator
3D
IfcCartesianTransformationOperator Imported as IfcCartesianTransformationOperator3D
3DnonUniform
IfcCircle
IfcCompositeCurve
IfcCompositeCurveOnSurface
IfcCompositeCurveSegment
IfcCurveBoundedPlane
IfcCurveBoundedSurface
IfcCylindricalSurface
IfcDirection
IfcEllipse
IfcLine
IfcMappedItem
IfcOffsetCurve2D Imported only if BasisCurve is linear or circular
IfcOffsetCurve3D Imported only if BasisCurve is linear or circular
IfcOuterBoundaryCurve
IfcPcurve
IfcPlane
IfcPoint
IfcPointOnCurve
IfcPointOnSurface
IfcPolyline
IfcRationalBSplineCurveWithKnots
IfcRationalBSplineSurfaceWithKnots
IfcRectangularTrimmedSurface

IfcReparametrisedCompositeCurve
Segment
IfcRepresentationMap
IfcSurfaceOfLinearExtrusion
IfcSurfaceOfRevolution
IfcTrimmedCurve
IfcVector
Material Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Material Resource schema whether it is imported
IfcMaterial
IfcMaterialConstituent
IfcMaterialConstituentSet
IfcMaterialLayer
IfcMaterialLayerSet
IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage
IfcMaterialLayerWithOffsets
IfcMaterialProfile
IfcMaterialProfileSet
IfcMaterialProfileSetUsage
IfcMaterialProfileSetUsageTapering
IfcMaterialProfileWithOffsets
IfcMaterialProperties Only the three following property sets are imported:
common, mechanical, concrete, and steel.

Measurement Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Measurement Resource schema whether it is
IfcContextDependentUnit
IfcConversionBasedUnit
IfcConversionBasedUnitWithOffset
IfcDerivedUnit
IfcDerivedUnitElement
IfcDimensionalExponents
IfcMeasureWithUnit
IfcMonetaryUnit
IfcNamedUnit
IfcSIUnit
IfcUnitAssignment
Product Extension Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Product Extension schema whether it is imported
IfcBuilding
IfcBuildingStorey Imported in ETABS only
IfcGrid
IfcOpeningElement
IfcOpeningStandardCase
IfcRelAssociatesMaterial
IfcRelConnectsElements
IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure
IfcSite

Profile Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Profile Resource schema whether it is imported into
ETABS and SAP2000, and if is imported, notes any restrictions:
IfcArbitraryClosedProfileDef Impoorted if the ProfileName attribute matches a
IfcArbitraryOpenProfileDef section name in the .PRO or .XML catalog file
specified when the file is imported
IfcArbitraryProfileDefWithVoids
IfcAsymmetricIShapeProfileDef
IfcCenterLineProfileDef
IfcCircleHollowProfileDef
IfcCircleProfileDef
IfcCompositeProfileDef Only double angle and double channel profiles are
imported
IfcCShapeProfileDef
IfcEllipseProfileDef
IfcIShapeProfileDef
IfcLShapeProfileDef
IfcMirroredProfileDef
IfcProfileProperties
IfcRectangleHollowProfileDef
IfcRectangleProfileDef
IfcReinforcementBarProperties
IfcRoundedRectangleProfileDef
IfcSectionProperties
IfcSectionReinforcementProperties
IfcTrapeziumProfileDef
IfcTShapeProfileDef
IfcUShapeProfileDef
IfcZShapeProfileDef

Property Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Property Resource schema whether it is imported
IfcComplexProperty
IfcExtendedProperties
IfcPreDefinedProperties
IfcPropertyBoundedValue
IfcPropertyListValue
IfcPropertyReferenceValue
IfcPropertySingleValue
IfcPropertyTableValue
Representation Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Representation Resource schema whether it is
IfcGeometricRepresentationContext
IfcGeometricRepresentationSub
Context
IfcProductDefinitionShape
IfcProductRepresentation
IfcShapeAspect
IfcShapeRepresentation
IfcTopologyRepresentation

Topology Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Representation Resource schema whether it is
IfcAdvancedFace
IfcClosedShell
IfcConnectedFaceSet
IfcEdge
IfcEdgeCurve
IfcEdgeLoop
IfcFace
IfcFaceBound
IfcFaceOuterBound
IfcFaceSurface
IfcOrientedEdge
IfcPath
IfcPolyLoop
IfcSubEdge
IfcVertex Derived IfcVertexPoint entities imported
IfcVertexLoop
IfcVertexPoint
Utility Resource Entities

The table below indicates for each of the IFC entity types in the Utility Resource schema whether it is imported into
ETABS and SAP2000, and if it is imported, notes any restrictions:
IfcApplication
IfcOwnerHistory

Import Procedure
Importing into ETABS 2013

• From the start page of ETABS, choose Import >IFC File… under the File menu. The Import IFC File form
is displayed:
• Pick the Browse… button. The Open form is displyed. Navigate to the folder containing the IFC fie to
import, and select it. ETABS parses the file, which may take a few seconds, and displays an account of its
relevant content:

• To select a section catalog other than AISC14.xml, pick the Browse button and select a different .xml file in
the Open form. ETABS imports most IFC profiles that are subtypes of IfcParameterizedProfileDef, with a
few exceptions such as IfcEllipseProfileDef. However, many 3D building modeling programs do not export
section profiles this way, and instead export them as IfcArbitraryClosedProfileDef entities which are
defined by their outlines. Such profile entities are not directly useable for analysis and design. However, if
their ProfileName attribute matches one of the section names in the section catalog you selected, these
profile entities are imported as the corresponding ETABS section.
• Select the type of IFC entities to import. If the file includes both Structural Analysis view and Architectural
Coodination view entities, you should choose one type or the other. If you import both, you may get
duplicate members.
• Pick the Import button. After a few moments, ETABS displays the imported model. If there are error or
warnings, a message box will be displayed to that effect. You should then review the log file. Its name and
folder location are the same as those of the .IFC file you imported, with the extension changed to .ifcimp.log
Importing into SAP2000

The procedure is identical. The differences are you access the Import > IFC File in the File menu from a blank
SAP2000 model instead of the ETABS start page, and you specify a sections catalog file with a .pro file extension
instead of .xml.
Reviewing the Log File (.ifcimp.log)

A typical log file is listed below. It includes:

• The name of the imported file, its IFC version, the version of the importing program, the date and time
• Any relevant warning or error messages, if the file could not be imported. Each IFC entity is listed with its
item number in the .IFC file, its name, and its coordinates if it has any
• A list of imported entities
• A list of entities not processed
File “D:\Manuals\IFC\Model1.ifc” 2x3 imported in ETABS 2013 at 2013-06-27T11:35:10
IfcMaterial imported as No design in ETABS 2013 for the following items:

92 named STEEL/A992
245 named CONCRETE/3000
408 named A615-60
13292 named CONCRETE/1500
13350 named STEEL/A500-GR.B
Imported entities:
3 of type IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF
3 of type IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D
160 of type IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D
15 of type IFCBEAM
6 of type IFCBEAMTYPE
1 of type IFCBUILDINGSTOREY
1192 of type IFCCARTESIANPOINT
1210 of type IFCCARTESIANTRANSFORMATIONOPERATOR3D
1 of type IFCCIRCLEPROFILEDEF
6 of type IFCCOLUMN
2 of type IFCCOLUMNTYPE
28 of type IFCDIRECTION
22 of type IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID
1 of type IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONCONTEXT
7 of type IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF
144 of type IFCLOCALPLACEMENT
1 of type IFCLSHAPEPROFILEDEF
1210 of type IFCMAPPEDITEM
5 of type IFCMATERIAL
2 of type IFCMATERIALLAYER
2 of type IFCMATERIALLAYERSET
3 of type IFCMATERIALLAYERSETUSAGE
1 of type IFCOWNERHISTORY
5 of type IFCPOLYLINE
139 of type IFCPRODUCTDEFINITIONSHAPE
1 of type IFCPROJECT
4831 of type IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE
2 of type IFCRECTANGLEPROFILEDEF
6 of type IFCRELASSOCIATESMATERIAL
1 of type IFCRELCONTAINEDINSPATIALSTRUCTURE
10 of type IFCRELDEFINESBYTYPE
1210 of type IFCREPRESENTATIONMAP
1351 of type IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION
9 of type IFCSIUNIT
1 of type IFCSLAB
1 of type IFCSLABTYPE
38 of type IFCSTYLEDITEM
1 of type IFCUNITASSIGNMENT
2 of type IFCWALLSTANDARDCASE
1 of type IFCWALLTYPE
Other entities:
1 of type IFCAPPLICATION

1 of type IFCBUILDING
22 of type IFCCLOSEDSHELL
10 of type IFCCOLOURRGB
2 of type IFCELEMENTASSEMBLY
20 of type IFCELEMENTQUANTITY
441 of type IFCFACE
441 of type IFCFACEOUTERBOUND
26 of type IFCFACETEDBREP
3 of type IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONSUBCONTEXT
10 of type IFCOPENINGELEMENT
1 of type IFCORGANIZATION
1 of type IFCPERSON
1 of type IFCPERSONANDORGANIZATION
441 of type IFCPOLYLOOP
1 of type IFCPOSTALADDRESS
5 of type IFCPRESENTATIONLAYERASSIGNMENT
13 of type IFCPRESENTATIONSTYLEASSIGNMENT
284 of type IFCPROPERTYSET
19 of type IFCQUANTITYAREA
20 of type IFCQUANTITYLENGTH
20 of type IFCQUANTITYVOLUME
20 of type IFCQUANTITYWEIGHT
105 of type IFCREINFORCINGBAR
5 of type IFCRELAGGREGATES
304 of type IFCRELDEFINESBYPROPERTIES
10 of type IFCRELVOIDSELEMENT
1 of type IFCSITE
13 of type IFCSURFACESTYLE
10 of type IFCSURFACESTYLERENDERING

Structural Analysis View Export
Export from ETABS

The table below indicates for each of the ETABS model components whether it is exported to structural analysis
view files, and if it is exported, the IFC entity written:
Model Element Exported IFC Entity

Project
Project Information IfcProject
Design Preferences
Structure Layout
Stories IfcBuildingStorey
Grid Systems
Properties
Materials IfcMaterial and IfcMaterialProperties. The mechanical properties of
non-isotropic properties are not exported.
Frame Sections Appropriate IfcParameterizedProfileDef subtype for basic profiles
or IfcCompositeProfileDef in the case of double angle or double
channels. Nonprismatic sections with two basic profiles of the same
type at each end are exported as an
IfcMaterialProfileSetUsageTapering; if the nonprismatic section has
multiple segments, the internal sections are ignored and a single
segment between the start and end section is assumed. Other
sections are exported as an IfcProfileDef with an associated
IfcProfileProperties describing the profile mechanical properties.
Insertion Point IfcMaterialProfileSetUsage
Slab Sections IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Deck Sections Exported as an IfcStructuralSurfaceMember with thickness equal to
the concrete cover thickness
Wall Sections IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Reinforcing Bar Sizes
Spring Properties
Point Springs IfcBoundaryCondition
Line Springs
Area Springs
Diaphragms
Hinge Properties
Panel Zones
Structural Objects
Joint Objects IfcStructuralConnection at object ends. Intermediate joints on frame
objects are not exported, and frame objects supported at
intermediate joints are not connected.
Joint restraints IfcBoundaryCondition
Columns
One IfcStructuralCurveMember per frame object
Beams

Braces
One IfcStructuralCurveMember per frame object
Other Frame Objects
Restraints IfcBoundaryCondition
End Length Offsets
IfcRelConnectsWithEccentricity
Insertion Points
Floors IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Walls IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Openings
Other Shell Objects
Link Objects
Groups
Loads
Functions
Load Patterns IfcStructuralLoadGroup. Seismic and Wind Auto-lateral load
patterns not exported.
Selfweight
Modal Cases
Static Load Cases IfcStructuralLoadCase
Load Combinations IfcStructuralLoadGroup
Shell Uniform Load Sets
Joint Loads IfcStructuralPointAction
Ground Displacement
Force
Temperature
Frame Loads
Point IfcStructuralPointAction
Distributed IfcStructuralCurveAction
Temperature
Open Structure Wind
Parameters
Shell Loads
Uniform Load Sets
Uniform IfcStructuralPlanarAction
Temperature
Analysis Results
Joint Displacement
Support Reactions
Frame Forces
Shell Forces

Export from SAP2000

The table below indicates for each of the possible SAP2000 model components whether it is exported to structural
analysis view files, and if it is exported, the IFC entity written:

Project
Design Preferences
Structure Layout
IfcBuildingStorey created for each point object z elevation in the
model
Grid Systems
Properties
Materials IfcMaterial and IfcMaterialProperties. The mechanical properties of
non-isotropic properties are not exported.
channels. Other sections are exported as an IfcProfileDef with an
associated IfcProfileProperties describing the profile mechanical
properties.
Area Sections IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Spring Properties
Point Springs IfcBoundaryCondition
Line Springs
Area Springs
Structural Objects
Joint Objects IfcStructuralConnection at object ends. Intermediate joints on frame
objects are not connected to the supporting frame objects.
Joint restraints and local
IfcBoundaryCondition
axes
Joint Constraints
Frame Objects One IfcStructuralCurveMember per frame object
End Length Offsets
IfcRelConnectsWithEccentricity
Joint Offsets
Cable Objects IfcStructuralCurveMember
Tendon Objects
Area Objects IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Link Objects
Solid Objects
Groups
Loads
Functions

Load Patterns IfcStructuralLoadGroup. Seismic and Wind Auto-lateral load

patterns not exported.
Selfweight
Modal Cases
Static Load Cases IfcStructuralLoadCase
Load Combinations IfcStructuralLoadGroup
Joint Loads
Ground Displacement
IfcStructuralPointAction
Force
Temperature
Frame Loads
Gravity IfcStructuralCurveAction
Point IfcStructuralPointAction
Distributed IfcStructuralCurveAction
Temperature
Strain
Deformation
Target Force
Auto Wave Loading
Parameters
Open Structure Wind
Parameters
Shell Loads
Gravity
Uniform IfcStructuralPlanarAction
Uniform to Frame
Surface Pressure
Temperature
Strain
Rotate
Wind Pressure
Solid Loads
Analysis Results
Joint Displacements
Support Reactions
Frame Forces
Shell Forces
Solid Forces

Architectural Coordination View Export
Export from ETABS

The table below indicates for each of the possible ETABS model components whether it is exported to architectural
coordination view files, and if it is exported, the IFC entity written:
Project
Structure Layout
IfcBuildingStorey created for each point object z elevation in the
model
Grids
Properties
Materials IfcMaterial and IfcMaterialProperties.
channels. Nonprismatic sections with two basic profiles of the same
type at each end are exported as an
IfcMaterialProfileSetUsageTapering; if the nonprismatic section has
multiple segments, the internal sections are ignored and a single
segment between the start and end section is assumed.
Slab Sections IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage
Deck Sections Exported as an IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage with thickness equal to
the deck total thickness
Wall Sections IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage
Structural Objects
Joint Objects Frame and shell object locations are exported after adjusting for end
length offsets and section insertion point
Columns IfcColumnStandardCase or IfcColumn if the column has a
nonprismatic section. Only exported if the section is a basic profile,
a double angle, a double channel, or a nonprismatic section with two
basic profiles of the same type at each end.
Beams IfcBeamStandardCase or IfcBeam if the beam has a nonprismatic
section. Only exported if the section is a basic profile, a double
angle, a double channel, or a nonprismatic section with two basic
profiles of the same type at each end.
Braces IfcMemberStandardCase or IfcMember if the brace has a
Other Frame Objects nonprismatic section. Only exported if the section is a basic profile,
a double angle, a double channel, or a nonprismatic section with two
basic profiles of the same type at each end.
End Length Offsets
Joint Offsets
Floors IfcSlabStandardCase
Walls Vertical walls exported as IfcWallStandardCase
Openings
Other Shell Objects

Groups
Loads
Any Load Data

Export from SAP2000

The table below indicates for each of the possible SAP2000 model components whether it is exported to architectural
coordination view files, and if it is exported, the IFC entity written:

Project
Structure Layout
Stories IfcBuildingStorey created for each point object z elevation in the
model
Grids
Properties
Materials IfcMaterial
Frame Sections Appropriate IfcParameterizedProfileDef subtype
Area Sections IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage
Spring Properties
Diaphragms
Hinge Properties
Panel Zones
Structural Objects
Joint Objects Locations exported for each frame or shell object after end length
offsets and insertion point adjustments
Vertical Frame Objects IfcColumnStandardCase or IfcColumn if the object has a
nonprismatic section. Only exported if the profile is a basic profile
or a double angle or double channel, or a nonprismatic section with
two basic profiles of the same type at each end.
Horizontal Frame Objects IfcBeamStandardCase or IfcBeam if the object has a nonprismatic
section. Only exported if the profile is a basic profile or a double
angle or double channel, or a nonprismatic section with two basic
profiles of the same type at each end.
Other Frame Objects IfcMemberStandardCase or IfcMember if the object has a
nonprismatic section. Only exported if the profile is a basic profile
or a double angle or double channel, or a nonprismatic section with
two basic profiles of the same type at each end.
End Length Offsets
Joint Offsets
Cable Objects
Tendon Objects
Vertical Area Objects IfcWallStandardCase
Other Area Objects IfcSlabStandardCase
Solid Objects
Other shell objects
Groups

Loads
Any type of load data

Export Procedure
Exporting from ETABS 2013

• Open an ETABS model to export.
• To export only selected objects from the model, make a selection. This option is helpful when a model has
been previously exported to another application and you wish to update it. You can then export only those
objects that need updating.
• Choose Export >IFC File… under the File menu. The Create IFC File form is displayed:
• To save the file under a different name or in a different folder location, click the Browse… button, and
specify these in the Save As… form which is displayed.
• Make relevant file format selections: IFC2x3 or IFC4, Architectural Coordination view or Structural view,
and the length and force units. Force units only apply if you are writing a Structural view file.
• Choose specific model contents to export by checking or unchecking the corresponding buttons and boxes.
The button letting you choose between Entire Model and Model Selection is only active if there are selected
objects. Loads can only be exported to a Structural View file.
• Click OK. ETABS writes the file. If there are warnings, a message box will be displayed to that effect. You
should review the log file. Its name and folder location are the same as those of the model you exported,
with the extension changed to .ifcexp.log

Exporting from SAP2000

The procedure is identical. The difference is you open a SAP2000 model instead of an ETABS model, and the model
contents to export are of slightly different types:

©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., JULY 2015
TECHNICAL NOTE
MODIFIED DARWIN-PECKNOLD 2-D REINFORCED CONCRETE
MATERIAL MODEL
Overview
This technical note describes the Modified Darwin-Pecknold reinforced con-
crete material model, a two-dimensional concrete material model that can
account directly for the interaction between bending and shear in shear wall
structures.
In an actual wall, especially in a "squat" wall, there can be substantial cou-
pling between axial-bending and shear. In particular, the shear strength of a
wall may depend substantially on the axial forces and bending moments. The
2D concrete model attempts to model this coupling directly.
The model is a co-axially rotating smeared crack concrete model. It considers
cracking and crushing of the concrete, and when it is combined with a steel
material it considers yield of the steel. Compressive strength reduction based
on perpendicular tensile strain is accounted for as described in Vecchio and
Collins (1986). The model is intended for reinforced concrete and does not
account for the tensile strength of concrete. The model does not consider
bond slip and dowel action.
Uniaxial Concrete Material Behavior

The uniaxial stress-strain relationship for the concrete material is shown in
Figure 1. The material has zero strength in tension. The compression behav-
ior monotonically increases from point O to point U and has constant stress
between points U and L. The behavior can be trilinear or elastic-perfectly-
plastic. Strength loss from point L to point R is optional. There is constant
stress between points R and X, which extends indefinitely, represents residu-
al strength in the material.
In this material model, the unloading and reloading moduli are assumed to be
equal to E0 , as shown in Figure 2, and the material unloads linearly to zero
1
Uniaxial Concrete Material Behavior 2
stress. The unloading and reloading paths are identical. The model allows for
unloading, reloading, and arbitrary cyclic loading, as discussed in a later sec-
tion.
Figure 1 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Relationship
Figure 2 Unloading-Reloading Behavior

Uniaxial Concrete Material Behavior 3
Figure 3 Trilinear Approximation of Concrete Stress-Strain Curve
If an arbitrary material stress-strain curve is specified, a tri-linear approxima-

tion will be constructed as shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, f c ' is the peak
compression stress and ε c ' is the strain corresponding to the peak compres-
sion stress. The approximation is done with the following rules:
1. The initial stiffness E0 of the tri-linear approximation is equal to the
slope between the origin and closest material stress-strain point in
compression (the initial stiffness of the user-defined curve).
2. The Y point is determined so that the area under the trilinear stress-
strain relationship up to the point of maximum compression stress
f c ' is identical to that of the user-defined stress-strain curve.
3. The U point is defined by the point of maximum compression stress

closest to the origin. The L point is defined by the point of maximum
compression stress furthest from the origin. If the U and L points co-
incide (such as in Figure 3), the U point is placed at the strain value
corresponding to 0.98 f c' on the defined stress-strain curve. The L
point is placed at the greater of two strain values: (a) the strain corre-
sponding to the maximum compression stress, or (b) 1.05 times the
strain at the U point.
Initial and Principle Material Axes 4
4. If the defined material stress-strain curve has strength loss after the
point of maximum compression stress, the R point is defined by the
last defined point on the material curve.
Initial and Principle Material Axes

Figure 3 shows a wall element, and the stresses at a point in the wall. The
initial material axes are fixed relative to the wall element. In general there
can be normal and shear stresses in these axes, as shown in Figure 4(b).
There are also principal material axes, as shown in Figure 4(c). These axes
are parallel to the principal stress directions, and thus are only normal stress-
es. The key assumption of the Darwin model is that a uniaxial stress-strain
relationship can be applied along each of the principal material axes.
Note that although the shear stress is zero in the principal material axes, the
shear modulus is not zero. Hence, when a strain increment is applied, the
change in shear stress generally will not be zero. During an analysis, the
principal stress directions, and hence the principal material axes, can rotate
progressively. For this material model, the effective stress-strain relation-
ships in the principal material axes as they rotate are obtained by interpolat-
ing between the relationships in the axes of the previous step.
Figure 4 Initial and Principle Material Axes

Initial Elastic Stress-Strain Relationship and Yield Surface for Biaxial Stress 5
Initial Elastic Stress-Strain Relationship and Yield Sur-

face for Biaxial Stress
If the material has not yet yielded or cracked (i.e. the material is between the
O and Y points as defined in Figure 1), the material has a linear elastic rela-
tionship with the initial value of Young's modulus is E0 , and Poisson's ratio
is ν , as follows:
 
 dσ 1   E0 ν E0 0   dε1 
  νE  
0   dε 2 
1
 dσ 2  =  0
E0

(1.1)
dτ  1 − ν
2
 0 1 − ν  dτ 
 12  0 E0  12 
 2 
This equation is independent of the stress and strain directions, and hence it
applies in both the initial and principal material axes.
This material model uses a rectangular interaction surface with no explicit
stress interaction in the two directions. The effect of biaxial compression
stresses on the compression strength of the concrete material is not accounted
for. The interaction between stress and tensile strain is discussed in later sec-
tion.
Post-yield or Cracked Material Behavior

After yield or cracking, the material modulus changes and the Poisson’s ratio
is neglected. For example, at the Y point in Figure 1 the modulus reduces to
Eh , and at the U point it reduces to zero. In general, the stresses, strains and
moduli will be different along the two principal directions. Equation 1.1 can
be modified for the material nonlinearity as follows:
 dσ m1   dε m1 
 
[
 dσ m 2  = Depm ]
 
 dε m 2  (1.2a)
  dτ 
dτ m12   m12 
or dσ m = Depm dε m (1.2b)
where Depm is the elastic-plastic constitutive matrix in principal material ax-

es, given by:
Strength Reduction under Perpendicular Tensile Strain 6
 E1 ν E1 E2 0
1  
Depm =
1 −ν 2 ν E1 E2 E2 0 (1.3)
 0 0 Gm 

The shear modulus in the principle material axes, Gm , is specified to main-
tain coaxiality between the principal stresses and strains.
The corresponding relationship in the initial material axes is obtained by ap-
plying the rotation between the initial and principal material axes – a rotation
by angle θ , as shown in Figure 4.
Strength Reduction under Perpendicular Tensile Strain

When concrete is subjected to shear stresses, it often cracks in one direction
and is in compression in the other direction. Failure in shear may occur when
the concrete crushes in compression. Vecchio and Collins (1986) showed that
the compression strength of concrete depends on the magnitude of the tensile
strain in the perpendicular direction. The effective compression strength of
concrete in such situations can be substantially smaller than the original f c ' .
Figure 5 shows the relationship between the compression strength and per-
pendicular tensile strain developed in Vecchio and Collins (1986) and im-
plemented in this material model.
Figure 5 Reduction in Compression Strength Due to Tensile Strain

in the Perpendicular Direction
Strength Reduction under Perpendicular Tensile Strain 7
The following equation from Vecchio and Collins (1986) is used for the
compression strength reduction factor, r :
1
r= ≤1 (1.3)
ε
0.8 − 0.34 m
εc '
where ε m is the instantaneous tension strain (positive) in the perpendicular

direction and ε c ' is the specified uniaxial crushing strain in compression
(negative). The behavior of the material model is as follows:
1. If the concrete is in compression strain along one material axis and
tensile strain along the other, the compression strength reduction fac-
tor is calculated using Eq. 1.3. The minimum compression strength
reduction factor used is based on magnitude of compressive stress,
σ , as follows:
1.0 σ < 0.2 f c '
rmin = (1.4)
0.25 σ > 0.5 f c
Linearly interpolated for 0.2 f c ' < σ < 0.5 f c '
2. The strength in the compression direction may previously have been

reduced. If the new reduction factor is smaller than the old one, the
new factor is applied. If not, the new factor is ignored.
3. If the new factor is applied, the stress-strain relationship is modified
as indicated in Figure 6. Note that the moduli E0 and Eh do not
change.
Important Numerical Considerations 8
Figure 6 Change in Stress-Strain Relationship to Account

for Strength Reduction
Important Numerical Considerations

General guidelines for working with nonlinear analysis are addressed in Top-
ic “Important Considerations” in Chapter 23 of the CSI Analysis Reference
Manual. Specific numerical considerations for this material model are as fol-
lows:
1. Compared to the directional material models, the Modified Darwin-
Pecknold model has a higher degree of nonlinearity and may require
smaller time steps to converge.
2. This material is used in shell elements, which use a two-by-two nu-
merical integration formulation in the plane. Some refinement of the
mesh may be needed to capture varying nonlinear behavior. Howev-
er care should be taken not to over-refine because localized failure
may occur for very small mesh sizes.
3. As an alternative to nonlinear static analysis, using a nonlinear dy-
namic analysis with slowly applied excitation may result in better
convergence behavior. This applies especially to cases where signifi-
cant crushing or loss of strength is expected.
References 9
4. Setting the Poisson’s ratio equal to zero in the material properties

may improve convergence in some cases because this decreases the
initial coupling between the two material axes.
References
Darwin, D. and Pecknold, D.A.W., "Inelastic Model for Cyclic Biaxial Load-
ing of Reinforced Concrete", University of Illinois, July 1974.
Vecchio, F.J. and Collins, M.P., "The Modified Compression-Field Theory
for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear", Journal of the
ACI, Paper No. 83-22, March-April 1986.
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., FEBRUARY 2016
TECHNICAL NOTE
AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF POINT SPRING SUPPORTS
BASED ON DEFINED SOIL PROFILES AND COLUMN-FOOTING
PROPERTIES
Introduction
This technical note describes the capability whereby foundation springs and
dashpots can automatically be generated to represent the flexibility and damp-
ing associated with soil-foundation interaction in translational and rotational
vibration modes for shallow foundations (i.e., isolated column footings).
The methodology used for calculation of the shallow foundation translational
stiffness and damping coefficients is based on a NIST report (NISTGCR 12-
917-21) titled “Soil-Structure Interaction for Building Structures,” September
2012. Chapter 2 of this report presents the detailed procedures for computing
foundation stiffness and damping.
The input required for automatic generation of soil springs and dashpots at
column bases include geotechnical and shear wave velocity profiles, soil shear
strength parameters and their variation with depth, Poisson’s ratios, soil hys-
teretic damping ratios, column footing geometries, and a building period.
Procedural Overview
The following steps are typically involved when automatically generating col-
umn base point springs and dashpots from soil profiles and column footing
geometry.
1. Define soil profiles. This includes soil layering information for the site
in terms of shear wave velocity profiles and material profiles.
2. Define isolated column footings. Required information consists of
gross footing dimensions and footing embedment depth.
3. Define point spring properties using the soil profiles and isolated col-
umn footing definitions as described above. This definition also re-
quires the first mode of vibration period for the building.
1
Calculating Soil-Structure Interaction 2
4. Assign the point springs defined above to column bases.

Based on the procedure described above, soil springs and dashpots will auto-
matically be created for the selected column bases.
Calculating Soil-Structure Interaction

The soil and foundation parameters input by the user are used to gener-
ate a nonlinear link element at the column base with translational and
rotational stiffness and damping. An outline of the steps necessary to
determine the stiffness and damping is presented below. The notations
used in the calculations are as follows:
Notations for Soil Profile Parameters
𝑛𝑛 = Number of soil layers in the soil profile
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = Thickness of ith layer of the soil profile
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = Unit weight of ith layer of the soil profile
𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖 = Shear modulus of ith layer of the soil profile
𝜈𝜈𝑖𝑖 = Poisson’s ratio of ith layer of the soil profile
𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 = Cohesion of ith layer of the soil profile
𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 = Friction angle of ith layer of the soil profile
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 = Shear wave velocity of ith layer of the soil pro-

file
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 = Soil hysteretic damping ratio
Notations for Isolated Column Footing

𝐿𝐿 = Half the dimension of isolated footing along

column major axis
𝐵𝐵 = Half the dimension of isolated footing along

column minor axis
𝐷𝐷 = Isolated footing thickness
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 = Depth of embedment, measured from the base

of the column
Notations for General and Intermediate Variables
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = Soil mass density (average of all soil layers)
𝑔𝑔 = Acceleration due to gravity
𝜈𝜈 = Average Poisson’s ration (average of all soil

layers)
𝑇𝑇 = First-mode time period of the structure
𝜔𝜔 = Circular frequency corresponding to First-mode

time period of the structure
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = Depth interval to compute average effective pro-

file velocity for lateral translational stiffness in
X direction

file velocity for lateral translational stiffness in
Y direction

file velocity for vertical translational stiffness in
Z direction
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = Depth interval to compute average effective pro-

file velocity for rotational stiffness about X axis

file velocity for rotational stiffness about Y axis

file velocity for rotational stiffness about Z axis
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Average effective profile velocity for lateral

translational stiffness in X direction
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Average effective profile velocity for lateral

translational stiffness in Y direction
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Average effective profile velocity for vertical

translational stiffness in Z direction
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Average effective profile velocity for rotational

stiffness about X axis

stiffness about Y axis

stiffness about Z axis
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥 = Effective shear modulus for lateral translational

stiffness in X direction
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 = Effective shear modulus for lateral translational

stiffness in Y direction
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧 = Effective shear modulus for vertical transla-

tional stiffness in Z direction
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Effective shear modulus for rotational stiffness

about X axis
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Effective shear modulus for rotational stiffness

about Y axis
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Effective shear modulus for rotational stiffness

about Z axis
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥 = Embedment correction factor for lateral transla-

tional stiffness in X direction
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦 = Embedment correction factor for lateral transla-

tional stiffness in Y direction
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧 = Embedment correction factor for vertical trans-

lational stiffness in Z direction
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Embedment correction factor for rotational stiff-

ness about X axis
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Embedment correction factor for rotational stiff-

ness about Y axis
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Embedment correction factor for rotational stiff-

ness about Z axis
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥 = Dimensionless frequency for lateral translational

𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦 = Dimensionless frequency for lateral translational

𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 = Dimensionless frequency for vertical transla-

tional stiffness in Z direction
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Dimensionless frequency for rotational stiffness

about X axis
𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Dimensionless frequency for rotational stiffness

about Y axis
𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Dimensionless frequency for rotational stiffness

about Z axis
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for translational

𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for translational

𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for translational

stiffness in Z direction
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for rotational stiff-

ness about X axis
𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for rotational stiff-

ness about Y axis
𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Dynamic stiffness modifier for rotational stiff-

ness about Z axis
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for

translation in X direction
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for

translation in Y direction
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for

translation in Z direction
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for rota-

tion about X axis
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for rota-

tion about Y axis
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Elastic static stiffness at ground surface for rota-

tion about Z axis
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for

translation in X direction
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for

translation in Y direction
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for

translation in Z direction
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for rota-

tion about X axis
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for rota-

tion about Y axis
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Dynamic stiffness of embedded footing for rota-

tion about Z axis
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots 8
𝜓𝜓 = Dimensionless factor for computing radiation

damping
𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥 = Damping ratio for translation along X axis
𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦 = Damping ratio for translation along Y axis
𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧 = Damping ratio for translation along Z axis
𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Damping ratio for rotation about X axis
𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Damping ratio for rotation about Y axis
𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Damping ratio for rotation about Z axis
𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 = Damping coefficient for translation along X axis
𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = Damping coefficient for translation along Y axis
𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 = Damping coefficient for translation along Z axis
𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = Damping coefficient for rotation about X axis
𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = Damping coefficient for rotation about Y axis
𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = Damping coefficient for rotation about Z axis
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots

Step 1: Calculate Depth Interval
The depth interval necessary for computing an average effective pro-

file velocity can be taken as the half-dimension of an equivalent square
foundation matching the area of the actual foundation or the half-di-

mension of an equivalent square foundation matching the moment of
inertia of the actual foundation. The coordinate axes are oriented as
shown below such that L ≥ B.
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ; 𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵 3 𝐿𝐿
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿3
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵 3 𝐿𝐿 + 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿3
Step 2: Calculate Average Soil Mass density and Average Pois-

son’s Ratio
1 𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = �𝑛𝑛� ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=0 � 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖 �
𝟏𝟏
𝝂𝝂 = �𝒏𝒏� ∑𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊=𝟎𝟎(𝝂𝝂𝒊𝒊 )
Step 3: Calculate Average Profile Velocity
For calculating the average profile velocity, layers that are partially or
fully within the depth interval are used. For checking the soil layers
that are effective for computing average profile velocity, the following
parameters are used:
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑍𝑍 − 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 − 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑍𝑍 − 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒
Where,
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = Global Z coordinate of the top of depth range
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = Global Z coordinate of the bottom of depth range
𝑍𝑍 = Global Z coordinate of the column base
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝 = Depth interval
The average effective profile velocity is calculated as follows:
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
Where,
𝑛𝑛1 = First layer, partially or fully within depth interval
𝑛𝑛2 = Last layer, partially or fully within depth interval
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖
Step 4: Calculate Effective Shear Modulus
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 (𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2
2
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 (𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 (𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2
2
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 (𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2

Step 5: Calculate correction factors for embedment depth
1.34 𝐷𝐷 0.8
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥 = �1.0 + �0.33 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦 = 𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥
0.25 𝐷𝐷 0.8
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧 = �1.0 + �0.25 + 1+𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵� � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 1.6 𝐷𝐷 2
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = �1.0 + + �0.35+𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵� � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐵𝐵
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 1.6 𝐷𝐷 2
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �1.0 + + �0.35+(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)4 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐵𝐵
1.32 𝐷𝐷 0.9
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = �1.0 + �1.3 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
Step 6: Calculate dimensionless frequency parameter
2𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑇𝑇
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Step 7: Calculate Dynamic Stiffness Modifiers
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 = 1.0
𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 = 1.0
0.2
�0.4+ ⁄ �𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 2
𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵
𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 = 1.0 − � 10 �
� �+𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 2
1+3(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
�0.55+0.01�𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵−1�𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1.0 − � 0.4 �
�2.4− �+𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)3
0.55𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 1.0 − � 1.4 �
�0.6+ �+𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)3
�0.33+0.03�𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵−1�𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2
𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 1.0 − � 0.8 �
� �+𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2
1+0.33(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
Step 8: Calculate Translational and Rotational Stiffness
The elastic static stiffness at the ground surface is calculated as fol-

lows:
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.65
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2−𝜈𝜈
�6.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 2.4�
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.65 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �6.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 0.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 1.6�
2−𝜈𝜈
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.75
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1−𝜈𝜈
�3.1 �𝐵𝐵� + 1.6�
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵3 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �3.2 �𝐵𝐵� + 0.8�
1−𝜈𝜈
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵3 𝐿𝐿 2.4

𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �3.73 �𝐵𝐵� + 0.27�
1−𝜈𝜈
𝐿𝐿 2.45
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵3 �4.25 �𝐵𝐵� + 4.06�
The dynamic stiffness of the embedded footing is calculated as fol-

lows:
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 = 𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 × 𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥 × 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 × 𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦 × 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧 = 𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 × 𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧 × 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 × 𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 × 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 × 𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 × 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 × 𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 × 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Step 9: Calculate radiation damping ratios and damping coefficients
𝜓𝜓 = �2 (1 − 𝜈𝜈)⁄(1 − 2𝜈𝜈) ; 𝜓𝜓 ≤ 2.5
Damping ratios are calculated as follows:
4[𝜓𝜓(𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵)+(𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 ⁄𝐵𝐵)(1+𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵)] 𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧

𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧 = � (𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧 ⁄𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵)
� �2𝛼𝛼 �
𝑧𝑧
4[𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵+(𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 ⁄𝐵𝐵)(1+𝜓𝜓𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵)] 𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦

𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦 = � �𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 ⁄𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵�
� �2𝛼𝛼 �
𝑦𝑦
4[𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵+(𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 ⁄𝐵𝐵)(𝜓𝜓+𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵)] 𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥

𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥 = � �𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 ⁄𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵�
� �2𝛼𝛼 �
𝑥𝑥
𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 =
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐿𝐿
� ��3� �� 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� � � 𝑒𝑒 �+3� � � 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� 𝑒𝑒 �+� � +� ��𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2 𝑎𝑎
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
� 𝑘𝑘 1.4 � �2𝛼𝛼0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �
� 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �� +𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2� 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵 1+3(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)0.7
4 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐿𝐿 3
� �� 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� 𝑒𝑒 � � �+3� 𝑒𝑒 �� +𝜓𝜓� � �𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 1.8
+
� �� 2
�+𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵3 1+1.75(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3
� �� +𝜓𝜓�� 𝑒𝑒 � 𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ��
2𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵3
References 16
4 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
� �� 𝑒𝑒 �+� 𝑒𝑒 � +𝜓𝜓� �� 𝑒𝑒 � +3� 𝑒𝑒 �� +𝜓𝜓� ��𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 1.8 +
� �� +𝑎𝑎 2�
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵3 1+1.75(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1) 0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3
� ��𝜓𝜓 +1�� 𝑒𝑒 � 𝑎𝑎
3 𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐵𝐵
� �2𝛼𝛼0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �
3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
The damping coefficients are calculated as follows:
2(𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥 )𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥

𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 = 𝜔𝜔
2�𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦 �𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦

𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 𝜔𝜔
2(𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧 )𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧

𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧 = 𝜔𝜔
2(𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜔𝜔
2�𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜔𝜔
2(𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 +𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 )𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧

𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝜔𝜔
References
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Soil-Structure Interaction for
Building Structures, NISTGCR-12-917-21 (Gaithersburg, MD, 2012).
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., JULY 2016
TECHNICAL NOTE
PARAMETRIC P-M2-M3 HINGE MODEL
Overview
This technical note describes the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge model, a non-
linear frame hinge model that can couple the behavior in the axial and bend-
ing directions. Here P is the axial force, M2 the minor bending moment, and
M3 the major bending moment.
The Parametric P-M2-M3 hinges use a P-M-M yield surface that is similar to
that described in El-Tawil and Deierlein (2001). This document is intended
to explain the fundamental concepts of the Parametric P-M2-M3 behavior.
For details regarding the definition of the Parametric P-M2-M3 parameters,
please see the Hinge Property Data form Help page in the program.
Two types of Parametric P-M2-M3 hinges are available: steel and concrete
P-M2-M3 hinges. The two types of hinges differ only in the yield surface
used. The Parametric Steel P-M2-M3 hinge is intended to model steel sec-
tions while the Parametric Concrete P-M2-M3 hinge is intended to model
reinforced concrete sections.
Plasticity and Strain Hardening

The Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge uses plasticity theory to model P-M2-M3
interaction. This section discusses the general concepts for plasticity theory
while subsequent sections will discuss specific behaviors of the Parametric
P-M2-M3 hinge.
For biaxial stress, an elastic-plastic material has a yield surface, as shown in
Figure 1. If the stress point is inside the yield surface the material is elastic. If
the stress point is on the yield surface the material is yielded, and its behavior
is elastic-plastic. Stress points outside the yield surface are not allowed.
The yield surface thus defines the strength of the material under biaxial
stress. Plasticity theory defines the behavior of the material after it reaches
1
Plasticity and Strain Hardening 2
the yield surface (i.e. after it yields). The ingredients of the theory are essen-
tially as follows:
1. As long as the stress point stays on the yield surface, the material stays in
a yielded state. However, the stress point does not remain in one place.
The stresses can change after yield, even though the material is elastic-
perfectly-plastic (e-p-p), which means that the stress point can move
around the surface. The stress does not change after yield for an e-p-p
material under for uniaxial stress, and hence biaxial stress is fundamen-
tally different from uniaxial stress.
2. Point A in Figure 1 shows a yielded state defined by stresses 𝜎𝜎1𝐴𝐴 and
𝜎𝜎1𝐵𝐵 . Suppose that strain increments Δ𝜀𝜀1 and Δ𝜀𝜀2 are imposed, causing
the stresses to change to 𝜎𝜎2𝐴𝐴 and 𝜎𝜎2𝐵𝐵 at point B. Plasticity theory says
that some of the strain increment is an elastic increment and the remain-
der is plastic flow. The elastic part of the strain causes the change in
stress. The plastic part causes no change in stress. This is why the behav-
ior is referred to as elastic-plastic. For yield of an e-p-p material under
uniaxial stress there is no stress change after yield. Hence, all of the
strain after yield is plastic strain.
Figure 1 Some Features of the Yield Surface
3. Plasticity theory also defines the direction of plastic flow. That is, it de-
fines the ratio between the 1-axis and 2-axis components of the plastic
Plasticity and Strain Hardening 3
strain. Essentially, the theory states that the direction of plastic flow is
normal to the yield surface. For example, consider uniaxial stress along
the 1-axis. As shown in Figure 1, the stress path is OC, and yield occurs
at point C. After yield, the stress stays constant, and hence all subsequent
strain is plastic. The normal to the yield surface at point C has 1-axis and
2-axis components in the ratio 2:1. Hence, the plastic strains are in this
ratio, and the value of Poisson's ratio is 0.5 for plastic deformation.
The theory can be extended from the e-p-p case to the case with strain hard-
ening. There are many hardening theories; the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge
uses the Mroz theory for strain hardening. For the case of trilinear behavior
the Mroz theory is illustrated in Figure 2.
There are two yield surfaces, namely a Y surface (initial yield) and a larger U
surface (ultimate strength). These surfaces both have the same shape. If the
stress point is inside the Y surface the material is elastic. If the material is on
the Y surface the material is elastic-plastic-strain-hardening. As the material
hardens the Y surface moves, as indicated in the figure. When the stress point
reaches the U surface, the material is elastic-plastic, as in the e-p-p case.
Among other things, the Mroz theory specifies how the Y surface moves as
the material strain hardens.
Figure 2 Trilinear Behavior with Mroz Theory

Extension to P-M2-M3 Interaction 4
Extension to P-M2-M3 Interaction

Plasticity theory models the interaction between the material stresses 𝜎𝜎1 and
𝜎𝜎2 . By analogy, plasticity theory can be extend to P-M2-M3 interaction in a
column, where the axial force, P, and the bending moments, M2 and M3,
interact with each other. For the e-p-p case, the yield surface is now the P-M
strength interaction surface for the column section. Note that because plastic
flow is normal to the yield surface, the P-M2-M3 hinge will generally extend
or shorten axially as it yields in bending.
When used for steel sections, plasticity theory can correctly account for P-M
interaction. Analyses of more complex cross sections show that plasticity
theory can make reasonably accurate predictions of steel cross section behav-
ior. Hence, inelastic hinges based on plasticity theory can be used to model
steel columns with P-M interaction, for both pushover and dynamic earth-
quake analyses.
Plasticity theory does a mediocre job of modeling reinforced concrete behav-
ior. The main error, especially for cyclic loading, is that for axial forces be-
low the balance point, plasticity theory predicts plastic strain in tension after
the yield surface is reached, for both bending directions. Hence, under cyclic
bending the theory predicts that the column will progressively increase in
length, possibly overestimating the axial growth for a reinforced concrete
column. However, some growth is to be expected since the concrete resists
compression but not tension.
It is suggested to consider Fiber P-M2-M3 hinges for cases where axial de-
formation is significant to the structural behavior. In contrast to plasticity-
based hinges, Fiber P-M2-M3 hinges allow for more accurate calculation of
the axial deformation because the uniaxial stress-strain relationships and hys-
teretic behavior of each of the individual fibers are considered. However,
Fiber P-M2-M3 hinges may be computationally less efficient than plasticity-
based hinges, especially when many fibers are used.
Yield Surface for a Parametric Steel P-M2-M3 Hinge

Figure 3 shows the yield surface for a steel section. The equations of the
yield surface are essentially as follows.
In each P-M plane (P-M2 and P-M3):
Yield Surface for a Parametric Concrete P-M2-M3 Hinge 5
𝑃𝑃 𝛼𝛼 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽
𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = � � + � � (1)
𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌0
where 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = yield function value = 1.0 for yielding, P = axial force, M =
bending moment, 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 = yield force at M = 0 , and 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌0 = yield moment at P =
0.
Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 and the yield force 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 can be specified
for tension and compression. Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 can also be
used in the P-M2 and P-M3 planes.
For any value of P, Equation (1) defines the M values at which yield occurs,
in both the P-M2 and P-M3 planes (put 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 and solve for M). Call these
values 𝑀𝑀2𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 and 𝑀𝑀3𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 . The yield function in the M2-M3 plane is then:
𝑀𝑀2 𝛾𝛾 𝑀𝑀3 𝛽𝛽
𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = � � +� � (2)
𝑀𝑀2𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝑀𝑀3𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
Figure 3 Yield Surface for a Parametric Steel P-M2-M3 Hinge
Yield Surface for a Parametric Concrete P-M2-M3

Hinge
Figure 4 shows the yield surface for a concrete section. The equations of the
yield surface are essentially as follows.
Force-Deformation Behavior 6
In each P-M plane (P-M2 and P-M3):

𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 𝛼𝛼 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽
𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = � � +� � (3)
𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 − 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
where 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = yield function value, = 1.0 for yield, P = axial force, 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = axial
force at balance point (assumed to be the same in both P-M planes), M =
bending moment, 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 = yield force at M = 0 , and 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌0 = yield moment at P
= 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 .
Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 and the yield force 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 can be specified
for tension and compression. Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 can also be
used in the P-M2 and P-M3 planes.
For any value of P, Equation (3) defines the M values at which yield occurs,
in both the P-M2 and P-M3 planes (put 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 and solve for M). The yield
function in the M2-M3 plane is then given by Equation (2).
Figure 4 Yield Surface for a Parametric Concrete P-M2-M3 Hinge
Force-Deformation Behavior
Figure 5 shows the uniaxial force-deformation behavior of the Parametric P-
M2-M3 hinge. The Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge behaves essentially rigid up
to the yield point (the B point on the backbone curve). The behavior can be
trilinear or elastic-perfectly-plastic – for trilinear behavior, the U point can be
Force-Deformation Behavior 7
specified with a strength larger than that at the B point. The force is constant
between the U and C points. Strength loss is optional and is controlled by the
slope between the C and D points. The force is constant between points D
and E, which extends indefinitely, representing residual strength in the hinge.
The deformation at Points D and E cannot be explicitly specified in the axial
direction because the onset of strength loss is determined based on bending
deformations only.
The yield (Point B), ultimate (Point U), and residual (Point D) strengths can
be independently specified for the following directions:
1. Compression, assuming M2 = M3 = 0
2. Tension, assuming M2 = M3 = 0
3. Bending moment around axis 2, M2, assuming M3 = 0 and P = 0 for the
steel hinge or P = PB for the concrete hinge.
4. Bending moment around axis 3, M3, assuming M2 = 0 and P = 0 for the
steel hinge or P = PB for the concrete hinge.
The yield surfaces for P-M2-M3 interaction of this hinge only allows for
doubly-symmetrical cross sections with equal positive and negative bending
strengths each for M2 and M3.
Figure 5 Uniaxial Behavior

Strength Loss 8
Strength Loss
For the onset of strength loss (the C point on the backbone curve), the P-M2-
M3 hinges uses bending deformations only (i.e., axial deformations are not
considered).
When you specify the C point for strength loss you must specify C point
bending deformations about both Axis 2 and Axis 3. The C point is reached
when the following equation is satisfied:
𝐷𝐷2 2 𝐷𝐷3 2
� � +� � =1 (4)
𝐷𝐷2𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷3𝐶𝐶
where D2, D3 are the current bending deformations about Axes 2 and 3, and
D2C, D3C are the C point deformations.
You must also specify the ratio between the C point strength and the D point
strength. You can specify one ratio for bending moment and a different ratio
for axial force. If you specify the same ratio for axial force as for bending, as
the hinge loses strength the yield surface decreases in size without changing
shape. If you specify different ratios, the yield surface reduces in size and
changes shape.
When you specify the E point must specify E-point bending deformations
about both Axis 2 and Axis 3, and also an E-point axial deformation. These
bending and axial deformations are checked separately. The E point is
reached when either deformation exceeds the corresponding E-point defor-
mation, whichever occurs first.
The E point in bending is reached when the following equation is satisfied:
𝐷𝐷2 2 𝐷𝐷3 2
� � +� � =1 (5)
𝐷𝐷2𝐸𝐸 𝐷𝐷3𝐸𝐸
D2E, D3E are the E point deformations.
After strength loss occurs for trilinear behavior, the behavior is assumed to
become elastic-perfectly-plastic.
Energy Degradation 9
Energy Degradation
This section describes the behavior of energy degradation on the hysteretic
shape of the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge. Figure 6 shows a loop for the e-p-p
case with energy degradation for the uniaxial case. The axial and bending
stiffnesses are both reduced, in the same proportion.
Figure 6 Degraded Loop for E-P-P Behavior
The following method is used to set the loop properties:

1. As part of the hinge definition, a relationship can be specified between
the deformation of the hinge and the corresponding energy degradation
factor. This factor is the area of the degraded hysteresis loop divided by
the area of the non-degraded loop.
2. For the current state of the hinge, 𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 are the energy degrada-
tion factors at the maximum positive and negative deformations. Note
that these are the maximum deformations up to the current point in the
analysis, not necessarily the deformations at the limits of the current de-
formation cycle.
3. The energy degradation factor, 𝑒𝑒, for the loop as a whole is the larger of
𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 . The degraded unloading stiffness is calculated to make
the area of the degraded loop equal to 𝑒𝑒 times the area of the non-
degraded loop.
The behavior of energy degradation for the trilinear case is shown in Figure
7. Figure 7(a) shows the case where the positive and negative deformation
Deformation Capacity Ratios 10
are both smaller than the U point deformation. The energy dissipation factor,
𝑒𝑒, is calculated as for the e-p-p case. The hardening stiffness is kept constant
and only the elastic stiffness is reduced for the unloading branch – this results
in an increase in the elastic deformation range and the elastic force range.
Figure 7(b) shows the case where the positive and negative deformations are
both larger than the U point deformation. The energy degradation in this case
is a combination of that shown in Figure 6 and 7(a).
Figure 7 Degraded Loop for Trilinear Behavior: (a) Before U Point, (b) After U
Point
Deformation Capacity Ratios

For deformation demand-capacity ratios, the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge uses
bending deformations only.
When you specify the deformation capacities, you can specify bending de-
formation capacities for up to 3 performance levels (called IO, LS, and CP).
The deformation demand-capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
2 2
𝐷𝐷2 𝐷𝐷3
𝐷𝐷/𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = �� +� � (6)
𝐷𝐷2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
References 11
𝐷𝐷2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝐷𝐷3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are the deformation capacities at a given performance level.
For steel P-M2-M3 hinges you can specify that the deformation capacities
depend on the axial force. For a concrete P-M2-M3 hinge you can specify
that the deformation capacities depend on both the axial force and the shear
force.
References
El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. “Nonlinear Analysis of Mixed Steel-Concrete
Frames, I: Element Formulation.” Journal of Structural Engineering,
Vol. 126, No. 6, June 2001.
El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. “Nonlinear Analysis of Mixed Steel-Concrete
Frames, II: Implementation and Verification.” Journal of Structural En-
gineering, Vol. 126, No. 6, June 2001.
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., MARCH 2017
TECHNICAL NOTE
MATERIAL TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES
General
Time-dependent behavior of certain materials may be considered during
staged-construction analysis. For concrete materials this behavior includes
creep, shrinkage, and age-dependent stiffness. For tendon materials this
behavior includes stress relaxation, which is similar to concrete creep.
Time-dependent behavior is available for:
• Concrete frame objects
• Concrete shell objects using homogenous (thin or thick, not layered)
section properties
• Tendon objects
This Technical Note describes the specific formulations implemented in
ETABS, SAP2000, and CSiBridge. Note that time-dependent material
behavior may only be available for certain license levels in each of the
products.
Staged Construction Analysis

To consider the time-dependent behavior of materials, the following steps are
required:
• Specify the time-dependent properties for each affected material. This
is the primary subject of this Technical Note.
• For concrete creep and shrinkage, specify the notional size of the
affected members. The notional size is specified in the frame section
properties and shell/slab/wall section properties.
• Define one or more staged construction load cases to specify the time
sequence for analysis.
o By default, a staged-construction load case does not consider
time-dependent material behavior. Select the option “Time-
1
General 2
Dependent Material Properties” under the Nonlinear

Parameters for the load case.
o For each stage, specify the duration (time in days):
 If the duration is zero for a given stage, no time-
dependent change in material behavior is considered
for that stage.
 If the duration is positive, all specified stage
operations (such as adding, removing, loading, and
modifying objects) will be performed first, and occur
instantaneously, before the time-dependent behavior
is applied.
o Specify the “Age at Add” for added objects, which indicates
how old the material is before it becomes active in the model.
This only affects concrete materials, and would typically
express the age since casting a precast member or the age
since pouring a cast-in-place member and until removing the
forms.
• Staged-construction load cases can be sequenced together, in which
case the durations are cumulative. Nonlinear static and nonlinear
direct-integration load cases that are included in such a sequence are
treated as zero-duration stages for the purpose of time-dependent
material behavior.
For more information on staged-construction analysis, see the CSI Analysis
Reference Manual, chapter “Nonlinear Static Analysis”.
Time Dependent Properties for Concrete Materials

For concrete materials you may specify one or more of the following types of
time-dependent behavior:
• Compressive Strength and Stiffness: This determines how the elastic
moduli change with age. This behavior scales the elastic moduli
specified for the material, whether isotropic, orthotropic, or
anisotropic. It has no effect on the stress-strain curve used for
nonlinear analysis.
General 3
The relationship between the mean elastic modulus at time 𝑡𝑡, 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡),
and the specified elastic modulus, E, is:
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) 𝐸𝐸 (1.1)
where the time dependent elastic modulus coefficient 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) is defined
by the Time Dependent Type, as discussed in the following chapters.
The elastic modulus coefficient is applied to both the elastic modulus
and the shear modulus as specified in the material property definition.
The mean concrete compressive strength at time 𝑡𝑡 is denoted 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)
while the mean concrete compressive strength at 28 days is denoted
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 and the specified concrete compressive strength is 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ . The
variation of concrete compressive strength over time may be viewed
in the Material Property Time Dependent Plot form but is not used
during analysis.
Loads applied to older concrete will produce smaller instantaneous
elastic strains than for younger concrete. Loads applied near zero age
will result in unrealistic strains and deflections.
• Creep: This determines the change in strain with age under the action
of stress. The creep strain at time t for a load 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 applied at time 𝑡𝑡0 is:
𝜎𝜎
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) � 𝑐𝑐�𝐸𝐸 � (1.2)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡0 )
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the creep coefficient as defined by the Time Dependent
Type, as discussed in the following chapters. Note that the creep strain
is dependent on the stiffness at the time the load is applied, 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡0 ),
which includes stiffness modifiers applied on the element and section
properties.
Every strain increment, whether due to an applied load or due to load
redistribution caused by creep itself in a statically indeterminate
structure, will increase with age due to creep. Creep behavior is
additive as each strain increment ever experienced by the material
maintains its own creep history.
• Shrinkage: This determines the change in direct strains with time due
to drying shrinkage. At time t, the strain due to drying shrinkage is
denoted 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡). A positive value of 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) indicates swelling while a
negative value indicates shrinkage. Shrinkage is independent of
loading.
General 4
These three behaviors are independent, except that the instantaneous elastic
strain used to compute creep does depend on the current modulus of elasticity,
and this is affected by stiffness-aging if considered.
The effects of the following items on the three time-dependent behaviors are
not considered:
• Sustained loads
• Curing temperature
• Effect of high stress
• Temperature effects
• Variation of concrete strength due to confinement
Temperature effects are not considered explicitly but may be simulated in
some cases by adjusting the duration of stages. Temperatures above 20°C
would use a longer duration to cause greater aging, and temperatures below
20°C would use shorter durations.
Age at Add
Time-dependent concrete behavior is strongly affected by the age at which it
begins the time-dependent behavior, particularly for age dependent stiffness.
When adding objects during a staged-construction analysis, you specify an
“Age at Add”, denoted 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , which should be a realistic value.
For precast members, this would be the age since casting at which the member
is added to the structure. For a cast-in-place member, this would be the age
since casting at which forms and supports are removed and the member begins
to carry load.
Specifying zero or a very small value for 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 will result in unrealistically
large strains if any load is applied to the member, since concrete is liquid at an
early age. If you do specify zero, the analysis will set this to 0.001 days (1.44
minutes). This is still too small, but does provide some limit. A more realistic
value would typically be on the order of one to ten days, or no less than a few
hours (0.1 day) in the most extreme case.
Alternatively, you can specify a small value for 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 provided that the member
is fully supported and experiences no load before it is strong enough to have
its forms removed and support load on its own.
General 5
The value of 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 may be different for every member. It does not affect the
time scale of the analysis, but rather refers to the history of the member before
it becomes part of the structure.
Notional Size
Notional size, denoted h, is used for creep and shrinkage time-dependent
analysis to determine the rate moisture can move through a section. The
notional size can be program-determined (auto) or directly specified by the
user.
When the notional size for a frame or shell/slab/wall section is program-
determined, the notional size is computed as:
𝐴𝐴
ℎ = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∙ 2 � � (1.3)
𝑃𝑃
where:
h is the notional size
SF is the notional size factor, equal to 1 unless specified by the user
A is the cross-sectional area of the section
P is the cross-sectional perimeter of the section
For a thin-walled frame section, h is on the order of the section thickness. For
a circular section, h is equal to the radius. For a shell section, h is usually the
thickness of the section. The notional size is twice the volume-to-surface ratio
used in some building codes.
Strain Compatibility with Embedded Reinforcing Steel Bars

For creep and shrinkage of concrete members, the effect of strain compatibility
with embedded reinforcing steel bars is accounted for using the steel
reinforcement correction factor, 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 . 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is used to scale the incremental creep
and shrinkage strain at each step. For a time step going from time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 to time
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , the incremental creep strain 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) and incremental shrinkage strain
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ), is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) − 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )] (1.4)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) − 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )] (1.5)
where:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) and 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) are the total creep strains at time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 and 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1,
respectively.
General 6
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) and 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) are the total shrinkage strains at time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 and 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ,
respectively.
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the steel reinforcement correction factor for a time step going
from time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 to time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 . For each degree of freedom in the concrete frame
section, the steel reinforcement correction factor is calculated as:
−1
𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = �1 + 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) ∙ ��1 − 𝜌𝜌 �� (1.6)
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
where 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 is the generalized reinforcing steel ratio given as the following:
Axial and Shear: cross-sectional area 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
Torsion: torsion constant 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐽𝐽𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠
Bending: second moment of area 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the ratio between stiffness of the reinforcing steel and the
stiffness of concrete for the respective degree of freedom, given as:
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
0.5[𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)+𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡−1)]
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝐺𝐺 (1.7)
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
0.5[𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)+𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡−1)]
where 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are the time-dependent concrete elastic and shear moduli,
as discussed in the CEB-FIP 1990 Concrete Materials section of this manual.
Note that stiffness modifiers assigned to the section and element will be
applied to the concrete elastic and shear moduli but will not be applied to the
reinforcing steel elastic and shear moduli, 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 and 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 .
For a shell/area/wall section, the steel reinforcement is assumed to be placed
in two orthogonal directions in the plane of the shell element. The two
directions are referred to as the local reinforcement axes, 1 and 2. The local
reinforcement directions do not have to coincide with the local 1- and 2-
directions of the shell element. For shell/slab/wall elements, the area of
concrete is assumed to be equal to the gross area of the section.
The steel reinforcement correction factor may be coupled in the membrane and
plate directions. 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is given as a tensor related to the constitutive
relation for concrete, 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 , and constitutive relation for reinforcing steel scaled
with the generalized reinforcing steel ratio in each direction, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 .
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = [𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 + 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )]−1 : 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) (1.8)
General 7
𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) = 0.5 [𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )] 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (1.9)
where 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 is the constitutive relation based on the specified concrete material
properties and 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the time dependent elastic modulus coefficient
discussed in the CEB-FIP 1990 Concrete Materials section of this manual.
For the membrane degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌11 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚 = � 0 𝜌𝜌22 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 � (1.10)
0 0 0.5𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌12
where 𝜌𝜌11 , 𝜌𝜌22 , and 𝜌𝜌12 are the reinforcing steel ratio associated with the
membrane f11, f22, and f12 directions, respectively, in the reinforcing local
axes.
For the plate being degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚11 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =� 0 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚22 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 � (1.11)
0 0 0.5𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚12
where 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚11, 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚22, and 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚12 are the generalized reinforcing steel ratio
associated with the out-of-plane bending m11, m22, and m12 directions,
respectively, in the reinforcing local axes.
For the plate shear degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌13 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = � � (1.12)
0 𝜌𝜌23 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠
where 𝜌𝜌13 and 𝜌𝜌23 are the reinforcing steel ratio associated with the out-of-
plane shear v13 and v23 directions, respectively, in the reinforcing local axes.
The steel reinforcement correction factor used in this section is based on the
following paper:
Baker, W.F., Korista D.S., Noval, L.C., Pawlikowski, J., and Young
B. (2007). “Creep and Shrinkage and the Design of Supertall
Buildings – A Case Study: The Burj Debai Tower”. ACI Special
Publications, 246, 133-148.
General 8
Time Dependent Properties for Steel Tendon Materials

Stress relaxation is the change in strain with age under the action of stress and
is similar to creep for concrete materials. The stress relaxation at time t for a
load 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 applied at time 𝑡𝑡0 is:
𝜎𝜎
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 , 𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 , 𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) � 𝑠𝑠�𝐸𝐸 � (1.13)
𝑠𝑠
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the stress relaxation coefficient as defined by the Time Dependent
Material Type, as discussed in the following chapters. Currently, stress
relaxation for Tendon materials is only available for Time Dependent Material
Type CEB-FIP 1990. Note that stiffness 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 used to calculate the stress
relaxation includes stiffness modifiers applied on the element and section
properties.
Similar to creep in concrete materials, every stress increment, whether due to
an applied load or due to load redistribution caused by stress relaxation itself
in a statically indeterminate structure, will cause a corresponding stress
relaxation effect. The stress relaxation behavior is additive as each stress
increment ever experienced by the material maintains its own stress relaxation
history.
CEB-FIP 1990 9
CEB-FIP 1990
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa) and millimeters (mm) unless specifically marked with
units.
Concrete Materials
In this section, the units of time used are days unless otherwise stated
specifically.
Input Parameters
In addition to the elastic moduli E and concrete strength 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ specified in the
material property definition, the following parameters are available:
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Cement Type Coefficient, s Y
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Shrinkage Coefficient, 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Y
Shrinkage Start Age, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 (days) Y
Compressive Strength and Stiffness

The mean compressive strength of concrete at an age of 28 days is:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ + 8 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (2.1)
where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡), the mean compressive strength of concrete at age t (days) is given as:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 (2.2)
0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �𝑠𝑠 �1 − �28�𝑡𝑡� �� (2.3)
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 2.1
s is the user-defined cement type coefficient parameter
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), the elastic modulus coefficient at age t (days) is given as:
CEB-FIP 1990 10
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = [𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)]0.5 (2.4)

where 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is as defined in Eq. 2.3.
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) (2.5)
where:
𝜑𝜑0 = 𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) (2.6)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1 + � 1� � (2.7)
0.46 �ℎ�100� 3
𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = 5.3�(0.1 (2.8)

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )0.5
𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) = 1� (2.9)
(0.1 + 𝑡𝑡00.2 )
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.3
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = � � (2.10)
βH +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )
18
𝛽𝛽𝐻𝐻 = 1.5 ℎ �1 + �1.2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � + 250 ≤ 1500 (2.11)
and:
h is the notional size in mm
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (2.12)
where:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (2.13)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = [160 + 10 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (9 − 0.1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6 (2.14)
CEB-FIP 1990 11
3
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = −1.55 �1 − � �100� � 40% ≤ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 99% (2.15)
−0.25 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≥ 99%
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (2.16)
0.035 ℎ2 + (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
and:
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is the user-defined shrinkage coefficient
Steel Tendon Materials

In this section, the units of time used are hours unless otherwise stated
specifically.
Input Parameters
In addition to the characteristic tendon strength 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 specified in the material
property definition, the CEB-FIP relaxation class must be specified as either
Class 1 or Class 2. The relaxation class affects the calculation of the stress
relaxation coefficient for tendons.
Stress Relaxation
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎, 𝑡𝑡), the stress relaxation coefficient at time t (hours) for an stress, 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 ,
applied at time 𝑡𝑡0 (days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝑘𝑘
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 , 𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜙𝜙1000 ∙ � � (2.17)
1000
where:
𝜙𝜙1000 is the relaxation coefficient after 1000 hours and is dependent
on the applied stress, 𝜎𝜎, normalized by the characteristic strength of
the tendon, 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 . 𝜙𝜙1000 is linearly interpolated between the following
values:
𝝓𝝓𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Stress level �𝝈𝝈�𝒇𝒇 �
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
Class 1 Class 2
0.60 0.04 0.01
0.65 0.06 0.013
CEB-FIP 1990 12
0.70 0.08 0.02

0.75 0.10 0.032
0.80 0.12 0.05
𝑘𝑘 is dependent on the user specified relaxation class, as:

Relaxation Class 𝒌𝒌
1 0.12
2 0.19
References
The following lists the equation numbers in CEB-FIP 1990 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation CEB-FIP 1990 Equation CEB-FIP 1990
number Reference number Reference
2.1 Eq. 2.1-1 2.10 Eq. 2.1-70
2.2 Eq. 2.1-53 2.11 Eq. 2.1-71
2.3 Eq. 2.1-54 2.12 Eq. 2.1-74
2.4 Eq. 2.1-58 2.13 Eq. 2.1-75
2.5 Eq. 2.1-64 2.14 Eq. 2.1-76
2.6 Eq. 2.1-65 2.15 Eqs. 2.1-77, 2.1-78
2.7 Eq. 2.1-66 2.16 Eq. 2.1-79
2.8 Eq. 2.1-67 2.17 Sec. 2.3.4.5
2.9 Eq. 2.1-68
CEB-FIP 2010 13
CEB-FIP 2010
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.

Input Parameters
In addition to the elastic moduli E and concrete strength 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ specified in the
material property definition, the following parameters are available:
Affects
Parameter

Cement Type Y Y Y
Lightweight Concrete * Y Y Y
Lightweight Oven-dry Density 𝜌𝜌 (kg/m3) * Y
* Lightweight Concrete Only

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 (3.2)
0.5
where:
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given in the table
below.
CEB-FIP 2010 14
After CEBFIP 2010 Table 5.1-9
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 [MPa] Strength class of cement s
≤ 60, Normal 32.5N 0.38
32.5R, 42.5N 0.25
42.5R, 52.5N, 52.5R 0.20
> 60, Normal All Classes 0.20
≤ 60, Lightweight All Classes 0.25
> 60, Lightweight All Classes 0.05
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 ∙ [𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) + 𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 )] (3.5)
𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the basic creep coefficient, given as:
1.8
𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑓𝑓 0.7 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (3.6)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )
2
30
𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = ln �� + 0.035� (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) + 1� (3.7)
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
where:
ln( ) is the natural logarithm
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the load time adjusted for cement type (days), given as:
9 𝛼𝛼
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡0 � )1.2
� ≥ 0.5 (3.8)
2+(𝑡𝑡 0
𝛼𝛼 is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given

in the table below.
CEB-FIP 2010 15
Strength class of cement 𝜶𝜶
32.5N -1
32.5R, 42.5N 0
42.5R, 52.5N, 52.5R 1
𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the drying creep coefficient, given as:

𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (3.9)
412
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = (𝑓𝑓 1.4 (3.10)
1−𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 3 (3.11)
√0.001 ℎ
1
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡0 ) = 0.2 (3.12)
0.1+�𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝛾𝛾(𝑡𝑡0 )
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = �𝛽𝛽 )
� (3.13)
ℎ +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0
1
𝛾𝛾(𝑡𝑡0 ) = (3.14)
2.3+3.5�
�𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝛽𝛽ℎ = 1.5 ℎ + 250 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1500 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (3.15)

35 0.5
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = � � (3.16)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
where:
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the load time adjusted for cement type (days) from Eq. 3.12
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 is the lightweight oven-dry density ratio modification factor. If normal-
weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = 1. If lightweight concrete is used, 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸
given as:
𝜌𝜌 2
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = � �2200� (3.17)
where 𝜌𝜌 is the user-defined lightweight oven-dry density in units of 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚3

CEB-FIP 2010 16
Shrinkage
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠 ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )] (3.18)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the basic shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡) (3.19)
0.1 𝑓𝑓 2.5
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = −𝛼𝛼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �6+0.1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
𝑓𝑓
� × 10−6 (3.20)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒�−0.2 √𝑡𝑡� (3.21)

where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq 3.1
𝛼𝛼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given
in the table below.
Strength class of cement 𝜶𝜶𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
32.5N 800
32.5R, 42.5N 700
42.5R, 52.5N, 52.5R 600
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:

𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (3.22)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = [(220 + 110𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1 ) 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(−𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6 (3.23)
3
−1.55 �1 − �𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � 40% ≤ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 < 99% 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠1
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (3.24)
−0.25 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≥ 99% 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠1
35 0.1
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠1 = � � ≤ 1.0 (3.25)
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 ) 0.5
𝑠𝑠
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = �0.035 ℎ2 +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
� (3.26)
𝑠𝑠
and:
CEB-FIP 2010 17
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength, given in Eq. 3.1

𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is the user-defined shrinkage coefficient
𝛼𝛼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏1 is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given
in the table below.
Strength class of cement 𝜶𝜶𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
32.5N 3
32.5R, 42.5N 4
42.5R, 52.5N, 52.5R 6
𝛼𝛼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏2 is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given

in the table below.
Strength class of cement 𝜶𝜶𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
32.5N 0.013
32.5R, 42.5N, 42.5R, 52.5N, 52.5R 0.012
𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠 is the lightweight oven-dry density ratio modification factor. If normal-

weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠 = 1. If lightweight concrete is used, 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠
given by the following table.
Lightweight Concrete Grade 𝜼𝜼𝒔𝒔
LC8 to LC16 1.5
LC20 to LC80 1.2
References
The following lists the equation numbers in CEB-FIP 2010 which correspond
Equation CEB-FIP 2010 Equation CEB-FIP 2010
3.1 Eq. 5.1-1 3.14 Eq. 5.1-71b
3.2 Eq. 5.1-50 3.15 Eq. 5.1-71c
3.3 Eq. 5.1-51 3.16 Eq. 5.1-71d
3.4 Eq. 5.1-57 3.17 Eq. 5.1-72
CEB-FIP 2010 18
3.5 Eqs. 5.1-60, 5.1-72 3.18 Eqs. 5.1-75, 5.1-84

3.6 Eqs. 5.1-64, 5.1-65 3.19 Eq. 5.1-76
3.7 Eq. 5.1-66 3.20 Eq. 5.1-78
3.8 Eq. 5.1-73 3.21 Eq. 5.1-79
3.9 Eq. 5.1-67 3.22 Eq. 5.1-77
3.10 Eq. 5.1-68 3.23 Eq. 5.1-80
3.11 Eq. 5.1-69 3.24 Eq. 5.1-81
3.12 Eq. 5.1-70 3.25 Eq. 5.1-83
3.13 Eq. 5.1-71a 3.26 Eq. 5.1-82
ACI 209R-92 19
ACI 209R-92
with units.

Input Parameters
In addition to the elastic moduli and concrete strength, the following
parameters are available:
Affects
Parameter
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝑎𝑎 Y
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝛽𝛽 Y
Curing Type Y Y
Slump, s (mm) Y Y
Fine-Aggregate Percentage, 𝜓𝜓 (%) Y Y
Air Content, 𝛼𝛼 (%) Y Y
3
Cement Content, c (lb/yd ) Y
Moist Curing Duration, 𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 (days) * Y
* Moist Curing Duration defaults to 7 days and is currently not user-specified

The mean compressive strength of concrete at an age of 28 days, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28, is
taken to be equal to the specified concrete compressive strength, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ .
𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 (4.1)
𝑎𝑎+𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝛽𝛽 are user-defined compressive strength factors.

ACI 209R-92 20
𝑡𝑡 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = � � (4.2)
𝑎𝑎+𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝛽𝛽 are user-defined compressive strength factors.
Creep
(days) is given as:
0(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.60
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝛾𝛾𝑢𝑢,𝑐𝑐 ∙ �10+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 0.60 � (4.3)
0)
where 𝛾𝛾𝑢𝑢.𝑐𝑐 is the creep coefficient, given as:

𝛾𝛾𝑢𝑢,𝑐𝑐 = 𝛾𝛾𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙,𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛,𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑐𝑐 (4.4)
𝛾𝛾𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for loading age, given as:
1.0 𝑡𝑡0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙,𝑐𝑐 = (4.5)
𝑎𝑎1 0 )−𝑎𝑎2
(𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡0 > 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
where the coefficients 𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , and 𝑎𝑎3 are given in the following table:
Concrete curing type 𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (days)
Moist cured 1.25 -0.118 7
Steam cured 1.13 -0.094 3.67
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for ambient relative humidity, given as:
1.0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 40
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = (4.6)
1.27 − 0.0067 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 > 40
where RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%).
𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for notional size, given as:
2
𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛,𝑐𝑐 = [1 + 1.13 exp(−0.1065 ℎ)] (4.7)
3
where h is the notional size in mm.

𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for concrete slump, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 = 0.82 + 0.00264 𝑠𝑠 (4.8)
where s is the slump in mm.
ACI 209R-92 21
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for fine aggregate percentage, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑐𝑐 = 0.88 + 0.0024 𝜓𝜓 (4.9)
where 𝜓𝜓 is the ratio of the fine aggregate to total aggregate by weight, as a
percentage.
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for air content, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑐𝑐 = 0.46 + 0.09 𝛼𝛼 ≥ 1.0 (4.10)
where 𝛼𝛼 is the air content in percentage.
Shrinkage
(days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
𝑠𝑠
�35+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 � 𝜀𝜀
) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
(4.11)
𝑠𝑠
�55+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 � 𝜀𝜀
) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠
where 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the shrinkage coefficient, given as:

𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = −𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛾𝛾ℎ,𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑠𝑠 (4.12)
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the shrinkage correction factor for moist curing and is only applicable
when the concrete curing type is specified as moist curing. 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is linearly
interpolated between the following values:
After ACI 209-R92 Table 2.5.3
𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 (days) 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1 1.2
3 1.1
7 1
14 0.93
28 0.86
90 0.75
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑠𝑠 is the shrinkage correction factor for ambient relative humidity, given
as:
ACI 209R-92 22
1.0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 < 40

𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑠𝑠 = 1.40 − 0.0102 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 40 ≤ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 80 (4.13)
3.0 − 0.030 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 80 < 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 100
where RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%).
𝛾𝛾ℎ,𝑠𝑠 is the shrinkage correction factor for notional size, given as:
𝛾𝛾ℎ,𝑠𝑠 = 1.2 exp(−0.00236 ℎ) (4.14)
where h is the notional size in mm.
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑠𝑠 is the shrinkage correction factor for concrete slump, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠,𝑠𝑠 = 0.89 + 0.00161 𝑠𝑠 (4.15)
where s is the slump in mm.
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑠𝑠 is the shrinkage correction factor for fine aggregate percentage, given as:
0.30 + 0.014 𝜓𝜓 𝜓𝜓 ≤ 50
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑠𝑠 = (4.16)
0.90 + 0.002 𝜓𝜓 𝜓𝜓 > 50
where 𝜓𝜓 is the ratio of the fine aggregate to total aggregate by weight, as a
percentage.
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 is the creep correction factor for cement content, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 = 0.75 + 0.00036 𝑐𝑐 (4.17)
where 𝑐𝑐 is the cement content in units of lb/yd3.
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑠𝑠 is the creep correction factor for air content, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑠𝑠 = 0.95 + 0.008 𝛼𝛼 (4.18)
where 𝛼𝛼 is the air content in percentage.
References
The following lists the equation numbers in ACI 209R-92 which correspond
Equation ACI 209R-92 Equation ACI 209R-92
4.1 Eq. 2-1 4.10 Eq. 2-29
4.2 Eqs. 2-1, 2.5 4.11 Eqs. 2-9, 2-10
4.3 Eq. 2-8 4.12 Sec. 2.4-2.6
4.4 Sec. 2.4-2.6 4.13 Eqs. 2-15, 2-16
ACI 209R-92 23
4.5 Eqs. 2-11, 2-12 4.14 Eq. 2-22a

4.6 Eq. 2-14 4.15 Eq. 2-24a
4.7 Eq. 2-21a 4.16 Eqs. 2-26, 2-27
4.8 Eq. 2-23a 4.17 Eq. 2-28
4.9 Eq. 2-25 4.18 Eq. 2-30
JTG D62-2004 24
JTG D62-2004
with units.

Input Parameters
Affects
Parameter

Cement Type Coefficient, s * Y
* CEB-FIP 1990 parameter used for compressive strength and stiffness

Compressive strength and stiffness are calculated using the equations from
CEB-FIP 1990, described in the CB-FIP Compressive Strength and Stiffness
section of this document.
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 32.4 (5.2)
𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
JTG D62-2004 25
where:
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1 + � 1� � (5.4)
0.46 �ℎ�100� 3
𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = 5.3�(0.1 (5.5)

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )0.5
𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) = 1� (5.6)
(0.1 + 𝑡𝑡00.2 )
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.3
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = � � (5.7)
18
𝛽𝛽𝐻𝐻 = 1.5 ℎ �1 + �1.2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � + 250 ≤ 1500 (5.8)
and:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
Shrinkage
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 32.4 (5.9)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) ∙ � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
where:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (5.10)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = [160 + 10 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (9 − 0.1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6 (5.11)
3
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = −1.55 �1 − �𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � (2.12)
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (2.13)
0.035 ℎ2 + (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
and:
JTG D62-2004 26
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 , the shrinkage coefficient, is equal to 5.0

References
The following lists the equation numbers in JTG D62-2004 which correspond
Equation JTG D62-2004 Equation JTG D62-2004
5.1 CEB-FIP 90 Eq. 2.1-1 5.8 Eq. F.2.1-7
5.2 Eq. F.2.1-1 5.9 Eq. F.1.1-1
5.3 Eq. F.2.1-2 5.10 Eq. F.1.1-2
5.4 Eq. F.2.1-3 5.11 Eq. F.1.1-3
5.5 Eq. F.2.1-4 5.12 Eq. F.1.1-4
5.6 Eq. F.2.1-5 5.13 Eq. F.1.1-5
5.7 Eq. F.2.1-6
Eurocode 2-2004 27
Eurocode 2-2004
with units.

Input Parameters
Affects
Parameter
Cement Type Y Y Y
Lightweight Concrete Grade * Y Y
Lightweight Oven-dry Density 𝜌𝜌 (kg/m3) * Y
* Lightweight Concrete Only

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 (6.2)
0.5
where:
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given in the table
below.
Eurocode 2-2004 28
Cement Type s
Class R 0.20
Class N 0.25
Class S 0.38
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 ∙ 𝜂𝜂2 ∙ 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐,0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (6.5)
where:
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
1+ 1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ≤ 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.1 (ℎ) �3
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (6.7)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
�1 + 1 𝛼𝛼1 � 𝛼𝛼2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 > 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.1 (ℎ) �3
𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = 16.8�(𝑓𝑓 0.5 (6.8)

𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) = 1� (6.9)
(0.1 + (𝑡𝑡�0 )0.2 )
9 𝛼𝛼
𝑡𝑡�0 = 𝑡𝑡0 � + 1� ≥ 0.5 (6.10)
2+(𝑡𝑡0 )1.2
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.3
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = � � (6.11)
1.5 ℎ[1 + (0.012 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)18 ] 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ≤ 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

+250 ≤ 1500
𝛽𝛽𝐻𝐻 = � (6.12)
1.5 ℎ[1 + (0.012 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)18 ]
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 > 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
+250 𝛼𝛼3 ≤ 1500 𝛼𝛼3
and:
Eurocode 2-2004 29

𝛼𝛼1 , 𝛼𝛼2 , and 𝛼𝛼3 are coefficients given as:
35 0.7 35 0.2 35 0.5
𝛼𝛼1 = � � ; 𝛼𝛼2 = � � ; 𝛼𝛼3 = � � (6.13)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
𝑡𝑡�0 is the age of loading modified for the effect of type of cement.
𝛼𝛼 is a power for Eq. 6.13 which depends on the type of cement as:
Cement Type 𝜶𝜶
Class R 1
Class N 0
Class S -1
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 is the lightweight oven-dry density ratio modification factor. If normal-

weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = 1. If lightweight concrete is used, 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸
given as:
𝜌𝜌 2
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = � �2200� (6.14)
where 𝜌𝜌 is the user-defined lightweight oven-dry density in units of 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚3

𝜂𝜂2 is the lightweight aggregate creep strain modification factor. If normal-
weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂2 = 1. If lightweight concrete is used, 𝜂𝜂2
given as:
Lightweight Concrete Grade 𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐
LC16/18 and lower 1.3
LC20/22 and higher 1.0
Shrinkage
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = −𝜂𝜂3 ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )] (6.15)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (∞) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡) (6.16)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (∞) = 2.5 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 10) × 10−6 (6.17)
𝛽𝛽𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡) = 1 − exp(−0.2 𝑡𝑡 0.5 ) (6.18)
Eurocode 2-2004 30

𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,0 ∙ 𝑘𝑘ℎ ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (6.19)
0.85 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 [(220 + 110 𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1 ) ∙
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,0 = (6.20)
exp(−0.1 𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6
3
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1.55 �1 − �𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � (6.21)
𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (6.22)
0.04 √ℎ3 +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
where:
𝑘𝑘ℎ is a coefficient dependent on the notional size, h, computed as a
linear interpolation of the values given as:
Notional size, h
𝒌𝒌𝒉𝒉
(mm)
100 1.0
200 0.85
300 0.75
≥ 500 0.70

𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1 and 𝛼𝛼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 are coefficients given as:
Cement Type 𝜶𝜶𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝜶𝜶𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Class R 5 0.11
Class N 4 0.12
Class S 3 0.13
𝜂𝜂3 is the lightweight aggregate concrete shrinkage strain modification factor.

If normal-weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂3 = 1. If lightweight concrete is
used, 𝜂𝜂3 given by the following table.
Lightweight Concrete Grade 𝜼𝜼𝟑𝟑
LC16/18 and lower 1.5
LC20/22 and higher 1.2
Eurocode 2-2004 31
References
The following lists the equation numbers in Eurocode 2-2004 which
correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation Eurocode 2-2004 Equation Eurocode 2-2004
6.1 Table 3.1 6.12 Eqs. B.8a, B.8b
6.2 Eq. 3.1 6.13 Eq. B.8c
6.3 Eq. 3.2 6.14 Eq. 11.2
6.4 Eq. 3.5 6.15 Eq. 3.8
6.5 Eqs. B.1, 11.3.3(1) 6.16 Eq. 3.11
6.6 Eq. B.2 6.17 Eq. 3.12
6.7 Eqs. B.3a, B.3b 6.18 Eq. 3.13
6.8 Eq. B.4 6.19 Eq. 3.9
6.9 Eq. B.5 6.20 Eq. B.11
6.10 Eq. B.9 6.21 Eq. B.12
6.11 Eq. B.7 6.22 Eq. 3.10
AS 3600-2009 32
AS 3600-2009
with units.

Input Parameters
Affects
Parameter
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝑎𝑎 * Y
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝛽𝛽 * Y
Basic Creep Coefficient, 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
Environment Y Y
∗
Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain, 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
* ACI 209R-92 parameters used for compressive strength and stiffness

The mean compressive strength of concrete at an age of 28 days, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28, is
taken to be equal to the specified concrete compressive strength, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ .
Compressive strength and stiffness are calculated using the equations from
ACI 290R-92, described in the ACI 209R-92 Compressive Strength and
Stiffness section of this document.
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ 𝑘𝑘3 ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝑘𝑘5 ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 (7.1)
where:
AS 3600-2009 33
𝛼𝛼 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.8
𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡2 )0.8 +0.15
0
ℎ
(7.2)
0
𝛼𝛼2 = 1.0 + 1.12 exp(−0.008 ℎ) (7.3)

2.7
𝑘𝑘3 = (7.4)
1+log10 (𝑡𝑡0 )
1.0 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝑘𝑘5 = (7.5)
(2.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 ) − 0.02(1.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 )𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.7
𝛼𝛼3 = (7.6)
𝑘𝑘4 𝛼𝛼2
and:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined basic creep coefficient
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the user-defined environment parameter
as given in the table below.
Environment 𝒌𝒌𝟒𝟒
Arid 0.7
Interior 0.65
Temperate Inland 0.6
Tropical / Near-coastal 0.5
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 0:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = −�𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)� (7.7)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ [1.0 − exp(−0.1 𝑡𝑡)] (7.8)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 50 × 10−6 ∙ (0.06 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 1.0) (7.9)
where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝑡𝑡) ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (7.10)
𝛼𝛼 𝑡𝑡 0.8
1
𝑘𝑘1 = 𝑡𝑡 0.8 +0.15 ℎ
(7.11)
AS 3600-2009 34
𝛼𝛼1 = 0.8 + 1.2 exp(−0.005 ℎ) (7.12)

∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 = (1.0 − 0.008 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ) ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (7.13)
where:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined parameter for basic drying shrinkage strain
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the user-defined environment parameter,
defined in Section 7.1.3, Creep.
References
The following lists the equation numbers in AS 3600-2009 which correspond
Equation AS 3600-2009 Equation AS 3600-2009
7.1 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.8 Eq. 3.1.7.2(2)
7.2 Fig. 3.1.8.3(a) 7.9 Eq. 3.1.7.2(3)
7.3 Fig. 3.1.8.3(a) 7.10 Eq. 3.1.7.2(4)
7.4 Eq. 3.1.8.3 (Amdt #2) 7.11 Fig. 3.1.7.2
7.5 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.12 Fig. 3.1.7.2
7.6 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.13 Eq. 3.1.7.2(5)
7.7 Eq. 3.1.7.2(1)
NZS 3101-2006 35
NZS 3101-2006
with units.

Input Parameters
Affects
Parameter
Δ𝑓𝑓 Mean Strength (MPa) * Y
Cement Type ** Y
Basic Creep Coefficient, 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
Aggregate Type Factor, 𝑘𝑘6 Y
∗
Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain, 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
* Parameter used for mean compressive strength
** CEB-FIP 2010 parameter used for compressive strength and stiffness

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ + Δ𝑓𝑓 (8.1)
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength
Δ𝑓𝑓 is the user-defined parameter for mean compressive strength
Compressive strength and stiffness are calculated using the equations from the
CEB-FIP 2010 Compressive Strength and Stiffness section of this document.
NZS 3101-2006 36
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ 𝑘𝑘3 ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝑘𝑘5 ∙ 𝑘𝑘6 ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 (8.2)
where:
𝛼𝛼 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.8
𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡2 )0.8 +0.15
0
ℎ
(8.3)
0
𝛼𝛼2 = 1.0 + 1.12 exp(−0.008 ℎ) (8.4)

2.7
𝑘𝑘3 = (8.5)
1+log10 (𝑡𝑡0 )
1.0 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝑘𝑘5 = (2.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 ) − 0.02(1.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 )𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 < 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ < 100𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (8.6)
(2.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 ) − 2.0(1.0 − 𝛼𝛼3 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≥ 100 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.7
𝛼𝛼3 = (8.7)
𝑘𝑘4 𝛼𝛼2
and:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined basic creep coefficient
𝑘𝑘6 is the user-defined parameter for the aggregate type factor
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the specified relative humidity (RH) value,
linearly interpolated between the following values:
After NZS 3101-2006 Table E.1
RH (%) 𝒌𝒌𝟒𝟒
40 0.74
50 0.68
60 0.61
70 0.50
80 0.39
90 0.21
NZS 3101-2006 37
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 0:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = −�𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)� (8.8)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ [1.0 − exp(−0.1 𝑡𝑡)] (8.9)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 50 × 10−6 ∙ (0.06 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 1.0) (8.10)
where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝑡𝑡) ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (8.11)
𝛼𝛼
1 𝑡𝑡 0.8
𝑘𝑘1 = 𝑡𝑡 0.8 +0.15 ℎ
(8.12)
𝛼𝛼1 = 0.8 + 1.2 exp(−0.005 ℎ) (8.13)

∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 = (1.0 − 0.008 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ) ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (8.14)
where:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined parameter for basic drying shrinkage strain
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the specified relative humidity (RH) value,
defined in the NZS 3101-2006 Creep section of this manual.
References
The following lists the equation numbers in NZS 3101-2006 Amdt 1
(Appendix E) which correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation NZS 3101-2006 Equation NZS 3101-2006
8.1 CEB-FIP 2010 Eq. 5.1-1 8.8 Eq. E-1
8.2 Eq. E-7 8.9 Eq. E-2
8.3 Fig. E.2 8.10 Eq. E-3
8.4 Fig. E.2 8.11 Eq. E-4
8.5 Eq. E-7 8.12 Fig. E.1
8.6 Eq. E-7 8.13 Fig. E.1
AS 3600-2009
8.7 Eq. E-7 8.14
Eq. 3.1.7.2(5)
GL2000 39
GL2000
with units.

Input Parameters
Affects
Parameter
Shrinkage Start Age, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 (days) Y Y
Cement Type Y Y
Strength Development Parameter, 𝑠𝑠 * Y
Shrinkage Correction Term, 𝑘𝑘 * Y
* User-specified only when Cement Type is “User Defined”

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 = 1.1𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ + 5 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (9.1)
2 (𝑡𝑡)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 (9.2)
0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �0.5 𝑠𝑠 �1 − �28�𝑡𝑡� �� (9.3)
where:
GL2000 40
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement. If the cement type
is specified, the coefficient s is as given in the table below. If the cement type
is user-defined, s is the user-defined strength development parameter.
After ACI 209.2R-28 Table A.14
Cement Type s
Type I 0.335
Type II 0.40
Type III 0.13
�3500+4300𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 �
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = (9.4)
�3500+4300�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 �
Creep
(days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )0.3 7 0.5 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.5
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) �2 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 0.3 + � � � � + 2.5(1 −
0 ) +14 𝑡𝑡0 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )+7
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.5
1.086ℎ2 ) �(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )+0.03ℎ 2� � (9.5)
0
where Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 ) is the correction for effect of drying prior to load application,
given as:
(𝑡𝑡0 −𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 0.5 0.5
Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = �1 − �(𝑡𝑡 2 � � (9.6)
0 −𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )+0.03 ℎ
and:
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 is user-defined shrinkage start age in days
Shrinkage
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = −𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑢 ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (9.7)
GL2000 41
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑢 is the ultimate shrinkage, given as:

30
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑢 = 900 × 10−6 ∙ 𝑘𝑘 ∙ � � (9.8)
where:
k is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement. If the
cement type is specified, the coefficient k is as given in the table
below. If the cement type is user-defined, s is the user-defined
shrinkage correction term.
After ACI 209.2R-28 Table A.14
Cement Type k
Type I 1.0
Type II 0.75
Type III 1.15
𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) is the correction term for relative humidty:

4
𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 1 − 1.18 �𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� (9.9)
where RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) is the correction term for time of drying:
𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = �(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 2 � (9.10)
𝑠𝑠 )+0.03 ℎ
where:
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 is the user-defined shrinkage start time in days
References
The following lists the equation numbers in ACI 209.2R-28 “Guide for
Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete”, a
report by ACI Committee 209, describing the Gardner and Lockman (2001)
and Gardner (2004) model for creep and shrinkage. The equation numbers
which correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
GL2000 42
Equation ACI 209.2R-28 Equation ACI 209.2R-28

9.1 Eq. A-94 9.6 Eq. A-105
9.2 Eq. A-96 9.7 Eq. A-98
9.3 Eq. A-97 9.8 Eq. A-99
9.4 Eqs. A-94, A-95 9.9 Eq. A-100
9.5 Eq. A-103 9.10 Eq. A-101
User-Defined 43
User-Defined
For user-defined time dependent properties, the stiffness multiplier, creep, and
shrinkage behavior can be defined. For this type of time dependent property,
the stiffness, creep, and shrinkage behavior are independent from each other.

The time dependent elastic modulus coefficient, 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), can be defined as a
multi-linear relation with time in days in the Time Dependent Properties for
Concrete – User Stiffness Curve form. 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) is specified as parts of Age t
(days) and an associated stiffness coefficient 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡). The values of 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) are
linearly interpolated between the specified values.
Creep
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (10.1)
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the multi-linear user-defined age dependent basic creep coefficient
curve specified in the Time Dependent Properties for Concrete – User
Shrinkage Strain form. For each age at loading 𝑡𝑡0 , one set of basic creep
coefficient curve data is defined, specified as pairs of Age t (days) and an
associated basic creep coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ). The values of 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) are linearly
interpolated between the specified values.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) is a scale factor dependent on the notional size can be specified with
the following form:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 exp(− ℎ�ℎ ) (10.2)
0
where:
a, b, and ℎ0 are user defined coefficients in consistent units
h is the notional size in consistent units
The creep coefficient is not dependent on the specified time dependent elastic
modulus coefficient.
User-Defined 44
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) is defined as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) (10.3)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the multi-linear user-defined age dependent basic shrinkage strain
curve specified in the Time Dependent Properties for Concrete – User
∗
Shrinkage Strain form. 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is specified as pairs of Age t (days) and an
∗ (𝑡𝑡). ∗ (𝑡𝑡)
associated basic shrinkage strain 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 The values of 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are linearly
interpolated between the specified values.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) is a scale factor dependent on the notional size can be specified with
the following form:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 exp(− ℎ�ℎ ) (10.4)
0
where:
a, b, and ℎ0 are user defined coefficients in consistent units
h is the notional size in consistent units

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Technical Notes Manual

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Note 2 Modified Darwin-Pecknold 2-D Reinforced Concrete

Note 3 Automatic Generation of Point Spring Supports Based

Note 4 Parametric P-M2-M3 Hinge Model

Note 5 Material Time-Dependent Properties

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