Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I 5 . 1 Introduction
Objectives
15.2 1)esign Rased on Uncracked Section
1 5 . 2 . 1 Llesign Based on Uncracked Section for Uniaxial Bending
1 5 . 2 . 2 Design Baaed on I'nc~acked Sectron lor Biaxial Bending
15.5 Summary
15 .ri Answers to SAQs
15.1 INTRODUCTION
All columi~sare deemed lo be eccentrically loaded (vide Section 14.3) i.e. there will be
direct load and bendill2 in all columns due to positioning of live loads, inaccuracies of
construceion, accidental loads, monolithic construction, lateral loads, eccentricity of
loads ctc. Due to above ~ne~llioned reasons, even an axially loaded column is designed for
a minimum cccet~tticity(ern,"defined iiil Section 14.3) that is for limited amount of
bending. Bcnding of 3 column Inay be eillier uniuxiul (ie. bending only about one of its
principal axls or biuxiul (i.e. bending about both of its principal axes. Direct load causes
uniform stress on the cntire cross-section where as bending about a principal axis causes
triangular stress distribution about that axis (Figure 15.1).
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
study the characteristics of RC Columns subjected, eccentric loading, (or
hcnding Inoment with axial loading)
e identify the conditions under whicli the columns crack under direct load and
bending, and
distinguish between the design of cracked and uncracked concrete columns.
The resultant of tliese two types of stresses of any point may be either compressive or
tensile depending on the position of eccentric load. To be more clear, if the entire cross-
secrion is trlken eflective both in cornpression us well us in tension (uncracked section),
application of axial load P a~mda moment * M yabout its principal y-axis, (uniaxial
bending) will cause a stress ulong u line at dista~lcex from neutral axis
f
P M X
=-*2
" A I,
>
P Pe,
f =-f-x
A r,
- --
M"
eccentricity e, = -
I'
IY
(a) Cross Section with Applied P & M
Similarly ] f a direct load P and a moment, Mx, about its principal x-axis are applied over a
cross-section along a line at distance y from neutral axis
where.
A = Iiquivalcnt concrete area of the section = Ac + 1.5 m As
where,
If the applied lnolnclal is small, that is thc eccentricity of load is small there will be
compressive stress in the entire cross-scctional area. Even if there is small tcnsile stress
anywhere wvtllin thc scctio~lwhich is below the permissible limits prescribed by the I.S.
Code For cracking, the section lnay be taken as rrncracked. (i.e. whole cross-section may be
considercd to be cffcctive for analysis and design purposes). But if the appIied moment is
large *'no slress line' will fall within thc section and thc tensile stress in concrete is
greater than the pcr~nissiblclimit for uncracked section, the section tnay be considercd a
cracked one and the cracked sectional area is neglected in analysis and design.
'I'he adequacy or safety of an uncracked section under applied load under direct load P
and nniu.xial hentlir~g1MXor is checked by Equations 15.5 derived below:
For safety (vide Figure 15.1)
cc,cn/ O c b r col
or -+ ~ < l ...(15.5)
0 0
where,
Occ,cd =
Ac + 1.5m A,,
where, IXx
= + (lSm - 1)E. A ~ ~ ~ ~ :
--
'No stress line' is determined from the equations of equilibrium vide Section 15.3.1. It shall not be
confused with neutal axis because the latter is the geometrical property of a section i.e. a line passing
through C.G. of the area.
--
~ J D ~ 2
Where, lyy= -+ (1.5m - 1)C Asixsi
12
Example 15.1
Check the adequacy of a rectangular column section b x D = 300 x 500 mm
reinforced on two opposite faces parallel to the major axis with 10#20 4 applied
with an axial load, P = 500 kN and a bellding moment about major axis, My =. 60
kNln. Use M 20 and Fe 4 15 stecl. An effective cover lo reinforcement on all sldes is
take11 lo be 50 mm.
Solution
a) Check for status o f cracking (Figure 15.3)
3
- x 2.4 (= 1 .b: ~/mrn') ( 7 days modulus of rupture of concrete for M-20
4
= 2.4 N/mm2)
Hence the section is uncracked
'b) Check for safety
-
( c ) Stress Diagram due to Moment M
N h 2
.
( e ) Combined Stress Diagram due to P, M k M
Figure 15.4 : Stress Diagram Due to Direct Load & Hiaxial Bending for Uncracked Section
RCC Structures-1
1
Similarly lyy= - bD3 + (1.5 m +) C Asixs?
12
Resultant cornpression
Resultant tension
c c , c +A
O c b c c cnl +-
O-
c b c Y cnl
cc Ocbc cbc
30
Ecceoltrisally Loaded Columns
SAQ 1
i) Discuss the conditions under which an eccentrically loaded column will be
treated as uncracked and safe.
ii) Derive the equation of safety for uncracked section of an eccentrically loaded
coluinn.
iii) Check the safety of rectangular KO@.column section b x D = 250 x 350 mm
reinforced with 4 # 16 $I on each of its short faces subjected to an axial load of
450 kN and a bending moment of 15 kNm acting about its major axis. Use M
20 concrete and effective cover of 50 mm.
iv) Check the safety of a rectangular column section b x D = 300 x 600 mm
reinforced equally on four sides wit11 16 # 16 4 and havi~igan effective cover
of 50 mm. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 250 steel (Figure 15.5).
- - - --
X No stressfine
'
.[.-I-- • I
I
I
I
x -
4 -
ex
ap
X h X,lO
I
*y I
CF=0
M
P = Extcmi~llyapplied load at an eccentricity e ( e = -) from the cenuoidal axis
P
and T = C fstiAsr,
11) The mornenr of external force about any reference line is equal to the moment of
forces i n concrete (ignoring the tensile force in concrete) and steel about the same
/me.
Mathema~ically.from equilibrium of moment of forces about a reference line, say, about
the line parallel Lo y-axis and passing through the point of application of P
whcre, = Tensile force in it11 row of reinforcement at xsIi from y-axis
and C l i = (lotnpressive force in it11 row ofreinforcclnent at xscifrom y-axis
x i 1
.xJci - -+ x A,,, ( e - x
,, )
Example 15.3
Check status of cracking and safety of a colulnn of rectangular cross-section h x D
= 300 x 500, reinforced on two faces parallel to major axls with 10#20 applied with
an axial load, P = 240 kN and a bcndirlg moment about major axls, My= 70 kNm.
Usc M 20 concrete and I:e 4 15 steel. Effective concrcte cover of 50 m m lnay bc
provided on all sides of reinforcement.
Solution
Y
(a) Cross Section
Result compression,
Resultant tension
Equating I & 11
From I
( X- d ' )
LC= (1.5tn - 1)fc
X
pu
a,,is rclalcd to -
puz
For values of - pu = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of a, vary linearly form 1 to 2. For values less
puz
than 0.2, a,,is 1 and for values of greater than 0.8, axis 2
IIere again the evaluatio~iof M,, aid and PUZinvolves lengthy and complicated
calculatioi~s.
Therefore, column with biaxial bending shall be designed with the help of Interaction
Curves vide Section 15.4.2 only.
Figure 15.93 Strain Diagram When Neutral Axis is within the Section
I
!
xu
Dividing each side by fck and putting 0.416 - = C2
D
Taking ou x-axis and Mu on y-axis, curves are plotted for a particular value of
-
fckbD f < k t ) ~ ~
'
I
d'
-= 0.16 and steel grade Fe 4 1 5 and constant - = 0.1
f ~ k D
Here P,,, is calculated from Figure 15.11 and MU*and MUYfor a particular load P,, are
calculated from relevant
Mm/M m ,
Figure 15.12: Biaxial Bending i n Cun~pressiunMemher
RCC Slruclurcs-I
Example 15.4
Clieok thc adequacy of the section shown in Figure 15.13 for P = 500 kN ;
My = 60 kNm ; f, = 20 MPa and[y = 415. Reinforcement consists of 10#16$.
Solution
M,,, = 0.1944
1;roni ('lrart 64 or S1' 16 for providcd value of -----
Muy l
e,
in~d-= 0.3, the value of M"- = 0.4 1 > 0.1388 (provided)
4; M,', 1
I
.
Hence the sectioll is safe Ans
RCC Structures-l
Aaernatively by calculation
SAQ 2
i) Solve Example 15.3 Using Interaction Diagrams of SP 16.
ii) Using Interaction Diagram of SP16 check whether the seciion provided
(Flgure 15.14) is safe for Pu = 1500 kN, Mux = 100 k N and M = 200 kNm ;
UY
fck = 20 ~ l r n r and4
n ~ = 41 5 ~ 1 1 n r n ~ .
-
Figure 15.14: Cross-sectlon of the Column
Eccentrically Loaded Columns
15.5 SUMMARY
A11 eccentrically loaded column section may either crack or remains uncracked depending
upon whether the tensile stress in the cross-section is within the permissible stress or not.
If ~tis uncracked, the whole area of concrete and that reinforcement are taken effective
and the cross-section is considered safe if it satisfies the Equation,
occ.cal O c b c cal
+-I1
I
c Ocbc
irrespective of whether the bending is uniaxial or biaxial. But if a section cracks, the
concrkte area in tension beyond no stress line becorne ineffective. For uniaxial bending,
the position of 'no stress line' and the stresses in concrete and steel are determined from
the two equation of equilibrium for direct load P and bending moment MIor My. or
biaxial bending for cracked section, the analysis becomes more involved hence not tried
analytically.
'The method of drawing and use of interaction curves for the design of a column section
have also been dealt with.
SAQ 1
i) Refer text Section 15.2
ii) Refer text Section 15.2
iii) Resultant tension,
c c a l
+---O c b c cal
OCC Ocbc
+-LO c b c x r d
(Tcc,cd
+---Ocbcy cal
cc cbc cbc
SAQ 2
i) The Section is safe
Similarly
-
--pu -- -
1500 = 0.645
P,, 2325
M " loo= =
0.741
Mu, 135
M, 200
- =- = 0.741
Mu,, 270