8 Mechanical Vibrations PDF

Problems of Practices
Of
Theory of Mechanism and Machines
Mechanical Vibrations
Pre par ed By
Brij Bhooshan
Asst. Professor
B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
Supported By:
Purvi Bhoos han
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valuable suggestions kindly mail us brijrbedu@gmail.com.
1. From first principles derive an expression for the frequency of free damped
vibration of a single degree freedom with viscous damping.
Prove that the amplitude of successive oscillations are in geometric progression for
the above system.
2. Prove that the critical speed of a shaft is numerically equal to the natural
frequency of the shaft in transverse vibrations.
3. Determine the natural frequency of the spring pulley-weight system shown in Fig.
3. The weight of pulley is W2 and its radius is r. It is pivoted about its centre O.
Assume motion of weight W1 in the direction x only. The pulley may be considered
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Brij Bhooshan Asst. Professor B.S.A College of Engg. & Technology, Mathura (India)
Copyright by Brij Bhooshan @ 2013 Page 1
2 Problems of Practices on Mechanical Vibrations
to have its radius of gyration equal to its radius r. Neglect any slip between the
pulley and the string.
4. Using Raleigh's principle approximate the natural frequency and mode shape for
the lowest natural frequency of the double pendulum (Fig. l).
5. Explain the term 'whirling speed' or 'critical speed' of a shaft. Show that the
whirling speed for a rotating shaft is the same as the frequency of natural
transverse vibration.
6. A vehicle with a rider has a total mass of 450 kg and travels along a rough road at
96 km per hour. The road is assumed to be represented by a harmonic curve with
an amplitude of 2.5 cm and a curve length of 6.1 m. Determine: (i) the spring
stiffness so that the resonance occurs under the conditions specified (ii) the
required spring stiffness so that a steady-state amplitude of 0.6 cm is obtained at
the given sped and also if the rider would leave his seat under this condition.
Neglect the effect of damping.
7. An engine is mounted on a concrete block which is isolated from the floor as shown
in Fig. 1.
The unbalanced force of the engine in Newton’s at n r.p.m. is given by
At 1000 r.p.m. it is found that the force transmitted to the floor has amplitude of
100 Newton’s. Determine the amplitude of the transmitted force at 1500 r.p.m.
when the damper is disconnected.
8. The mass of a machine is 100 kg. Its vibrations are damped by a viscous dashpot
which diminishes amplitude of vibrations from 4 cm to 1 cm in three complete
oscillations. If the machine is mounted on four springs each to stiffness 250
Newton per cm, find (i) the resistance of the dashpot at unit velocity and (ii) the
periodic time of the damped vibrations.
9. The static deflection of an automobile on its springs is 10 cm. Find the critical
speed when the automobile is travelling on a road which can be approximated by a
sine wave of amplitude of 8 cm and a wavelength of 15m. Assume the damping
factor to be 0.05. Also determine the amplitude of vibration at 75 kmph.
10. For a damped vibration system with base excitation (dynamic movement of
supports) as shown in Fig. 1, find expressions for amplitude and phase angle using

Problems of Practices on Theory of Mechanism and Machines By Brij Bhooshan 3
rotating vector diagram.
11. The hinge point of a simple pendulum oscillates horizontally with an amplitude X
and frequency ω as shown in Fig. 3. Assuming the amplitude of oscillation to be
small, derive the equation of motion and find out the steady state amplitude of
angular oscillation of the pendulum when
12. Figure given below shows a rotating cantilever leaf spring with flexural rigidity EI
and carrying a mass m at its free end. Neglecting the mass of the spring.
Determine the natural frequency of vibration of the system. The angular speed of
the shaft is Ω.
13. The figure shows a schematic of an indicator mechanism. The arm pivoted at point
O has a mass moment of inertia I and is constrained to move about O by two-
spring-mass systems K1-m1 and K2-m2 and by another spring K3, as shown. Obtain
an expression for natural frequency of small oscillations of the mechanism.
14. A shaft and a disc system consists of a rotating shaft of length 0.5 m supported at
its ends by self-aligning bearings and a disc of mass 10 kg mounted midway
between the bearings. The diameter of the shaft is 20 mm and the disc has an
eccentricity of 0.05 mm. Assume mass density of shaft as 7840 kg/m 3 and modulus
of elasticity of shaft material as 210 GPa. Considering the shaft to be simply
supported and the deflection shape function to be sinusoidal, determine the critical

speed of the system taking into account the distributed mass of the shaft. Also,
determine the dynamic bearing reactions at resonance when a 2 percent damping
is assumed to be present.
15. A compressor rotor having a mass of 55 kg is mounted on a shaft of stiffness 1.4 
107 N/m. Determine the critical speed of the rotor assuming the bearings to be
rigid. If the rotor has an eccentricity of 1000 micron and its operating speed is 6000
rpm, determine the dynamic started from rest, what will be the maximum whirl
amplitude of the rotor before it reaches its full operational speed?
16. A vertical shaft 20 mm in diameter and 100 cm long is mounted in long bearing
and carries a rotor of mass 10 kg midway between the bearings. The centre of the
rotor is 0.5 mm away from the axis of the shaft. Neglect the weight of the shaft and
take E = 200 GPa for shaft material. Determine the whirling speed of the shaft and
the bending stress induced in it when it is rotating at 2000 rpm.
17. For effective vibration isolation of a machine with mass M subjected to harmonic
steady force F0 sin ωt mounted on flexible isolators with total stiffness K and
viscous damping constant c. What are the desirable conditions? Explain with the
relevant analysis.
18. A machine of mass 68 kg is mounted on springs of combined stiffness k = 1100
N/mm with an assumed damping factor of 0.2. A piston within the machine of mass
2 kg has reciprocating motion with a stroke of 75 mm and a speed of 3000 rpm.
Assuming the motion of the piston to be simple harmonic, determine
(i) the amplitude of vibration of the machine
(ii) the phase angle with respect to the existing force and
(iii) the transmissibility and the force transmitted to the foundation.
19. In a vibrating system a coil spring of stiffness 50 N/mm supports a vibrating mass
of 250 kg at the free end. In addition, the motion of mass is controlled by a dashpot
whose resistance is proportional to velocity. From measurement it is found that the
amplitude at the beginning of the fourth cycle is 0.8 times the amplitude of the
third cycle. Determine:-
(i) damping co-efficient of the dashpot.
(ii) critical damping co-efficient.
(iii) the damping factor.
(iv) the ratio of the frequencies of damped and undamped vibrations.
20. A 15 mm diameter shaft rotates in long fixed bearings 60 cm apart. A rotor of mass
20 kg is mounted at the mid span. The mass centre of the rotor is 0.5 mm from the
shaft axis. If the bending stress in the shaft is not to exceed 120 MPa, find the
range of speed over which the shaft must not run. Take modulus of elasticity for
the shaft material as 200 GN/m2.
21. A machine of mass 100 kg is supported on springs which deflect 8 mm under the
static load. With negligible damping the machine vibrates with an am plitude of 5
mm when subjected to a vertical harmonic force at 80percent of the resonant
frequency. When a damper is fitted it is found that the resonant amplitude is 2
mm. Determine:
(i) the damping coefficient
(ii) the critical damping coefficient
(iii) damping ratio
(iv) logarithmic decrement

(v) the damping force.

22. The disc of a torsional pendulum has a moment of inertia of 600 kg-cm2 and is
immersed in a viscous fluid. The brass shaft attached to it is of 10 cm diameter and
40 cm long. When the pendulum is vibrating, the observed amplitudes on the same
side of the rest position for successive cycles are 9°, 6° and 4°. Find
(i) logarithmic decrement,
(ii) damping torque at unit velocity and
(iii) the periodic time of vibration.
Assume for brass shaft G = 4.4  1010 N/mm2. What would be the frequency, if the
disc is removed from viscous fluid?
23. A 350 N electronic instrument is attached to a ship deck which vibrates at an
amplitude of 1.60 mm at 50 Hz. The instrument is to be isolated from the deck with
four flexible mounts. Determine the required combined spring constant of the
mounts such that the amplitude of vibration of the instrument is no more than
0.130 mm. If the springs are equal, what is the spring constant of each mount?
What is the static deflection of each mount?
24. A machine, of mass 17 kg, is mounted on a spring having stiffness 1 N/mm. A
piston within the machine of mass 2 kg has a reciprocating motion with a stroke of
75 mm and a speed of 5000 rpm. Assuming the motion to be SHM, determine
(i) Amplitude of motion of the machine.
(ii) Force transmitted to the ground.
(iii)Damping ratio may be taken as 0.20.
25. The rotor of a d.c. motor is fixed on the midspan of a 10 mm diameter, 300 mm long
steel shaft rotating at 600 r.p.m. and supported on spherical bearings. The mass of
the rotor is 10 kg.
(i) Determine the maximum dynamic stress on the shaft for a speed of 0.8 times
the critical speed.
(ii) What will happen when the shaft is rotated at 0.95 times the critical speed?
Assume for steel:
E = 2.2  105 N/mm2; Yield strength = 220 MPa; Ultimate strength = 420 MPa.
26. What is meant by whirling or critical speed of shaft?
27. Calculate the whirling speed in case of a rotating steel tube simply supported in
short bearings 2 m centre- to-centre. The external and internal diameters of the
tube are 35 mm and 25 mm, respectively. The weight of steel may be taken as 78
kN/m3 and Young's modulus of elasticity for steel is 200 GPa.
28. The shaft of a small turbine with a single disc is found to have a static deflection of
0.355 mm. Find the critical speed of the shaft-disc system and calculate percentage
change in the diameter of the shaft that will be required to raise the critical speed
to 2100 rpm. If the initial displacement of the centre of the mass of the disc from
the axis of shaft is 0.5 mm, compare the deflection of the shaft at 1500 rpm in the
two cases.
29. The mass of an electric motor is 100 kg. The mass of the armature alone is 30 kg
and its centre of gravity lies 0.5 mm from the axis of rotation. The motor is
mounted on five springs of negligible damping and the force transmitted to the
floor is one-eleventh of the applied force. Assuming mass of the motor is equally
distributed among the five springs, determine the (i) stiffness of each spring (ii)
dynamic force transmitted to the floor. The motor is operating at a speed of 1400

rpm.
30. The vibrations of a machine of mass 76 kg are damped by a viscous dashpot which
diminishes amplitude of vibrations from 17.2 mm to 3.2 mm in two complete
oscillations. The machine is mounted on four springs each of stiffness 7.5 N/mm.
Assuming that the damping force varies as the velocity, determine:
(i) the damping coefficient,
(ii) the ratio of frequencies of damped and undamped vibrations, and
(iii) the periodic time of damped vibrations.
31. A machine of mass 20 kg is mounted on springs and dashpot as shown
schematically in the Figure 3(b). The total stiffness of the springs is 100 N/cm and
the total damping is 1.5 N-sec-cm−1. If the system is initially at rest and a velocity
of 10 cm/sec is imparted to the mass, determine
(i) the displacement and velocity of the mass as a function of time,
(ii) the displacement and velocity at the time equal to one second.
32. Explain briefly-why the static deflection curve of a loaded shaft may be used as a
whirling form. Establish the relationship of critical speed with loads and load point
deflections.
33. Determine the natural frequency of oscillation of spring mass system as shown
below.
34. The equation of motion of a spring-mass damper system with one degree of
freedom executing forced vibration is given by
d 2 y dy
  49 y  10 sin t
dt 2 dt
where y is the displacement at any instant t and ω is the angular velocity of the
driving force. Determine:
(i) Natural frequency of un-damped free vibration
(ii) Critical damping co-efficient
(iii) Damping ratio
(iv) Static deflection
(v) Logarithmic decrement
(vi) Angular velocity of damped free vibration.
35. The length of a connecting rod of an engine is 500 mm measured between the
centres and its mass is 18 kg. The C.G. is 125 mm from the crank pin centre and
the crank radius is 100 mm. Determine the dynamically equivalent system keeping
one mass at the small end. The frequency of oscillations of the rod when suspended

from the centre of small end is 43 vibrations per minute.

36. A reciprocating pump of mass 200 kg is driven through a belt by an electric motor
at 3000 rpm. The pump is mounted on isolators with total stiffness of 5 MN/m and
damping coefficient of 3.125 kN s/m. Determine the vibratory amplitude of the
pump due to fundamental harmonic force of excitation 1 kN. Also determine the
maximum vibratory amplitude when the pump is switched on and the motor speed
passes through resonant condition.
37. Between a solid mass of 10 kg and the floor are kept two slabs of isolators - natural
rubber slab and felt in series. The rubber slab has a stiffness of 3000 N/m and
equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 100 N-sec/m. The felt has a stiffness of
12000 N/m and an equivalent damping coefficient of 330 N-sec/m. Determine the
undamped and damped natural frequencies of the system in vertical direction.
38. A 40 mm diameter shaft 2.5 m long has a mass of 1 kg/ meter length. It is simply
supported at the ends and carries three masses 90 kg, 140 kg and 60 kg at a
distance of 1.7 m, 1.0 m, and 0.5 m respectively from right support. Taking E = 20
GN/m2, find the frequency of transverse vibrations.
39. A machine part of mass 2 kg vibrates in a viscous medium. Determine the damping
coefficient when a harmonic exciting force of 20 N results in resonant amplitude of
12 mm with a period of 0.2 second. If the system is excited by a harmonic force of
frequency 4 Hz, what will be the percentage increase in the amplitude of vibration
when damper is removed as compared to that with damping?
40. A circular rod has 5 cm diameter for a length of 0.6 m, 8 cm diameter for a length
of 1.8 m and 3 cm diameter for a length of 0.25 m. A disc of mass moment of inertia
15 kg m2 is suspended with the help of this rod such that the disc is in horizontal
plane. Neglecting inertia effect of the rod, find natural frequency of torsional
oscillation in Hz. Assume G = 0.8 × 1011 Pa.
41. A machine is vibrating with an amplitude of 0.04 mm at 500 rpm. An instrument
weighing 20 kg is mounted on the four isolators on the machine. Each isolator has
stiffness 314 N/cm and damping factor of 392 N sec/m. Determine:
(i) amplitude of vibration of instrument, and
(ii) dynamic load on each isolator.
42. A disc of mass 5 kg is mounted at the mid-span of a simply supported horizontal
shaft having a span of 0.5 in and diameter 10 mm. Modulus of elasticity of the
shaft material is 2 × 105 N/mm2. The centre of gravity of the disc is displaced by 2.5
mm from its geometric centre while fitting on the shaft. The equivalent viscous
damping for the system may be taken as 50 N.s/m. The shaft rotates at 740 rpm.
Determine
(i) maximum stress on the shaft during its rotation and
(ii) power required to drive the shaft freely.
43. What is critical speed of a shaft? Determine critical speed of a shaft 24 mm dia
carrying a mass 12 kg at its mid span measuring 1 m. The eccentricity of the mass
is 0.11 mm. The material of the shaft is steel with E = 200 GN/m2. Find the critical
speed of the shaft.
44. Two rotors of mass moment of inertia J2 are connected to the ends of a shaft of
length l, diameter d and modulus of rigidity G. The shaft is appropriately
supported to permit the rotation of the shaft about its axis. Find the natural
frequency of the free torsional vibration of the system.
45. A vertical shaft of 0.5 cm diameter is 20 cm long and is supported in long bearings
at its ends. A disc weighing 50 kgf is attached at the centre of the shaft. Neglecting
any increase in stiffness due to the attachment of the disc to the shaft, find the
critical speed of rotation and the maximum bending stress when the shaft is
rotating at 75% of the critical speed. The centre of the disc is 0.25 mm from the
geometric axis of the shaft. E = 20 × 105 kgf/cm2.
46. A machine of mass 100 kg is mounted on isolators having stiffness of 1.2 × 106 N/m
and a damping factor of 0.1. A piston of mass 2 kg within the machine has a
reciprocating motion with a stroke of 8 cm and a speed of 1800 cycles/min.
Assuming the motion of piston to be simple harmonic, determine
(i) the amplitude of motion of the machine,
(ii) force transmitted of the foundation,
(iii) the phase angles of the transmitted force and machine motion with respect to
the exciting force.
47. An integral pulley shown in the above figure is restrained in its movement about
its own axis by a torsional spring of stiffness K and a linear spring of stiffness k. A
load of mass m is hung from the smaller pulley by means of an inextensible string.
Using D' Alembcrt's principle derive the equation of motion for small oscillations
and determine the natural frequency. Take J as mass moment of inertia of the
pulley about its axis.
48. A disc of mass 5 kg is mounted in the middle of a simple supported horizontal shaft
of span 0.5 m and of diameter 10 mm. The centre of gravity of the disc is displaced
2.5 mm from the geometric centre. The equivalent viscous damping for the system
may be taken as 50 N.s.m-1. The shaft rotates at 740 rpm. Calculate:
(i) dynamic stress in the shaft
(ii) static stress in the shaft, and
(iii) power required to drive the shaft.
Take E = 2 × 105 N. (mm)2.
49. A 'U' tube as shown in Fig. 2 contains a liquid of density one kg/m 3. Determine the
equation of motion and find the natural frequency of the liquid column.
50. The stiffness of a close-coiled spring is such that it deflects 36 mm when an axial
force of 10 N is applied on the end of the hook.
(i) Calculate the mass to be hung on the hook so that, when set vibrating, it will
make one complete oscillation per second. The mass of the spring is 0.6 kg

and the effect of this when vibrating is to be taken as equivalent to a mass on

the end of the hook equal to one third of the mass of the spring.
(ii) Calculate also the maximum velocity and
(iii) Maximum acceleration of the vibrating mass when initially displaced 12 mm
from the position of equilibrium.
(iv) What is the natural frequency of a vibrating system?
Can you suggest an application for the approach indicated above in practice?
51. A machine of mass 500 kg. It is supported on helical springs which deflect by 5 mm
due to the weight of the machine. The machine has rotating unbalance equal to 250
kg mm. The speed of the machine is 1200 rpm. Determine the dynamic amplitude.
The damping factor of the viscous damper is 0.4.
Now this machine is mounted on a larger concrete block of mass 1200 kg. The
stiffness of the springs is changed such that the static deflection is still the same
with the same viscous damper as in earlier case. Determine the change in the
dynamic amplitude.
52. A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has a total mass of 100 kg. It
has unbalance reciprocating parts of 2.0 kg which moves through a vertical stroke
of 100 mm with simple harmonic motion. The machine is having only one degree of
freedom and can undergo vertical displacement. Evaluate its natural frequency
and combined stiffness of the springs if the force transmitted to the foundation is
one-twentieth of the applied force, when there is no damping in the system. The
machine is rotating at 800 rpm. When the machine is actually tested for vibration,
it is found that the damping present in the system reduces the amplitude of
successive free vibrations by 30%. Evaluate:
(i) the actual force transmitted to foundation at the running speed 800 rpm.
(ii) the force transmitted in foundation at resonance, and
(iii) the amplitude of vibration of the machine due to unbalance mass, at
resonance.
53. A rotor of mass 10 kg is mounted midway on a 20 mm diameter horizontal shaft
supported at the ends by two bearings. The bearing span is 0.8 m. Because of
manufacturing defect the center of gravity of the disc is 0.1 mm away from the
geometric center of the rotor. If the system rotates at 3000 rpm, determine the
amplitude of the steady state vibration and the dynamic force transmitted to the
bearing. Take E = 2 × 106 bar.
54. A vibrating system is characterised by the following parameters:
mass = m = 6 kg
stiffness of spring = k = 200 N/m
damping coefficient of the dashpot = c = 6 N-s/m
Determine
(i) the damping factor
(ii) the natural frequency of damped vibration
(iii) the number of cycles after which the original amplitude is reduced to 20
percent.
55. Figure below shows an impact type forging machine mounted rigidly on a large
concrete block with total mass, M = 10,000 kg. The concrete block is placed on
ground through isolators of total stiffness, K = 1.7 MN/m. A hammer with a mass,
m = 500 kg falls from a height, h = 2 m on to the work piece as shown in the figure.
Assuming that the impact is inelastic and instantaneous, analyse and determine
the motion (amplitude) of the machine. Also find its natural frequency.
56. The mass of a trailer is 350 kg when empty and 1000 kg when fully loaded. The
stiffness of suspension spring is 350 kN/m. The damping factor is 0.5 when fully
loaded. The trailer moves at 50 kmph on a road having sinusoidal irregularity of
wavelength 4 m. Determine transmissibility when trailer is fully loaded and when
empty.
57. A compound pendulum of mass 27 kg is suspended from a pivot, such that the
distance of pivot from the mass centre of pendulum is 380 mm. When the
pendulum swings about its pivot with small oscillation, the period of oscillation is
1.60 second. If the pendulum is now made to swing with amplitu de of 45° on each
side of the vertical, find the force exerted on the pivot at the extremity of the swing.


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Problems of Practices

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The unbalanced force of the engine in Newton’s at n r.p.m. is given by

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rotating vector diagram.

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(v) the damping force.

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from the centre of small end is 43 vibrations per minute.

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and the effect of this when vibrating is to be taken as equivalent to a mass on

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