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Observation of quantum jumps in a superconducting artificial atom

R. Vijay∗ , D. H. Slichter∗ , and I. Siddiqi


Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720
(Dated: September 16, 2010)

A continuously monitored quantum system pre- more readout photons induces qubit state mixing17 , thus
pared in an excited state will decay to its ground limiting the fidelity. Other high fidelity readout schemes
state with an abrupt jump. The jump occurs implemented for superconducting qubits are either too
stochastically on a characteristic time scale T1 , slow18 or scramble the qubit state19 . Josephson para-
arXiv:1009.2969v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 15 Sep 2010

the lifetime of the excited state. These quan- metric amplifiers20,21 with near quantum limited noise
tum jumps, originally envisioned by Bohr, have performance can potentially enable single shot readout
been observed in trapped atoms and ions1–3 , sin- in the cQED architecture, but most existing designs have
gle molecules4 , photons5 , and single electrons in an instantaneous bandwidth below 1 MHz, too small to
cyclotrons6 . Here we report the first observa- enable real time monitoring of the qubit state. Since su-
tion of quantum jumps in a macroscopic quantum perconducting qubit lifetimes are typically around 1 µs,
system, in our case a superconducting “artificial one would need a bandwidth of order 10 MHz to resolve
atom” or quantum bit (qubit)7 coupled to a su- quantum jumps between qubit states with high fidelity.
perconducting microwave cavity8 . We use a fast, We achieve this by using a low quality factor (Q) nonlin-
ultralow-noise parametric amplifier9 to amplify ear resonator as a parametric amplifier9 .
the microwave photons used to probe the qubit Our experimental setup, shown schematically in Fig.
state, enabling continuous high-fidelity monitor- 1, is anchored to the mixing chamber of a dilution re-
ing of the qubit. This technique represents a ma- frigerator at 30 mK. The superconducting readout cav-
jor step forward for solid state quantum infor- ity is implemented as a quasi-lumped element linear res-
mation processing, potentially enabling quantum onator consisting of a meander inductor (orange) in par-
error correction and feedback10 , which are essen- allel with an interdigitated capacitor (blue). A trans-
tial for building a quantum computer. Our tech- mon qubit (yellow)22 is capacitively coupled to the cav-
nology can also be readily integrated into hybrid ity. This arrangement is different than typical cQED se-
circuits involving molecular magnets, nitrogen va- tups which use transmission line resonators for the cavity.
cancies in diamond, or semiconductor quantum Our design has a smaller footprint and avoids the detri-
dots. mental higher cavity modes found in transmission line
Quantum error correction, an essential component of resonators13 . Further details of the qubit and cavity are
a practical quantum computer, requires real-time, high- presented in the Methods section. Probe photons enter
fidelity readout to accurately determine the quantum from the input port and reflect off the readout cavity,
state of the system and to allow rapid feedback10 . The acquiring a phase shift that depends on the qubit state.
readout must also be quantum non-demolition (QND), These photons then travel through a series of circula-
that is, it must leave the system in an eigenstate of the tors, which allow microwave signals to propagate in one
measured observable11 , thus allowing repeated measure- direction as indicated by the arrows in the figure, and
ments. To fulfill these requirements, we use the circuit reflect off a low Q non-linear resonator. When biased
quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architecture, where near its critical point23 by a strong pump tone from the
the superconducting qubit is dispersively coupled to a drive port, this resonator amplifies the readout signal
superconducting cavity12 , in analogy to an atom in a and sends it to the output port. This amplifier design
Fabry-Perot cavity. The cavity decouples the qubit from simultaneously achieves high gain, low noise and large
its environment, improving coherence times8,13 while also bandwidth9 .
enabling a continuous, high visibility, QND measurement We operate with the qubit frequency set at 4.753
of the qubit state by probing the resonant frequency of GHz, corresponding to a detuning ∆ = 2π × 1.170 GHz
the cavity14 . These properties make the cQED architec- from the bare readout cavity frequency of 5.923 GHz.
ture an ideal system for observing quantum jumps15 . With a coupling strength g = 2π × 109 ± 0.5 MHz, the
Despite successfully demonstrating QND measure- dispersive shift of the cavity12 due to the qubit state
ment with several kinds of superconducting qubits8,13,16 , χ = g 2 /∆ = 2π × 10.15 MHz is considerably larger than
cQED implementations with linear cavities have typically the cavity linewidth κ = 2π × 4.9 MHz. Therefore, mea-
suffered from low single-shot fidelity, precluding the ob- surement photons at 5.932 GHz exiting the readout cav-
servation of quantum jumps. This is primarily due to in- ity will have a relative phase shift of 0 or 180 degrees,
efficient amplification of the photons leaving the cavity. depending on the state of the qubit. When these pho-
State of the art cryogenic semiconductor microwave am- tons arrive at the amplifier resonator, they coherently
plifiers add about 30 photons of noise, necessitating many add to or subtract from the pump (also at 5.932 GHz, and
averages to see the few-photon readout signal14 . Using tuned to be in phase with the readout photons), causing
2

b Amplifier resonator
a

Output

Drive c
Input

Readout cavity + qubit

FIG. 1: Experimental setup. In (a), readout photons (black arrow) enter from the input port and are directed through a
microwave circulator to a 180◦ hybrid, which converts the single-ended microwave signal into a differential one. The photons
interact with the readout cavity and the reflected signal (purple arrows) carries information about the qubit state toward the
non-linear resonator through three circulators, which isolate the readout and qubit from the strong pump of the amplifier
resonator. A directional coupler combines this signal with pump photons (green arrow) from the drive port. The pumped
nonlinear resonator amplifies the readout signal, and the amplified signal (red arrows) is reflected and sent through the third
circulator to the output port. The signal is further amplified by cryogenic and room temperature amplifiers before being
mixed down to zero frequency, digitized, and stored in a computer. Qubit manipulation pulses enter on the same line as the
readout pulses. (b) false-color optical image of the readout resonator, formed by a meander inductor (orange) shunted by an
interdigitated capacitor (blue). The transmon qubit (yellow) is capacitively coupled to the resonator. The detail view shows
the qubit loop. Scale bars are 100 µm (main view) and 10 µm (detail view). (c) false-color optical image of the amplifier
resonator showing the superconducting loop (pink) and junctions (black), shunted by large parallel-plate capacitors (cyan) on
a SiNx -coated Nb ground plane (brown). Scale bars are 100 µm (main view) and 5 µm (detail view).

a phase shift of up to 180 degrees in the reflected pump


o
a 14 b
photons which form the output signal. This can be seen +90
in Fig. 2a, where the average phase of the output signal Digitizer voltage (mV)
is plotted as a function of pump power. The two traces
Pump phase

correspond to measurements taken with the qubit pre- o


0
0 0 Rabi pulse width (ns) 400
pared in the ground (blue) and excited (red) states, with
an average readout cavity population n̄ of one photon 300 c
(calibrated using the ac Stark effect24 ). By choosing an
0
appropriate pump power bias point, the two qubit states -90
o

are faithfully mapped to distinct phases of the reflected -94.2 -94.0 -93.8 -93.6 -300
pump. Since there are many more pump photons than Pump power (dBm)
signal photons, this effectively amplifies the input signal
(See Supplementary Information for more details). The
improvement in signal to noise is evident in Figs. 2b FIG. 2: Amplifier resonator. In (a), we plot the measured
and 2c, where we plot Rabi oscillations of the qubit both average phase of the reflected pump as a function of pump
without and with parametric amplification. power with the qubit prepared in the ground (blue) or excited
(red) states and an average readout cavity occupation of one
With this technique, we can perform single-shot mea- photon. By choosing a suitable pump power, the two qubit
surements of the qubit state and observe quantum jumps. states are mapped to two different phases of the output signal.
We prepare the qubit state with a 20 ns pulse of vary- Panels (b) and (c) show Rabi oscillations of the qubit with
ing amplitude at the qubit frequency of 4.753 GHz and 104 averages for each time point, both without (b) and with
(c) the amplifier resonator energized. Note both the improved
immediately probe the cavity with a readout power corre-
signal-to-noise ratio and the increased magnitude of the signal
sponding to n̄ = 8 photons, a level which optimizes read- (on the left axis) when using the amplifier.
out fidelity while keeping the measurement QND. The
amplified signal is then mixed down to zero frequency,
effectively converting the phase shift signal of the read-
out into a single-quadrature voltage signal. This voltage is then digitized at 10 ns intervals. Fig. 3a shows the
3

a b c
0.8

excitation

qubit

Digitizer voltage (V)


0.4

readout π
0.0

0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 -0.4


-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 Digitizer voltage (V)
Time (ns)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800
Time (ns) Time (ns)
d e f
excitation

-0.5 0 0.5 0.4


qubit

Digitizer voltage (V)


Digitizer voltage (V)
0.2

0.0
readout

-0.2

-3 0 3 6 9 12 -0.4
Time (μs)
-0.6
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (μs) Time (μs)

FIG. 3: Quantum jumps. (a) is a timing diagram for (b) and (c). The qubit is excited with a pulse of varying amplitude,
and the readout (black) is immediately energized, causing the cavity population (purple) to rise and effect a measurement.
(b) shows 20 representative single-shot traces from each of three different qubit pulse amplitudes corresponding to rotations of
0, π, and 2π. Abrupt quantum jumps from the excited state (white) to the ground state (blue) are clearly visible for the data
corresponding to the π pulse, while the traces corresponding to 0 and 2π mostly do not show such features. Three individual
single-shot time traces are shown in (c); the blue trace was taken following a 2π pulse, while the red and green traces were
taken following a π pulse. (d) is a timing diagram for (e) and (f ). Here the readout is energized with the qubit in the ground
state, and then a continuous qubit drive is applied after a 3 µs delay. (e) and (f ) show 60 traces and one trace, respectively, of
the qubit jumping between the ground and excited state under the influence of both the qubit drive and measurement pinning.

timing diagram and Fig. 3b plots 20 individual traces for Zeno effect15,25 and will be the subject of future work
each of three pulse amplitudes corresponding to 0, π, and using samples with longer coherence times, allowing us
2π qubit rotations. One can clearly see abrupt quantum to examine the dependence of the phenomenon on mea-
jumps from the excited state (white) to the ground state surement strength and qubit excitation power.
(blue) for the data corresponding to a π pulse, while the
traces corresponding to 0 and 2π show the qubit mostly Finally, we look at the statistics of these quantum
in the ground state. A few traces after 0 and 2π pulses jumps. Fig. 4a plots a histogram of 2 × 104 individ-
show jumps to the excited state, and a few traces after ual measurements with the qubit prepared in the excited
a π pulse are never measured to be in the excited state. state, as a function of digitizer voltage and time (see Sup-
We attribute the first effect to qubit state mixing due plementary Video 1 which shows the evolution of the his-
to high photon numbers in the readout cavity17 , and the togram as a function of qubit rabi drive strength). Most
second effect to the qubit spontaneously decaying before of the population is measured in the excited state (pos-
the cavity can ramp up14 . Three representative traces itive voltage) at t = 0 and then decays to the ground
of the quantum jumps are shown in Fig. 3c, one where state (negative voltage) with a time constant of 290 ns
the qubit was prepared in the ground state (blue) and (Fig. 4b, inset). Despite the large separation between
two where it was prepared in the excited state and sub- the ground and excited state peaks, the maximum qubit
sequently decayed (red and green). readout fidelity is about 70%. This can be almost en-
tirely attributed to the lifetime of the qubit (290 ns) being
We can also look at the effects of simultaneous qubit comparable to the cavity rise time (66 ns)14 , which means
excitation and measurement. We energize the readout that around 30% of the excited state population decays to
and then turn on a long qubit excitation pulse after a the ground state before the measurement is made. Since
few µs, as shown in Fig. 3d. This qubit drive tries to we can resolve individual decay events, we can also plot
coherently change the qubit state while the projective a histogram of the jump (excited to ground state) times
measurement forces the qubit to be in the ground or ex- as shown in Fig. 4b (see Supplementary Video 2 which
cited state, resulting in the random telegraph signal seen shows the evolution of this histogram as it builds up).
in Figs. 3e and 3f. This inhibition of qubit state evolu- The histogram shows an exponential decay with a time
tion due to measurement is the essence of the quantum constant of 270 ns. Both these time constants are con-
4

Methods
a The qubit and readout resonator were fabricated on a
1.0
bare high-resistivity Si wafer using electron beam lithog-
raphy and double-angle Al evaporation with an interven-
0.5
Digitizer voltage (V)

ing oxidation step. The evaporated films were 35 and 80


nm thick respectively and were deposited with an e-beam
0.0 evaporator. The amplifier resonator was fabricated on a
high-resistivity Si wafer. The wafer was patterned with a
-0.5 rectangular 300-nm-thick sputtered Nb ground plane and
0 800 1,600 coated with 125 nm of SiNx grown by PECVD. The am-
Counts/bin
-1.0 plifier resonator was then fabricated on top of the SiNx
0 200 400 600 800 layer using electron beam lithography and double-angle
Time (ns) Al evaporation with oxidation, in the same manner as
b
2000
the readout resonator9 .
The experiment was carried out in a dilution refriger-
Counts (x 103)

10
1500 ator with a base temperature of 30 mK. The readout
5
resonator had inductance L=1.25 pH and capacitance
Counts

1000 0 C=575 fF, with a bare resonant frequency of 5.923 GHz


0 500 1000 1500
Time (ns) and a linewidth of 4.9 MHz. These numbers and the
500
behavior of the resonator match well with finite element
simulations performed using Microwave Office. The am-
plifier resonator was formed by a two junction super-
0
0 500 1000 1500 conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with
Time (ns) a maximum critical current of 4 µA shunted by two par-
allel plate capacitors in series with a total capacitance of
FIG. 4: Jump statistics. (a) shows a histogram of 2 × 104 6.5 pF, with a resonant frequency tunable between 4 and
individual traces with the qubit prepared with a π pulse and 6.2 GHz. The transmon qubit had measured parameters
n̄ = 8. The excited state signal, centered around 0.6 V, is EJ = 11.4 GHz and EC = 280 MHz at the operating
clearly resolved from the ground state signal at -0.3 V. The frequency of 4.753 GHz, corresponding to a maximum
ensemble population is predominately in the excited state at EJ of 17.9 GHz at zero flux bias. The qubit transition
t = 0, and decays to the ground state with a time constant frequency could be tuned between 4 and 5.8 GHz. Read-
(b, inset) of 290 ns. (b) shows a histogram of jump times out cavity photon occupation was calibrated using the
from the excited state to the ground state extracted from ac Stark effect24 . Measurements of T1 as a function of
individual measurements . The solid line is an exponential
qubit frequency agreed well with decay due to the single-
fit with a decay time of 270 ns. We do not plot jumps that
occur less than two cavity time constants after the readout is
mode Purcell effect in combination with an unknown re-
energized. The pulse protocol is shown in Fig. 3a. laxation channel giving an effective Q of 11,50013 . Ram-
sey fringes yielded T2 = 290 ns at the operating point.
We observed a small leakage of pump photons from the
amplifier resonator back to the readout resonator, consis-
tent with the finite isolation of the circulators. Using the
sistent with each other and with the measured T1 of the
ac Stark effect, we determined the leakage corresponded
qubit, as would be expected for a QND measurement17 .
to a readout cavity population of much less than one pho-
The observation of quantum jumps in a supercon- ton. The leakage did cause dephasing, which we verified
ducting qubit is the first fruit of a powerful technique by Ramsey fringes. We were able to cancel this leak-
for quantum measurements in solid state systems. The age by applying a coherent microwave tone to the input
real-time QND measurement technology demonstrated port. Because the amplifier resonator has a very fast re-
here is a major required step for implementing quan- sponse, one could avoid the leakage problem by turning
tum error correction. Our techniques can be readily ex- the paramp off during qubit manipulation and evolution.
tended to a variety of other systems of interest, including
nanomechanical devices, nitrogen vacancy centers in di-
amond, and lower-dimensional semiconductor systems. Acknowledgments
These techniques can be used to study the quantum We acknowledge useful discussions with M. H. Devoret,
Zeno effect15 and to shed further light on non-idealities S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf, D. M. Stamper-Kurn,
in quantum measurement processes17 . They can also J. Gambetta, M. Hatridge and O. Naaman. R.V. and
enable the development of precision time-resolved sin- I.S. acknowledge funding from AFOSR under Grant No.
gle photon sources and detectors operating at microwave FA9550-08-1-0104. D.H.S. acknowledges support from
frequencies15 , enabling a new class of quantum optics ex- a Hertz Foundation Fellowship endowed by Big George
periments in solid state systems. Ventures.
5

Author Contributions periments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
D.H.S. and R.V. designed the samples. D.H.S. fabri- All work was carried out under the supervision of I.S.
cated the samples. R.V. and D.H.S. performed the ex-

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Supplement to “Observation of quantum jumps in a superconducting artificial atom”

R. Vijay∗ , D. H. Slichter∗ , and I. Siddiqi


Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720
(Dated: September 16, 2010)

I. DETAILS OF AMPLIFICATION effective resonant frequency as a function of bias fre-


MECHANISM quency and power. For drive power P > PC and drive
frequency f < fC , the system is bistable within the
boundary indicated by the dotted lines. This bistabil-
arXiv:1009.2969v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 15 Sep 2010

ity has been employed for qubit readout in the past1,2 .


a o b In this work, we bias the resonator just outside the
+90 bistable regime. This bias region, marked as “paramp”
in Fig. S1a, has been accessed to demonstrate paramet-
(fc,Pc)
Pump phase
Pump power

bistable ric amplification3–5 . Fig. S1b explains the principle of


small signal degenerate parametric amplification. The
paramp reflected pump phase is plotted as a function of pump
power, giving the transfer function of the amplifier. A
o
-90 weak input signal is combined with the pump and mod-
ulates its amplitude, resulting in a large change in the
Pump frequency Pump power phase of the reflected pump. Since there are many more
pump photons than signal photons, this effectively am-
plifies the input signal.
FIG. S1: The phase diagram of the amplifier resonator is
shown schematically in (a). The resonance frequency (solid
Two key points should be noted here. First, this tech-
line) gradually decreases with increasing drive power. Above
a critical drive power PC and below a critical frequency fC nique implements a phase-sensitive amplifier6 , since only
the resonator is bistable. At powers slightly below PC , the signals in phase with the pump will be amplified. Sec-
resonator functions as a parametric amplifier (paramp). (b) ondly, the amplifier is linear only for input signals which
shows a linecut of (a) at constant pump frequency in the keep the bias conditions in the linear region of the trans-
paramp regime. A weak signal modulating the drive power fer function shown in Fig. S1a. However, in this work we
leads to large changes in the reflected phase of the pump. are only concerned with two possible cavity states corre-
sponding to the two states of the qubit. Therefore, the
linearity of the amplifier is inconsequential here as long
The phase diagram of our non-linear resonator is shown as it faithfully maps the two cavity states to two distinct
schematically in Fig. S1a. The solid line indicates the output states.

1
Vijay, R., Devoret, M. H. & Siddiqi, I. Invited review arti- quantum signals using a dynamical bifurcation. Ph.D. the-
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2
Mallet, F. et al. Single-shot qubit readout in circuit quan- I. Dispersive magnetometry with a quantum limited squid
tum electrodynamics. Nature Phys. 5, 791–795 (2009). parametric amplifier (2010). URL http://arxiv.org/abs/
3
Castellanos-Beltran, M. A. & Lehnert, K. W. Widely tun- 1003.2466v1.
6
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91, 083509 (2007).
4
Vijay, R. Josephson Bifurcation Amplifier: Amplifying

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