Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman,

Ipoh

PEKA Chemistry

Topic 9:Manufactured Subtances In

Industry

Nama:Muhamad Irfan bin Razuki

Class :4 science A
No IC :941215-01-5897
Acknowledgement
First and foremost,I,Muhamad Irfan bin Razuki from 4scA would like to
thank the God for giving me blessings to complete this folio just in time.Even I
faced a lot of difficulties when doing this project,I managed to overcome it by the
God’s blessing .

Besides that, thanks to my chemistry teacher Madam Yip Yin Leng for
being such a good guider while doing this project.She had given us appropriate
information about this project in order to make us understand more about this
project.

Also a great thanks to my friends and family members especially my father

and mother who tried their best to give their support for me, either by giving me a
lot of encouragement while doing this project or helping me to gather the data
required for the project.I hope all of you enjoy reading my masterpiece that make
me does not sleep for two days.

Thank you
Objective
Assalamualaikum,

First of all,thiswonderful masterpiece is dedicated for the student to understand

more about this topic,Manufactured Subtances In Industry.Besides that,this folio is
one of the easy ways to memorize science fact because it contains mind map and
attractive picture for the student view.Thus,this will make the folio less boring than the
usual ones.

Student also can find additional facts about this topic based from the given
references at the end of the folio.Besides giving the student extra knowledge about this
topic,this masterpiece also increase the understanding of the topic and make the student
easier to score in examination especially SPM.
 Topic 9:
Manufactured Subtances in
Industry
3.1:Sulphuric Acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid

• Contact process produces more than 90% of the world sulphuric acid.

Raw materials used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid :-

• sulphur
• air
• water.

• Contact process consists of 3 stages:

~ Production of sulphur dioxide

~ Conversion of sulphur dioxide is sulphur trioxide.
~ Production of sulphuric acid

Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide

(a)Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide.

S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)

(b)Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc sulphide and lead sulphide also produces
sulphur dioxide.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)  2SO2(g) + 2ZnO(s)
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g)  2SO2(g) + 2PbO(s)

(c)The sulphur dioxide is then mixed with excess air.The mixture is dried and purified to
remove impurities such as arsenic compounds.

(d)Arsenic compounds found in sulphur will poison the catalyst in the converter, making
the catalyst ineffective.
Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

(a)The mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen is passed through a converter.The
sulphur dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

(b)Optimum conditions used are as follows.

(i) Temperature : 450°C
(ii) Pressure : 1 atmosphere
(iii) Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide,V2O5

(c)About 97% conversion occurs under these optimum conditions.

Stage III : Production of sulphuric acid

(a) The sulphur trioxide is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form a
product called oleum, H2S2O7
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq)  H2S2O7(l)

(b) Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water to form sulphuric acid.This is because
reaction between sulphur trioxide and water is very vigorous and produces a large
amount of heat.The reaction causes the production of a large cloud of sulphuric
acid mist.The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult to condense.

(c) The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid of
about 98%.
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l)  2H2SO4(aq)
 Flow chart of Contact process.

Sulphur

burns in air
Sulphur dioxide, SO2

O2V2O5,450°C, 1 atm
Sulphur trioxide, SO3

concentrated H2SO4
Oleum,H2S2O7
water

water
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Figure 1 : The manufacture of sulphuric acid through the Contact process

Figure above shows three step in the manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry
Properties of sulphuric acid

Molecular formula H2O4S

Molar mass 98.08 g mol−1
Appearance Clear, colorless, odorless liquid
Density 1.84 g/cm3, liquid
Melting point 10 °C, 283 K, 50 °F
Boiling point 337 °C, 610 K, 639 °F
Solubility in water miscible
Acidity (pKa) −39(very strong)
Viscosity 26.7 cP (20 °C)

Uses of sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid is used as:

to manufacture fertilisers

to manufacture paint pigment

to manufacture detergents

to manufacture synthetic fibre

to clean metals

to manufacture plastics

as an electrolyte in car batteries

to manufacture other chemicals

There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
a) Calcium hydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)
2 H2SO4(aq) + Ca3(PO4) 2 (s) → Ca(H2 PO4) 2 (aq)+ 2CaSO4 (s)

sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate → calcium hydrogen phosphate

b) Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4
(aq) +2NH3(aq) → (NH4) 2 SO4(aq)

c) sulphuric
Potassium acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate
sulphate
H2SO4
(aq) +2KOH (aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide solution→ Potassium sulphate

Other Uses

1) To manufacture paint pigments

• The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The
neutralization of sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium
sulphate.
H2SO4
(aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

sulphuric acid + barium hydroxide solution→ Barium sulphate + water

2) To manufacture detergents
• Sulphuric acid reacts with by-products of oil refining to form sulphonic
acid.
• Neutralising the sulphonic acid with an alkali produces detergents.

3) To manufacture synthetic fibres

• Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an
example of a fibre that is
produced by the reaction of sulphuric acid eith cellulose threads soaked in
alkaline solution.

4) Cleaning metals
• Before electroplating,sulphuric acid is used for cleaning metals to
remove the surface oxides.

5) Other chemicals
• Sulphuric acid is used as other chemicals like
pharmaceuticals,insectides, tartaric acid and explosive.
 6) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:
• As a strong acid
• As a drying or dehydrating agent
• As an oxidizing agent
• As a sulphonating agent
• As a catalyst

Manufacture of car batteries Manufacture of detergents Manufacture of

fertilisers

Manufacture of paints Manufacture of plastic items Manufacture of

pesticides
The environmental pollution by the by-product of sulphuric acid

1) Sulphur dioxide is released through:-

(a) Burning of sulphur during Contact process

(b) Extraction of some metals from their sulphides ores
(c) Burning of coals or fuels with high sulphur content

2) Acid rain occurs when there is sulphurous acid,sulphuric acid and nitric acid in
the rain.
These strong acids will cause the pH of rain to fall between 2.4 and 5.0

3) Sulphur dioxide accounts for most of the acid rain problems.

(a) When sulphur dioxide dissolves in rainwater,sulphurous acid is formed
SO2(g) + H2O (l)  H2SO3(aq)
(b) Sulphur dioxide can react with oxygen and water to form sulphuric acid
2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l)  2H2SO4(aq)
Ways to control and reduce the effects of acid rain:

 Use low-sulphur fuels

 Add calcium oxide(lime), CaO; calcium hydroxide,Ca(OH)2 and powdered llimestone
CaCO3 into the acidic lake or river to neutralize the acids present

CaO(s) + 2H (aq)  Ca (aq) +H2O(l)

Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H (aq)  Ca (aq) + 2H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + 2H (aq)  Ca (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
3.2:Ammonia
Physical and chemicak properties of ammonia

Physical properties
• Colourless gas
• Pungent smell
• Alkaline gas
• Very soluble in water
• Less denser than air

 Chemical reaction of ammonia:

(a) Reacting as a base
Ammonia ionises partially in water and therefore is a weak base.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)

Ammonia undergoes neutralisation with acids to form ammonium salts.

Ammonia + acid  ammonium salt

(b) Reacting with aqueous metal ions

Ammonia solution can precipitate some metal hydroxides from their aqueous salt
solutions.The metal ions combine with the hydroxide ions from aqueous ammonia
to produce insoluble metal hydroxides : Mn (aq) + nOH (aq)  M(OH)n(s)

Uses of ammonia

 To make fertilisers
- provide plants the nitrogen they need to grow
- these fertilisers are ammonium salts obtained from the neutralization of
ammonia with different acids. Examples:
(a) Ammonium phosphate
- reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium
phosphates
NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq)  NH4H2PO4(aq)
2 NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq)  (NH4)2HPO4(aq)
- good fertilisers because they provide two important nutrients,phosphorus
and
nitrogen.

(b) Ammonium nitrate

- ammonia is neutralised by nitric acid,ammonium nitrate is formed
 NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)  NH4NO3(aq)

(c) Ammonium sulphate

- ammonia is neutralised by sulphuric acid
2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

(d) Urea
- At a temperature of 200°C and a high pressure of 200 atm, ammonia
reacts with carbon dioxide to produce urea.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  CO(NH2)2(s) + H2O(l)

- used as a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwad
process.
- Liquid ammonia used as cooling agent
- used as an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex

 Ammonia salts is used as smelling salts to revive people who have fainted

Preparation of ammonia

The chief commercial method of producing ammonia is by the Haber-Bosch process,

which involves the direct reaction of elemental hydrogen and elemental nitrogen.N2 +
3H2 → 2NH3 This reaction requires the use of a catalyst, high pressure (100–1,000
atmospheres), and elevated temperature (400–550 °C [750–1020 °F]). Actually, the
equilibrium between the elements and ammonia favours the formation of ammonia at low
temperature, but high temperature is required to achieve a satisfactory rate of ammonia
formation. Several different catalysts can be utilized. Normally the catalyst is iron
containing iron oxide. However, both magnesium oxide on aluminum oxide that has been
activated by alkali metal oxides and ruthenium on carbon have been employed as
catalysts. In the laboratory, ammonia is best synthesized by the hydrolysis of a metal
nitride.Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 2NH3 + 3Mg(OH)2

Manufacture of ammonia in industry

• Ammonia is manufactured in industries through Haber process.

• Raw materials for the Haber process are

(i)hydrogen
(ii)nitrogen

• Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air.

• Hydrogen gas is obtained by:

(i)Reaction between methane from natural gas and steam
CH4(g) + 2H2O(l)  4H2(g) + CO2(g)
(ii)The reaction between heated coke and steam
 C(s) + H2O(l)  H2(g) + CO(g)

The manufacture of ammonia,NH3 through the Haber Process.

 Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed according to the ratio 1 mole N2 : 3 moles
H2.

 The mixture is compressed to 200 atm and heated to a temperature of about

450°C

 The mixture is then passed through layers of heated iron catalyst in a

reactor.Ammonia is produced.
 N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
 The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia gives out heat.The
high pressure
 and iron catalyst speed up the rate of reaction.

 The ammonia gas produced is liquefied ans separated to get a better yield.
  The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and passed back into the
reactor together with the new source of nitrogen and hydrogen.About 98% of
nitrogen and hydrogen are converted into ammonia.

Ammonium fertilisers

 Plants need nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium to

grow.

 Nitrogen-make proteins in stalks and leaves

 Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of soluble nitrate ions, NO3-

 Ammonium fertilisers contain ammonium ions.In the soil, the ammonium ions
are converted to nitrate ions by bacteria

 Examples of ammonium fertilisers:

 Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3

 Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
 Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4
 Urea,CO(NH2)2

 Fertilisers that contain a high percentage of nitrogen are more effective.

 Ammonium fertilisers can be prepared by reactions between ammonia

solution and acids.
3.3:Alloys
What are alloys?

 An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in

which the major component is a metal.

 Pure metals are normally soft and easily oxidised.This is the reason why
monuments or statues are made of bronze(an alloy) and not copper(a pure metal).

 Alloy are stronger,harder,resistant to corrosion,have a better finish and lustrous.

Why make alloys?

The aim of making alloy is:

(a) to increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal
(b) to increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metal
(c) to improve the appearance of a pure metal

Figure 5 : Making alloy

 Composition, properties and uses of alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze 90% copper, Hard,strong,does not corrode Medals,statues,monuments,art
10% tin easily,shiny surface objects
Brass 70% copper Harder than copper Musical instruments,
30% zinc kitchenware, door knobs,bullet
cases,electric parts,ornaments
Cupro-nickel 75% copper Beautifulsurface,shiny, Coins
25% nickel hard,does not corrode easily
Steel 99% iron Hard,strong Buildings,bridges,body of cars,
1% carbon railway tracks
Stainless steel 74% iron, Shiny,strong,does not rust Cutlery,surgical
8% carbon instruments,sinks,
18%chronium pipes
Duralumin 93%aluminium Light,strong Body of aircraft and bullet trains
3% copper
3%magnesium
1%manganese
Pewter 96% tin Shiny, strong,does not Art objects,souvenirs
3% copper corrode
1% antimony
9-carat gold 37.5% gold Shiny, strong,does not Jewellery
11% silver corrode
51.5 % copper

Comparison of the properties of alloys and their pure metal

Pure metal Alloys

Soft Hard
Atom enables the layers of atom Harder for the atom to slide to each other
to slide each other easily because atom in a fixed position through the
process of making alloys
Malleable Less malleable
When metal is pressed,the atom moves to No empty spaces an atom is in stable fixed
empty spaces position
Examples of alloys

 916 Gold-to make jewellary become more harder

 Magnalium-make the body of airplanes harder than pure aluminium
 Stainless steel kitchenwares-make the kitchenwares resist rusting
 Pewter-make shiny object

Bronze axe
3.4:Synthetic Polymers
What are polymers?

 Polymers are large long-chain molecules formed by joining together many

identical repeating sub-units called monomers.
 Polymerisation is a process by which the monomers are joined together into
chain-like molecule called polymer.

Formation of polymer
 Polymers can be divided into 2 types.

Polymers

Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers

Exist in living things in nature They are man-made in laboratory
Ex:Protein,cellulose,wool,silk, through chemical processes.
starch,natural rubber & DNA Ex: Plastics, nylon

Natural Polymers
NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleic acid Nucleotides
Examples of natural polymers and their monomers
Synthetic Polymer

 Synthetic polymers are prepared through 2 types of polymerisation processes:

(a)Addition polymerisation
(b)Condensation polymerisation

 Addition polymerisation
- involves monomers with double bonds between the carbon atoms.
- During addition polymerisation, the double bonds between pairs of carbon atoms
break and the carbon atoms pf adjacent ethene molecules join together to form a
molecule of poly or polythene.

 Condensation polymerisation
- involves the joining up of monomers with the formation of other smaller and
simple
molecules.

Plastics

 Plastics are the largest group of synthethic polymers with the following properties:
(a)Can be easily moulded
(b)Low density
(c)Strong
(d)Inert to chemicals
(e)Insulator of heat and electricity
(f)Can be colou
Name of polymer Equation for Properties Uses
polymerisation
Polyethylene H H H H Durable,light,impermeable, Shopping bags,
(polythene)     Inert to chemicals,easily Plastic cups and
n C=C C–C melted,insulator plates,toys
 
H H H H n
Ethene Polythene
Polypropylene H CH3 H CH3 Durable,light,impermeable, Bottles,furniture,
(polypropene)     Inert to chemicals,easily battery casing,
n C=C C–C melted,insulator,can be pipes,toys
  moulded and coloured
H H H H
n
Propene Polypropene
Teflon F F F F Durable,non-stick, Coating for non-
  Chemically inert,strong, stick pans,
n C=C C–C impermeable electrical
  insulators
F F F F n
Tetrafluo- Teflon
roethene

Synthetic fibre

 Synthetic fibre are long-chain polymers which are not easily stretched and have high
strength.
 Polynamides and polyester are two groups of synthetic polymers used as fibres for
making tekstil.
 Example of polynamide polymers is nylon.
 Example of polyester polymers is terylene.
 Nylon and terylene are produced through condensation polymerisation.
TYPE OF POLYMER USE
Polythene a) Make buckets
b) Make plastic bags
c) Make raincoats
d) Make films
e) Make rubbish bins
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a) Make water pipes
b) Make electric cables
c) Make mats
d) Make vinyl records
e) Make clothes hangers
Polypropene a) Make ropes
b) Make bottles
c) Make chairs
d) Make drink cans
e) Make carpets
Perspex a) Make car windows
b) Make plane windows
c) Make spectacle lenses (optical instruments)
Nylon a) Make ropes
b) Make curtains
c) Make stockings
d) Make clothes
Polystyrene a) Make packing boxes
b) Make buttons
c) Make noticeboards
Terylene a) Make textile items such as clothes and cloths
The effect of the uses of synthetic polymers to our environment
 Synthetic polymers are not easily biodegradable,thus their waste will block or clog up
the drainage system,thereby causing flash flood.
 Waste plastics pollute the lake and river,making the water not suitable for aquatic
organisms to live in

Ways to solve the problems caused by the use of synthetic polymers

(a) Reuse
(b) Recycle
(c) Use biodegradable synthetic polymer
(d) Dispose of unwanted synthetic polymers in a proper manner.
3.5:Glass and Ceramics
Glass

 The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide,SiO2 which can be found in
sand.

 Glass can made by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metal carbonates to a
temperature above 1500°C.

Figure 6 : Structure of silicon dioxide

Physical properties
 Heat insulator
 Electric insulator
 Transparent(colourless)
 Hard but brittle
 Chemically inert
 Insoluble in water

The composition,properties and uses

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused glass  Silicon dioxide  High melting  Laboratory
point glassware
 High  Arc tubes in
temperature and lamps
chemical  Lenses
durability  Telescope
 Resistant to mirrors
thermal shock  Optical fibres
 transparent to
ultraviolet and
infrared light

Soda-lime glass  silicon dioxide  Low melting  Containers such

 Sodium oxide point as bottles,jars.
 Calcium oxide  High thermal  Flat glass
expansion  Windowpanes
coefficient  Mirrors
 Does not  Light bulbs
withstand heat  Industrial and art
 Cracks easily objects.
with sudden
change in
temperature
 Good chemical
durability
 Easy to mould
and shape
 Transparent to
visible light
Borosilicate glass  Silicon dioxide  Transparent to  Cookware
 Boron oxide visible light  Laboratory
  Sodium oxide  resistant to glassware
 Calcium oxide chemicals  Automobile
 Lower thermal headlights
expansion  glass pipelines
coefficient  Electrical tubes
 Resistant to
thermal shock
 Can withstand
wide range of
temperature
changes
Lead crystal glass  Silicon dioxide  Soft,easy to melt  Tableware
 Lead(II) oxide  Transparent to  Art objects
 Sodium oxide visible light  Crystals
 High density  Prisms
 High reactive  Lenses
index

Ceramics

 Ceramics are made from clay such as kaolin.Kaolin is rich in kaolinite(hydrated

aluminosilicate,Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)

 Examples of ceramics are bricks,tile,mugs and clay pots.

 Physical properties
-good insululator of heat
-chemically inert
-strong but brittle
-resist compression
-very high melting point
 Property Uses Examples
Hard and strong Building materials Tiles,bricks,roofs,cement,
abrasive for grinding
Attractive,easily moulded Decorative pieces and Vases,porcelain ware,sinks,
and glazed household items bathtubs
Chemically inert and non- Kitchenware Cooking pots,plates,bowls
corrosive
Very high melting point Insulation Lining of furnace, engine
and good insulator of heat parts
Electrical insulators Insulating parts in Spark plugs,insulators in
electrical appliances ovens and electrical cables
Inert and non-compressible Medical and dental Artificial teeth and bones
apparatus

Composition,properties and uses of ceramic

 Ceramic is made from clay that is dried.

 The main constituent of clay is aluminate,silica, and feldspar.
 Kaolinate is one of the example of high quality of clay

Types of ceramic

 Structural, including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles

 Refractories, such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making
crucibles
 Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, pottery products, and sanitary
ware
 Technical, is also known as Engineering, Advanced, Special, and in Japan,
Fine Ceramics. Such items include tiles used in the Space Shuttle program,
gas burner nozzles, ballistic protection, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets,
bio-medical implants, jet engine turbine blades, and missile nose cones

3.6:Composite Material
What is composite material?

 A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two

or more different materials such as metals,alloys,glass,ceramics and polymers.
 Has different properties far superior to the original material

Composite material and its uses

Reinforced concrete

 Made from a mixture of sand and smallstone bound by cement

 Reinforced concrete is formed when concrete is reinforced with steel wire
netting or steel rods.

 Essential for the construction of large structures like high-rise

buildings,bridges and oil platforms.

 Has a greater strength than ordinary concrete and has higher resistance to
impact.

Superconductors

 capable of conducting electricity without any electrical resistance when they

are cooled to an extremely low temperature.

 most of them are alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides such
as copper(11) oxide,Brium oxide,yttrium oxide that can attain
superconductive at 90K
 Superconductors also used in :
(a) magnetic energy-storage system
(b) magnetically levitated train
(c) generators
(d) transformers
(e) computer parts
(f) very sensitive devices for measuring magnetic fields, voltage or
current.

Fibre Optic
  consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that are surrounded by a glass
cladding.

 The glass tube has very small diameter

 used to replace copper wire in long distance telephones lines,in mobile

phones,video cameras and to link computers within local area networks.

 used in instruments for examining internal parts of the body or inspecting the
interior of manufactured structural products.

 In medicine,optic fbre is use to channel the laser beam

 Optic fibre also can be used in endoscope,an instrument that are inserted into
the body trought the nose

 Picture of fibre optic:-

Fibre glass

 produced when glass fibres are embedded in plastic resins to produce glass
fibre reinforced plastics.

 has high tensile strength,can be easily coloured,moulded and shaped,inert to

chemicals and is low in density.

 Material for making water storage tank,boat hull,swimming pool lining and
other
Photochromic glass

 In photocromic glass,silver chloride or silver bromide and a little copper

chloride is embedded into the surface of the glass

 changes from transparent to coloured when it is exposed to ultraviolet light,

and reverts to transparency when the light is dimmed or blocked.

 can be produced by embedding photochromic substances like fine silver

chloride.

 photochromic glass helps to:

(a) protect our eyes from harmful ultraviolet rays and glare from the
sun
(b) control the amount of light that passes through it automatically
(c) reduce refraction of light
 Conclusion
Synthetic Polymer
Manufactured by
polymerization.
Sulphuric Acid Examples and uses:
Manufactured by Contact process  Polyethylene:Shopping
Temperature:450°C bags
Pressure: 1 atm  Polyvinyl chloride:Pipes
Catalyst : V2O5
 polystyrene:Packaging
Uses:To make
materials
fertilizers,detergents,
electrolyte, and synthetic fibre  Perspex:Lenses
 Nylon:Ropes,textile
Ammonia
Manufactured by Haber
process
Temperature:450°C
Pressure: 200 atm
Catalyst : Fe
Uses:To make fertilizers,
nitric acid,cooling agent,
explosives

Glass
Made from sand,SiO2
Types & uses:
Fused glass:Lenses
Soda-lime glass:mirror Ceramic
Borosilicate glass:Beaker Manufactured Substances in Made from clay,
Lead crystal glass: Glass Industry kaolinite,Al2O3.2SiO2.
crystals 2H2O
Properties and uses:
Hard & strong:Tiles,
bricks
Attractive:vases,
Composite materials
Alloys sinks
Made by combining two or more
Made from metal and Non-corrosive:
materials.Examples:
other elements.Examples Kitchenware
Reinforce concrete
and composition: High melting point:
Superconductors
Bronze:Copper & tin Furnace
Fibre optic
Brass:Copper & zinc Inert: Medical &
Fibreglass
Steel:Iron & carbon dental apparatus
Photochromic glass
Pewter:Tin,Copper &
Antimony
Stainless Steel:
Iron,carbon &
chronium
References
Book

Tan Yin Ton,Loh Wai Leng,Tan On Tin,2009,SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,Oxford Fajar

Sdn.Bhd.,(page 263-page 288)

Wan Noor Afifah Wan Yusof,2010,Chemistry Teaching & Learning Form 4,NILAM
Publication

Internet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric-acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositematerial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-ii/metals/metalsindex.php