Jake Ball

Ms. Miller
AP European History
9/20/17

Chapter 13 Focus Questions

1. In what ways was the Catholic Church influenced by Renaissance ideals?

2. What aspects of Catholicism were challenged by religious reformers?

The Catholic Church was challenged heavily during the Protestant Reformation. The entire movement
was aimed at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.

3. In what ways did the Catholic Church respond to Protestant criticisms?

Martin Luther proposed his 95 Theses to the church. He did this to attack the Catholic Church’s
corruption. From Luther’s ideas, the Catholic Church was called out for things that they did, and they
were forced to respond. The church held the Council of Trent to fix the issues that were created by
Martin Luther, as well as fix the valid critiques he made. Further, the Catholic Church attempted to save
as many people as possible after Luther led them away from the salvation offered by the church.

4. To what extent did the Protestant reformation cause the relationship between states and
ecclesiastical authority to change?
The reformation caused an idea to arise as to if the church and state should be separate. After the
reformation, there was more religious tolerance and freedom. Because of this, the church could no
longer be the major authority in a country. Instead of having a national religion, the state had more
tolerance for different religions in one country.

5. To what extent did women’s roles change within family, society, and the church?
Women were to be obedient to their husbands and bear him children. The career of monasticism was
taken away from women, and being a mother was one of their only options.

6. How did religion, dynasty rivalry, and commercial interests interact as causes of the
religious wars?
Neither side would compromise in the battles, so war broke out many times over the same issues. Issues
such as heresy persecution, schism, and others caused these big issues. It was not until the Edict of
Nantes in 1598 that there was a happy medium reached for both sides.
Jake Ball
Ms. Miller
AP European History
9/20/17

7. What effects did the religious wars and accompanying social dislocation have on society
and culture in Europe?

8. How did various Protestant sects appeal to the different social classes?
To the poor, the ideas of Lutheranism was attractive because there was no need to be rich to have
salvation. To the middle class, it was appealing because the idea of knowledge of education could be
used instead of relying on indulgences to be saved. To the upper class, those who were alienated by the
Pope were able to take over land if they converted to Protestantism.

9. What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from the
ideas of Protestant reformers?
Christian humanists focused on the classics, but especially early church religious writers like Augustine,
Ambrose, and Jerome. Also, they believed the human person could reform and improve. As a result,
they supported education and contributed many texts to society. Protestant reformers focused on
justification and fixing the main problems with the church like indulgences.

10. What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church, and
what political, economic, and social conditions help explain why the movement he began
spread so quickly across Europe?
Luther didn't like the Catholic practice of selling indulgences. In his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther listed all
the sins of selling indulgences, convinced that indulgences bring eternal damnation. Luther debated with
Catholics on various issues involving papal authority. Luther denied the authority of the pope and
criticized the Catholic Church both in debates, and pamphlets such as Babylonian Captivity of the Church
(criticized papal authority), and On the Freedom of a Christian Man (talked about salvation). As a result,
he was excommunicated and summoned to the Diet of Worms. There, he refused to recant his
statements opposing the church, and as a result, was declared a heretic. Lutheranism spread so quickly
due to the political, economic, and social conditions that affected Europe at the time. Politically, the
princes and imperial cities converted to Lutheranism, enabling Lutheranism to survive. The princes
converted to Lutheranism for various reasons, including economic reasons, such as princes not having to
pay a Catholic tax and keeping more money in their territory. By social means, the peasants are
attracted to Luther's idea that all Christians are equal. Although Luther supported the princes over the
peasants, the peasants were inspired by Luther's break from the Catholic Church and revolted against
the peasants.

11. What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism,
and how did they differ from each other and Catholicism? What impact did political,
Jake Ball
Ms. Miller
AP European History
9/20/17

economic, and social conditions have on the development of these four reform
movements.
Lutherans believe that the Bible is absolute authority; Baptism and Lord's Supper, consubstantiation;
faith offers salvation; no free will; Calvanists believe that the Bible is absolute authority; Baptism and
Lord's Supper; consubstantiation; faith offers salvation; no free will; predestination; austere.
Zwinglianists believe that the Bible is absolute authority; Baptism and Lord's Supper;
memorial/remembrance; faith offers salvation; no free will; predestination; more austere. Anabaptists
are radical protestants; Baptism and Lord's Supper; memorial/remembrance; Faith and good works offer
salvation; free will; complete separation of Church and State

12. What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on society in the sixteenth century?
The Protestant Reformation changed the view of the Renaissance family, focusing on the
connection between Husband and Wife. Meanwhile, Protestant teachers successfully integrated
humanist ideology into the educational system, helping to educate the next generation of
Renaissance thinkers. Finally, the reformation led to a huge change in the religious practices of
the Catholic Church, known as the Catholic Reformation.

13. What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat
Protestantism in the sixteenth century.
First, old religious orders such as the Dominicans were revived and renewed and new orders like
the Capuchins were formed and embraced. Specifically, the Jesuits were formed during this time
which was a great boon to the Catholic Reformation. Secondly, the papacy began to shift its
powers and intentions, leaving the corruption behind in favor of an inquisition to crush the
protestant heretics. Finally, the Council of Trent was held, serving to unite the remaining
Catholics under the pope with clear doctrines to stop corruption and heresy.
14. What role did politics, economic, social conditions, and religion play on the European
wars of the sixteenth century?
The French Wars of Religion, as the name suggests, were largely driven by a conflict of religion,
specifically, a struggle between French Catholics and the minority Calvanists or Huguenots. This
struggle ended in the edict of Nantes, which stated that the official religion of France is
Catholicism but gave the Huguenots the right to practice their religion in select areas. In the
Netherlands, there were revolts in order to free themselves of Spanish rule so that their taxes
could be used for themselves, and they could practice their more modern religion rather than
Catholicism. This revolt ended in the independence of the seven northernmost provinces,
whereas the remaining ten provinces stayed under Spanish rule. In addition, the Spanish armada
Jake Ball
Ms. Miller
AP European History
9/20/17

failed their attack on England, which was provoked due to political and religious reasons
(Netherlands revolt and Catholicism vs Protestantism).