Fasting state

Metabolites
From To

glucose liver brain (mainly)

alanine muscle liver

glutamine muscle intestine

very little
other amino acids not applicable
available

liver (limited
triglycerides most tissues
supply)

red cells, type

lactate liver
2B muscle

free fatty acids adipocytes most tissues

glycerol adipocytes liver

ketone bodies liver most tissues

Metabolic Type of Activators/ Inhibitors/

Enzyme
Pathway regulation inducers repressors
aerobic covalent ATP, NADH, acetyl-
PDH Ca2+
glycolysis modification CoA
pyruvate gluconeogenesis allosteric acetyl-CoA
 Metabolic Type of Activators/ Inhibitors/
Enzyme
Pathway regulation inducers repressors
carboxylase lipogenesis
allosteric and
pyruvate kinase glycolysis fructose 1,6BP Alanine, ATP, cAMP
covalent
PEP-CK (PEP corticosteroids
gluconeogenesis gene expression insulin
carboxykinase) cAMP
ATP:citrate lyase lipogenesis gene expression insulin corticosteroids
gene
acetyl-CoA expression, insulin and corticosteroids,
lipogenesis
carboxylase covalent mod. citrate cAMP, palmitoyl CoA
& allosteric
gene and insulin, AMP, corticosteroids, ATP,
PFK-1 glycolysis
allosteric and F26BP and citrate
corticosteroids,
gene and insulin, AMP, and
F16BP gluconeogenesis ATP, and
allosteric F26BP
citrate
TAG lipase lipolysis covalent mod cAMP
α-
glycerophosphate- lipogenesis covalent mod cAMP
acyl transferase
"malic" enzyme lipogenesis gene expression insulin corticosteroids
FA synthetase lipogenesis gene expression insulin corticosteroid
isocitrate DH TCA allosteric ADP, calcium ATP, NADPH
Nitrogen
glutamate DH allosteric ADP, GDP ATP, GTP
excretion
carbamyl
nitrogen gene exp. N-acetyl
phosphate
excretion allosteric glutamate
synthetase
glycogen covalent mod cAMP, Ca2+,
glycogenolysis
phosphorylase and allosteric 5'AMP
glycogen covalent mod
glycogenesis G-6-P cAMP, Ca2+
synthetase and allosteric
 Metabolic Type of Activators/ Inhibitors/
Enzyme
Pathway regulation inducers repressors
glucokinase
blood glucose
(liver and gene exp insulin cortisol, AMP
control
pancreas)
G-6-Pase blood glucose
gene exp cortisol, cAMP insulin
(liver only!) control
HMG-CoA cholesterol insulin, glucagon, cortisol,
gene exp
reductase synthesis thyroxin and cholesterol

feature glycolysis   / lipolysis   /

lipogenesis gluconeogenesis
principal source dietary body fat and muscle
carbohydrates

principal product triglyceride blood   glucose   and

stores ketones

dominant hormone insulin glucagon,   adrenalin,

cortisol

3�5� cyclic AMP low high

sugar phosphates high low

acetyl­CoA, NADH low high

mitochondrial export citrate malate   and   /   or

aspartate

glucokinase active  
glucose   6   active
phosphatase

glycogen synthase active  

glycogen   active
phosphorylase

phosphofructokinase active  

fructose   active
bisphosphatase

pyruvate kinase active  

PEPCK   active

pyruvate active  
dehydrogenase
ATP:citrate lyase active  

"malic" enzyme active  

acetyl­CoA active  
carboxylase

fatty acid synthetase active  

adipocyte lipase   active

muscle proteases   active