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Assignment on Mass
Diffusion
Shafi Md. Istiak
Roll: 142092

Shafi Md. Istiak


142092
Mass transfer
Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning stream, phase, fraction or
component, to another. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying,
precipitation, membrane filtration, and distillation. Mass transfer is used by different scientific disciplines
for different processes and mechanisms. The phrase is commonly used in engineering for physical
processes that involve diffusive and convective transport of chemical species within physical systems.

Some common examples of mass transfer processes are the evaporation of water from a pond to the
atmosphere, the purification of blood in the kidneys and liver, and the distillation of alcohol. In industrial
processes, mass transfer operations include separation of chemical components in distillation columns,
absorbers such as scrubbers or stripping, adsorbers such as activated carbon beds, and liquid-liquid
extraction. Mass transfer is often coupled to additional transport processes, for instance in industrial
cooling towers. These towers couple heat transfer to mass transfer by allowing hot water to flow in
contact with air. The water is cooled by expelling some of its content in the form of water vapor.

First law of diffusion (Steady state Law)


Adolf Fick (1955) first described the molecular diffusion in an isothermal, isobaric binary system of
components A and B[1-3]. According to his idea of molecular diffusion, the molar flux of a species
relative to an observer moving with molar average velocity is proportional to the concentration gradient in
a certain direction.

Where, JA is the molar flux of component A in the Z direction. CA is the concentration of A and Z is the
distance of diffusion. The proportionality constant, DAB is the diffusion coefficient of the molecule A in
B. This is valid only at steady state condition of diffusion. The Equation (2.2) is called Fick’s first law of
diffusion. If the concentration gradient is expressed as the gradient of mole fraction and in three
dimensional cases, the molar flux can be expressed as

Mass diffusivity
Diffusivity or diffusion coefficient is a proportionality constant between the molar flux due to molecular
diffusion and the gradient in the concentration of the species (or the driving force for diffusion).
Diffusivity is encountered in Fick's law and numerous other equations of physical chemistry.
The diffusivity is generally prescribed for a given pair of species and pairwise for a multi-species system.
The higher the diffusivity (of one substance with respect to another), the faster they diffuse into each
other. Typically, a compound's diffusion coefficient is ~10,000× as great in air as in water. Carbon
dioxide in air has a diffusion coefficient of 16 mm2/s, and in water its diffusion coefficient is 0.0016
mm2/s.

Temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient

Solids
The diffusion coefficient in solids at different temperatures is generally found to be well predicted by the
Arrhenius equation:

Where,

D is the diffusion coefficient (in m2/s),

D0 is the maximal diffusion coefficient (at infinite temperature; in m2/s),

EA is the activation energy for diffusion in dimensions of (in J/mol),

T is the absolute temperature (in K),

R is the universal gas constant, 8.31446 J/(mol⋅K)

Liquids
An approximate dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature in liquids can often be found
using Stokes–Einstein equation, which predicts that

Where,

D is the diffusion coefficient,

T1 and T2 are the corresponding absolute temperatures,

μ is the dynamic viscosity of the solvent.


Gases
The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature for gases can be expressed using Chapman–
Enskog theory (predictions accurate on average to about 8%):

Where,

D is the diffusion coefficient (cm2/s),

A is an empirical coefficient

T is the absolute temperature (K),

M is the molar mass (g/mol),

p is the pressure (atm)

Pressure dependence of the diffusion coefficient


For self-diffusion in gases at two different pressures (but the same temperature), the following empirical
equation has been suggested:

Where,

D is the diffusion coefficient,

ρ is the gas mass density,

P1 and P2 are the corresponding pressures.

Effective diffusivity in porous media


The effective diffusion coefficient describes diffusion through the pore space of porous media.[6] It is
macroscopic in nature, because it is not individual pores but the entire pore space that needs to be
considered. The effective diffusion coefficient for transport through the pores, De, is estimated as follows:
Where,

D is the diffusion coefficient in gas or liquid filling the pores,

εt is the porosity available for the transport (dimensionless),

δ is the constrictivity (dimensionless),

τ is the tortuosity (dimensionless).

The transport-available porosity equals the total porosity less the pores which, due to their size, are not
accessible to the diffusing particles, and less dead-end and blind pores (i.e., pores without being
connected to the rest of the pore system). The constrictivity describes the slowing down of diffusion by
increasing the viscosity in narrow pores as a result of greater proximity to the average pore wall. It is a
function of pore diameter and the size of the diffusing particles.

H20 diffusion coefficient in air


Diffusivity of Water in Air at 1 atmosphere and 20 degreeC. A = H_2O and B = Air.

Assuming nonpolar and non-reacting molecules

Finally by calculations [1] we get,

Table 1: Diffusion coefficients D ]


Temperature DAB
1°C 1.149
4°C 1.276
5°C 1.313
15°C 1.777
25°C 2.299
35°C 2.919
45°C 3.575
Diffusion Co-efficient increase with temperature.

References:

1. https://chrisbharding.wordpress.com/2012/12/28/chapter-24-fundamentals-of-mass-transfer-diffusivity-
of-water-in-air-at-25-degrees-celsius/

2. http://dtrx.de/od/diff/

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