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Operating Year Versions Description

System Released Examples


Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was
a Unix operating system derivative
developed and distributed by the Computer
Berkeley
Systems Research Group (CSRG) of
Software from 1977
the University of California, Berkeley,
Distribution to 1995
"BSD" is often used non-specifically to
(BSD)
refer to any of the BSD descendants which
together form a branch of the family
of Unix-like operating systems.
Latest update Chrome OS is an operating
version is 65.0 system designed by Google that is based on
the Linux kernel and uses the Google
Chrome OS July 2009
First version is Chrome web browser as its principal user
0.2.149 interface. As a result, Chrome OS primarily
supports web applications
Linux is a name that broadly denotes a
family of free and open-source
software operating systems(OS) built
around the Linux kernel. Typically, Linux
September
Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux
17, 1991
distribution (or distro for short) for both
desktop and server use. The defining
component of a Linux distribution is
the Linux kernel,
OS X (pronounced
O-S Ten),
El Capitan The family of Macintosh operating
Macintosh (released in 2015), systems developed by Apple Inc. includes
operating systems 1984 Yosemite (2014), the graphical user interface-based operating
(MacOS) Mavericks (2013), systems it has designed for use with
Mountain Lion its Macintosh series of personal computers
(2012), and Lion
(2011).
Windows XP Operating system designed and produced
2001 by Microsoft Corporation. Similar to other
Windows 95 operating systems, Windows makes a
August 1995 computer system user-friendly by
Windows 7 providing a graphical display and
Microsoft November
October 2009, organizing information so that it can be
Windows 20, 1985
Windows 10 easily accessed. The operating system
July 2015 utilizes icons and tools that simplify the
Windows 8 complex operations performed by
2012's computers.

an open source operating system for


Ubuntu 20 October computers. It is a Linux distribution based
2004 on the Debian architecture. It is usually run
on personal computers, and is also popular
on network servers, usually running the
Ubuntu Server variant, with enterprise-
class features. Ubuntu runs on the most
popular architectures, including Intel,
AMD, and ARM-based machines. Ubuntu
is published by Canonical Ltd
Stands for "Disk Operating System." DOS
was the first operating system used by
IBM-compatible computers. It was
originally available in two versions that
were essentially the same, but marketed
under two different names. "PC-DOS" was
the version developed by IBM and sold to
the first IBM-compatible manufacturers.
"MS-DOS" was the version that Microsoft
bought the rights to, and was bundled with
DOS the first versions of Windows.
1981
DOS uses a command line, or text-based
interface, that allows the user to type
commands. By typing simple instructions
such as pwd (print working directory) and
cd (change directory), the user can browse
the files on the hard drive, open files, and
run programs. While the commands are
simple to type, the user must know the
basic commands in order to use DOS
effectively (similar to Unix).
Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD)
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was a Unix operating system derivative developed and
distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California,
Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995. Today the term "BSD" is often used non-specifically to refer to any of
the BSD descendants which together form a branch of the family of Unix-like operating systems.
Operating systems derived from the original BSD code remain actively developed and widely used.

Chrome OS
Chrome OS is an operating system designed by Google that is based on the Linux kernel and uses
the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface. As a result, Chrome OS primarily
supports web applications.[7]
Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both
applications and user data reside in the cloud: hence Chrome OS primarily runs web applications.
Source code and a public demo came that November. The first Chrome OS laptop, known as
a Chromebook, arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from Samsung and Acer occurred
in July 2011.

Linux
Linux is a name that broadly denotes a family of free and open-source software operating
systems(OS) built around the Linux kernel. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux
distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. The defining component of a Linux
distribution is the Linux kernel,[11] an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991,
by Linus Torvalds.[12][13][14] Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name. The Free
Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to refer to the operating system family, as well as
specific distributions, to emphasize that most Linux distributions are not just the Linux kernel, and that
they have in common not only the kernel, but also numerous utilities and libraries, a large proportion
of which are from the GNU project.

Macintosh operating systems (MacOS)


The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user
interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal
computers since 1984, as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-
party systems.
In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the "Classic" Mac OS with its
release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded "Mac OS" in 1996, was
preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the
1990s. Noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to
its competitors.[1][2]
The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS
X" until 2016.[3] Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of NeXT, Mac OS X brought
an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix system, that eliminated many of the
technical challenges that faced the classic Mac OS. The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac
and is updated annually.[4] It is the basis of Apple's current system software for its other
devices, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are
developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing
industry. Active Windows families include Windows NT and Windows Embedded; these may
encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server.
Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.
Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a
graphical operating system shellfor MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user
interfaces (GUIs).[3] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer (PC) market
with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to
see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on
products such as the Lisa and Macintosh (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993). On
PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system. However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing
the majority of the overall operating system market to Android,[4] because of the massive growth in
sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that
of Android devices sold. This comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating
systems traditionally target different platforms. Still, numbers for server use of Windows (that are
comparable to competitors) show one third market share, similar to for end user use.
As of December 2017, the most recent version of Windows for
PCs, tablets, smartphones and embedded devices is Windows 10. The most recent versions
for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox
One video game console.[

Ubuntu
Ubuntu (/ʊˈbʊntuː/;[3] stylized as ubuntu) is an open source operating system for computers. It is
a Linux distribution based on the Debian architecture. It is usually run on personal computers, and is
also popular on network servers, usually running the Ubuntu Server variant, with enterprise-class
features. Ubuntu runs on the most popular architectures, including Intel, AMD, and ARM-based
machines. Ubuntu is also available for tablets and smartphones, with the Ubuntu Touch edition.
Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support.[4] It is based on free
software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, 'human-ness'), which
Canonical Ltd. suggests can be loosely translated as "humanity to others" or "I am what I am
because of who we all are".[3]
Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called
"clouds",[5] as it is the most popular server Linux distribution.
Development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd., a company founded by South African
entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical
support and other services related to Ubuntu.[6][7] The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the
principles of open-source software development; people are encouraged to use free software, study
how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.
Initial release 20 October 2004 (13 years ago)
Latest release Ubuntu 17.10.1 Artful Aardvark / 12 January
2018 (11 days ago)

DOS
DOS (/dɒs/, /dɔːs/[1]) is a family of disk operating systems[2] primarily consisting of MS-DOS and a
rebranded version under the name IBM PC DOS which were introduced in 1981, as well as some later
compatible systems from other manufacturers: DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-
DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1998). MS-DOS dominated the x86-based IBM PC compatible market
between 1981 and 1995.

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