IRRIGATION ENGINEERING LAB

Irrigation system design

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Huzaifa
SUBMITTED BY:
Hafiz Arsalan Ali
ROLL NO:
2014-CIV-135
SECTION:
“C”

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praises and gratitude to The Almighty Allah; the most gracious, most merciful and most beneficent;
who bestowed upon me the enlightenment and courage to complete this Irrigation Design successfully.
I am very thankful to my teacher Engr. Sir Huzaifa and would like to express sincere thanks for his
guidance and valuable suggestions all the way through this Design Project.

Author
2018

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
o Irrigation
o Necessity of Irrigation
o Benefits of Irrigation
o Types Irrigation Systems
o Sources of irrigation water
o History of Irrigation System of Pakistan
o Problems faced by irrigation System
o Planning and Design of Irrigation Scheme
1.2 Methodology
o General
o Calculation of design discharge
o Discharge Statement/ Capacity Statement
o Design of Canals in Reaches
o Design of Outlets
o Design of Water Courses
o Command Statement
o Warabandi for Outlets
1.3 Design of Irrigation System
o Calculation of Design Discharge
o Water Allowance and Outlet Command Area Determination
o Calculation of Design Discharge for Outlets
o Discharge Statement/ Capacity Statement
o Design of Canals in Reaches
o Design of Outlets
o Design of Water Courses
o RL Calculations
o Command Statement
o Warabandi for Outlets
1.4 Drawings
o Irrigation Scheme
o Map of Outlet Command Area
o Cross-sections of Canal
o Cross-section of Water course
o Longitudinal Section of main and Minor Canal
1.5 Results and Recommendations
o Results
o Recommendations
1.6 References
3
4
CHAPTER

1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of
agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop
production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields
and helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall
is referred to as rain-fed or dry-land farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression,
disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the
natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.

Necessity of Irrigation;
Non-Uniform Rainfall
Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season etc.
Augmentation of crop yield
New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need more water.
Exacting water requirement
High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield
Cash Crop Cultivation
Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity
Assured Water Supply
Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming.
Orchards and Gardens
Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
Benefits of Irrigation;
Sometimes back, irrigation projects were sectioned only if after deducting the maintenance charges,
they would ensure return of minimum prescribed rate of interest on the capital outlay. Sometimes
5
unproductive schemes were also sectioned. Now-a-days, irrigation projects are sectioned on the bases
of benefit cost ratio. The ratio should be generally more than 1:5. Direct and indirect benefits from
irrigation project have been summarized as follows:
Food production is increased. This helps in the solution of food problems of any country.
Production of other crops also increases.
Due to assured controlled supply of irrigation water it is possible to grow cash crops like cotton,
sugarcane, tobacco etc.
Irrigation projects are so designed that they bring some revenue to the state. This revenue adds to the
income of the state, and state can undertake certain welfare measures with it.
It helps the country in the attainment of self-sufficiency in food production. This results in saving of
lot of foreign exchange.
The people of the region become prosperous. This is because yield of the crops and value of land
increases due to irrigation facilities.
Irrigation canals and reservoirs may be used as source for domestic and industrial water supply scheme.
Irrigation canals provide facilities for cattle watering, boating, bathing and other recreations. ix. Large
deep canals with very low velocity of flow can be used for inland navigation.

Types Irrigation Systems;

Various types of irrigation techniques differ in how the water obtained from the source is distributed
within the field. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each
plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. The modern methods are
efficient enough to achieve this goal.
Surface Irrigation
In surface irrigation systems, water moves over and across the land by simple gravity flow in order to
wet it and to infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or
basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding
of the cultivated land. Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural
land.
Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes, usually
plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to
flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted
by human or animal power to the level of the land.

6
 Basin flood irrigation of wheat Irrigation of land in Punjab, Pakistan

Localized Irrigation
Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network,
in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip
irrigation, spray or micro-sprinkler irrigation and bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation
methods.

Brass Impact type sprinkler head

Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system
waterfalls drop by drop just at the position of roots. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of
plants, drop by drop. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed
properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized.
In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further reducing
evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as fertigation.

7
 Drip irrigation layout and its parts Drip irrigation - a dripper in action

Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for
too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and
computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most
other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation
systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery
to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate
pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to
be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that
extend from a computerized set of valves.
Sprinkler Irrigation
In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and
distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or guns
mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system.
Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or
impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to
rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130 lbf/in² (275 to 900 kPa)
and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to
1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications
such as dust suppression and logging.

A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Sprinkler irrigation of blueberries in

Centre, Oxford shire, United Kingdom. Plainville, New York, United States.
Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms connected to the water source by a hose.
Automatically moving wheeled systems known as traveling sprinklers may irrigate areas such as small
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farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these utilize a length of
polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the
irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the field. When the sprinkler arrives
back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a "water reel"
traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land
application of waste water. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while
the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable. These cable-type travelers are definitely old technology and
their use is limited in today's modern irrigation projects.
Center pivot irrigation
Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually
galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers
with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with
water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are found and used in all parts of the
world and allow irrigation of all types of terrain. Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown
in the image that follows.

Center pivot with drop sprinklers Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler

Most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u-shaped pipe attached at the top of the
pipe with sprinkler head that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting
evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly
on the ground between crops. Crops are often planted in a circle to conform to the center pivot. This
type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots
were water powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems (T-L Irrigation) and electric motor
driven systems (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Many modern pivots feature GPS devices.

9
 A small center pivot system from the hub of a center-pivot irrigation beginning to end system
Lateral move (side roll, wheel line)
A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint and
sprinklers along its length, are coupled together at one edge of a field. Water is supplied at one end
using a large hose. After sufficient water has been applied, the hose is removed and the remaining
assembly rotated either by hand or with a purposebuilt mechanism, so that the sprinklers move 10 m
across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated until the opposite edge of the field
is reached. This system is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor intensive
to operate, and it is limited in the amount of water it can carry. Most systems utilize 4 or 5inch (130
mm) diameter aluminum pipe. One feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that
can be easily disconnected. They are most often used for small or oddly shaped fields, such as those
found in hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive.
Sub-irrigation
Sub irrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method
of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone.
Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined
with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase
or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.
Sub-irrigation is also used in commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants. Water is
delivered from below, absorbed upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution
of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20
minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires
fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient
conservation, and labor-saving through lowered system maintenance and automation. It is similar in
principle and action to subsurface drip irrigation.
Manual using buckets or watering cans
These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment but need high labor
inputs. Irrigation using watering cans is to be found for example in peri-urban agriculture around large
cities in some African countries. This type of irrigation is also practiced in poor or developing
countries. It is also practiced in small gardens.
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Automatic, non-electric using buckets and ropes
Besides the common manual watering by bucket, an automated, natural version of this also exist. Using
plain polyester ropes combined with a prepared ground mixture can be used to water plants from a
vessel filled with water.
The ground mixture would need to be made depending on the plant itself, yet would mostly consist of
black potting soil, vermiculite and perlite. This system would (with certain crops) allow to save
expenses as it does not consume any electricity and only little water (unlike sprinklers, water timers,
...). However, it may only be used with certain crops (probably mostly larger crops that do not need a
humid environment; perhaps e.g. paprika).
Using water condensed from humid air
In countries where at night, humid air sweeps the countryside, water can be obtained from the humid
air by condensation onto cold surfaces. This is for example practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote
using stones to condense water or with various fog collectors based on canvas or foil sheets.

Sources of irrigation water

Sources of irrigation water can be groundwater extracted from springs or by using wells, surface water
withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater,
desalinated water or drainage water. A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation,
also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate) water is diverted to normally dry river beds
(wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored
in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-
arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation
methods, rainwater harvesting is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting
is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this. Some of
Ancient India's water systems were pulled by oxen.
Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution,
especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater as a source
of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers.
However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry
and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use
water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be
significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people
eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water
Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other
countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They
advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt
various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow
pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely
to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry
before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for
safe water use.
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History of Irrigation System of Pakistan
Irrigated agriculture in Pakistan is confined primarily to the Indus Plains.
As a result of extensive developments, Pakistan now possesses the world’s largest contiguous
irrigation system commonly called the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS).

Indus basin
Controlled year-round irrigation began in 1859 with the completion of the Upper Bari Doab Canal
(UBDC) from Madhapur Headworks (now in India) on Ravi River.
UBDC was followed by Sirhind Canal from Rupar Headworks on Sutlej in 1872 (also in India) and
Sidhnai Canal from Sidhnai Barrage on Ravi in 1886.
The Lower Chenab (LCC) from Khanki on Chenab in 1892, and Lower Jhelum (L.J.C) from Rasul on
Jhelum in 1901 was constructed

12
Lower and Upper Swat, Kabul River and Paharpur Canals in NWFP were completed between 1885 to
1914.
Ravi River, serving a large area of Bari Doab, was deficient in supply while Jhelum had a surplus.
An innovative solution was developed in the form of the Triple Canal Project, constructed during 1907
-1915.
The project linked the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers, allowing a transfer of surplus Jhelum and
Chenab water to the Ravi.
The Triple Canal Project as a land-mark in integrated interbasin water resources management and also
provided the key concept for the resolution of the Indus Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan
in 1960.
The Sutlej Valley Project, comprising of 4 barrages and 2 canals, was completed in 1933, resulting in
the development of the unregulated flow resources of the Sutlej River and motivated planning for the
Bhakra reservoir (now in India).
During the same period, the Sukkur Barrage and its system of 7 canals serving 2.95 million hectares
of land in Lower Indus were completed.
Haveli and Rangpur from Trimmu Headworks on Chenab in 1939 and Thal Canal from Kalabagh
Headworks on Indus were completed in 1947.
This comprised the system inherited by Pakistan at the time of its creation in 1947.

Problems faced by irrigation System

Irrigation can lead to a number of problems:
Competition for surface water rights.
Overdrafting (depletion) of underground aquifers.
Ground subsidence (e.g. New Orleans, Louisiana)
Underirrigation or irrigation giving only just enough water for the plant (e.g. in drip line irrigation)
gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with consequent build up of toxic
salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either leaching to remove these salts
and a method of drainage to carry the salts away. When using drip lines, the leaching is best done
regularly at certain intervals (with only a slight excess of water), so that the salt is flushed back under
the plant's roots.
Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and
may lead to water pollution.
Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) may result in rising water tables which in some instances will
lead to problems of irrigation salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land
drainage.
Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of
alkaline soil
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Clogging of filters: It is mostly algae that clog filters, drip installations and nozzles. UV and ultrasonic
method can be used for algae control in irrigation systems.

Planning and Design of Irrigation Scheme

Identification of Area Gross Command Area (GCA)
It is the total area bounded by irrigation project. It includes cultivable and non-cultivable area.
Cultivable Command Area (CCA)
That part of GCA where cultivation can be done. For design purpose when we don’t know CCA we
can take it as 75% -- 80% of GCA.
Non-cultivable Area (NCCA)
Alignment of Canals, Distributaries and Water Courses
Canals and distributaries should be aligned in such a manner that entire land can be irrigated under
gravity flow. This can have achieved if canals are aligned along ridges.
Each work (cutting and filling) should be balanced.
Various alignment options should be marked and contour maps of the concerned area and most
economical and practical option should be adopted.
Irrigation channel should not cross drainage system of the area.
Obstacle (i.e. road, railway lines and other canals) should be avoided.
Irrigation channel should not cut the areas which have tube-well irrigation.
Direct irrigation from main and branch canals should be avoided because they are carrier canals.
As for as possible alignment should be straight and curves should be avoided if they are necessary
proper guidelines should be adopted.
Water courses should be aligned in such a way that their length is minimum (preferably less than 2
miles).
Water course should irrigate on its both sides to minimize seepage losses.  As for as possible water
course should be aligned in one square.
Deciding About Crops
Cropping pattern means to decide the types of crops cultivated in the area.
Cropping / Cultivation Intensity
%age of CCA cultivated over a year
%age area of particular crop with respect to total CCA

Factors Affecting Cropping Pattern

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Climate of the area
Soil type
Hydrology of the area
Water allowance
Crop water requirement
Farmer decision/ requirement

Crop Water Requirement

It is the total amount of water required by the crop in a given period of time for normal growth under
field conditions.
Crop Period
It is the number of days that a crop takes from the instance of sowing to the harvesting.
Base Period
It is the number of days between first watering and the last watering to the crop before harvesting.
Generally, this period is less than the crop period.
Delta of a Crop, Δ
It is the total depth of water required by a particular crop per unit cropped area during the base period.

Duty of Irrigation Water

It is defined as number of hectors irrigated by one comic supply of water during base period.
Water Allowance
It is defined as number of cumecs required to irrigate one thousand hectors of cropped area.

CHAPTER
15
2
METHODOLOGY

General
To design an irrigation system, we must first find out that how much amount of water is required.
Considering the economy of the project it is found out that either the required amount is available or
not.
The design steps which must be considered are as under
It includes the following:
Deciding the cropping pattern of the area, Estimation of crop water requirements, design discharge,
water allowance, outlet command area and no. of outlets.
Show the alignment of canals and water courses and divide the whole area into outlet command areas,
location of each outlet in the scheme.
Design discharge for outlets.
Discharge/capacity statement for the canals.
Design of outlets, design of canals in reaches, design of water courses.
Typical Cross-sections of canals at start, mid, end, cross-section of water course.
Longitudinal profile of canal.
Command statement
Preparation of Warabandi.

1. Deciding the cropping pattern of the area, Estimation of crop water

requirements, design discharge, water allowance, outlet command area and
no. of outlets.
Considering a suitable cropping pattern of the area, the crop water requirements for Rabi and
Kharif seasons can be estimated as follow:
Gross Command Area = A
Non Culturable command area = 15-20% of A = B
Culturable Command Area = A – B = C Acre
CWR for Rabi:
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 Intensit Crop Delta Croppe Volume
Crop Crop y Of Net ETo ETc = Kc x of d
Coeffic (Acre-ft)
Perio Croppi i ent ETo crops
(mm/da d Area
= ETc =AreaXDelt
d n (Acres)
Kc y (mm/day X a
(Days) g ) Crop
)
%age perio
d
(inch)

Wheat 120- 35-40 0.75 3

150

Gram 90- 15-20 0.60 3

110

Barley 120- 5-10 0.70 3

150

Fodder 90- 10-15 0.65 3

110

Sugarcan 330- 10-15 0.85 3

e 365
(150-
160
days
in
Rabi)

ΣV
CWR for Kharif:

Crop Crop Intensity Crop Delta of Cropped Volume

Coeff. crops =
Period Of Net ETo ETc = Kc x Area (Acre-ft)
ETc X
Kc ETo
Cropping (mm/day) Crop (Acres)
(mm/day) period
%age
(inch)

Rice 120-160 40-45 1.1 7.5

Cotton 150-180 20-25 0.7 7.5

Maize/corn 100-125 10-15 0.75 7.5

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 Sugarcane 330-365 10-15 0.85 7.5
(180-200
days in
kharif)

Fodder 100-120 5-10 0.8 7.5

ΣV
Net ETo = ETo – Eff. Rainfall
Potential Evapotranspiration ( ETo) The highest rate of evapotranspiration (ET) by a short and actively
growing crop or vegetation with abundant foliage(leafage) completely shading the ground surface
and abundant soil water supply under a given climate.
Reference Crop: An idealized grass crop with crop height of 0.12 m, albedo (reflected/incoming solar
radiations on earth) of 0.23, and a surface resistance of 69 sm-1.
The 'bulk' surface resistance describes the resistance of vapour flow through the
transpiring crop and evaporating soil surface. Where the vegetation does not completely
cover the soil, the resistance factor should indeed include the effects of the evaporation from
the soil surface. If the crop is not transpiring at a potential rate, the resistance depends also
on the water status of the vegetation
An extensive surface of short green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely
shading the ground and no water shortage resembles the reference crop.
Actual crop Evapotranspiration (ETcrop): Rate of evapotranspiration by a particular crop in a given
period under prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions.
Usually calculated by multiplying the Crop Coefficient (Kc) for the period with ET rc : thus
ETcrop = K. ETrc
Crop Coefficient (Kc): it is the ratio b/w the reference crop Evapotranspiration to the actual crop
evapotranspiration.
Kc = ETo / ETc
It determined experimentally for various crops, Etc is determined by Lysimeter technique and ETo by
USWB class A evaporation pan.
Kc is different for different crop and for different crop growth stages. Mainly affected by crop type,
soil type and climate of the area.

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Rabi Discharge= Qr = ΣVr / rabi period (days) (ft3/sec)
Rabi Discharge= Qk = ΣVk / kharif period (days) (ft3/sec)
Design discharge = larger of Qr ans Qk
Water Allowance:
No. of cusecs required to irrigate 1000 acres.
Water Allowance = QD x 1000/ CCA (ft3/sec/1000 acres)
Outlet Command Area:
Generally the outlets used have Qoutlet =2-3 cusecs.
Qoutlet = WA x CCA of outlet/1000
CCA of outlet = D Acres
Minimum no of outlet required to irrigate the whole CCA = C / D

2. Divide the whole area into outlet command areas, location of each outlet in the
scheme. Show Alignment of canals and water courses.

According to the CCA of each outlet, divide the whole irrigation scheme into no. of blocks (small
areas) and the show the proposed alignment of canals and watercourses on the contour map of the area
keeping in mind the following points:

The area commanded by each outlet should be irrigated under gravity flow.
The length of water courses should not be more than 3Km or 2 miles.
Minimum idle length of canals in the system.
Based on these conditions, the area allocated for each outlet may be altered and hence the no. of
outlet calculated at the start will be different from what are being actually provided in the
distribution scheme.

19
3. Design discharge for outlets
Discharge of each outlet is calculated based on its actual area served plus the conveyance losses in the
water course (take 10-15%).
Conveyance Losses: Take place from barrage to the field. So design should be according to
requirement of water plus losses.
Major loss of water in an irrigation channel is due to:
Seepage (absorption or percolation), mainly absorption losses, vary from 2-50% of canal diversions
Evaporation, vary from 2-3%
In earthen channels losses due to seepage are much more than the losses due to evaporation. The
absorption losses depend upon following:
Type of soil o Subsoil water o Age of canal o Position of FSL w.r.t to NSL o Amount of Silt carried
by canal
Wetted perimeter

According to irrigation branch of West Pakistan:

K= 5.0Q0.625
K= absorption loss per million square feet of wetted perimeter
Q= Discharge in channel.

According to lacey:
QA=0.0133 L Q0.5625
QA= Absorption loss
L= Length of channel in thousand feet
Q= discharge in channel

Measurement of Seepage losses:

Direct Methods
Ponded Test method
Canal is made full
Inflow and outflow is stopped
Losses measure through change in level at regular interval (e.g. daily)  Have to close the canal,
and not recommended for Main Canals

20
Inflow outflow method
Water budgeting is done
Flows are measured at upstream, downstream end and diversions
Seepage = Inflows – Outflows
Relatively Quick, Simple, but depends on accuracy of discharge measurement (Notch Coefficent?
Current Meter?)

Indirect Methods
Steady state method
Knowledge of soil permeability and water table level is required
Flow net is drawn based on water table around canal
Seepage losses are calculated, using Darcy Forumlae
Q=KiA
Q=Seepage flow
K= Permiability
i = Head Loss Gradient = HL/L
A = Area of flow
Q/A= discharge velocity (not actual velocity, that depends on capillary area)

Canal closure method

Water table levels are measured before, during and after canal closure
flow net is drawn using the observed water tables and observed water levels in canal.  seepage at
various canal supply is calculated

21
 It can be calculated in the tabular form.
RD = Running Distance = 1000 ft
RD of QT
outlet GCA NCCA CCA Qoutlet Qs
Sr # Side L/R Designation
(Acres) (Acres) (Acres) (Cusecs) (losses)
(ft)
(Cusecs)

Main canal
1 1+500 R R1 a 0 a
L L1 a 0 a
2 2+000 R R2 b c b-c
3 4+000 L L2 d e d-e
4 4+500 L L3
5 5+500 R R3 f 0 f
L L4 g 0 g
Minor on Left (ML1), at 2+500 RD from Source
6 1+000 R ML1R1
L ML1R2

Similarly, it can be done for all the outlets off-taking from distributaries and minors.

NCCA
MR1R3 HR
E3 A
MR1R2 R1
MR1L3 E2 MR1R1 R2 B
MR1L2 E1 MR1 E C L1
MR1L1 ML1
F
R3 G L2 D1
ML1L1
ML1R1
H L3
Branch
L4
D2 Canal
ML1L2
ML1R2
NCCA
22
Discharge/capacity statement:
It gives the information about the discharge / capacity of canal at each section or reach of canal.
Preferably it should be started from the last reach and making the calculation of discharges upto the
starting reach of canal. Based on this discharge, canals reach is designed.
Sr # Canal Length of RD of Outlets In the Outlet Discharge (cusec) Qs Q in reach QT
Reach Reach reach (cusec)
(cusec) Cusecs
(ft)
QRight QLeft QT

1 HG 1000 5+500/R4 A A
5+500/L4

2 GF 500 4+500/L3 - B A+B

3 FE 1000 4+000/L2 - C A+B+C

Minor on right side (MR1) at RD 3+000 (ft) from source

4 E3E2 1500 3+000/MR1L3 a1 a1

3+000/MR1R3

5 E2E1 1000 1+500/MR1L2 b1 b=a1+b1

1+500/MR1R2

6 E1E 500 1+500/MR1L1 c1 c=a1+b1+c1

1+500/MR1R1

7 EC 1000 1+000/MR1 ∑a1+b+ - D A+B+C+D

c

It can also be shown graphically as:

Q (cusecs)

RD (ft)

23
Design of outlets, design of canals in reaches, design of water courses.

Design of canals in reaches:

Important points:
Slope of irrigation channel should not be more than the slope of the tract.
The water level in the main canal is controlled by the water level in branch canals; while the water
level in branch canal is controlled by water level in distributaries, and water level in distributaries is
controlled by water level required in water courses. Ultimately the water level in water courses is
controlled by the elevation of the field to be irrigated. If the slope of the tract is more than the design
slope of the channel, in that case fall should be provided at appropriate sites.
Slope of canal is o by following the topography of the area, S = (RLi – RLf)/L o Fixed using Lacy’s
silt factor f as:

Lacey silt factor is determined as:

f =1.76d1/2
Where d is mean diameter of silt particles. = 0.25 mm
Canals is designed using Lacey’s Theory:

In this way each canal reach section can be designed as Trapezoidal & Unlined section using Lacy’s
formulae. Follow the example 4.3 (dr. Iqbal Ali) on page 134.
Show detailed calculations for at least one canal reach and rest of the work can be done in tabular form.

Sr # Canal Length of QT f = 1.76d1/2 A B D

Reach
Reach Cusecs S R
(ft)

24
Design of Outlet (Crump’s Open Flume type):
q = Cd W H3/2
H = Head over the crest of outlet from FSL of canal
Cd = 3.088 (Theoretical)
Actual value of Cd depends on W (throat width)
W = (q/Q) x B, q = outlet discharge, Q = canal discharge, B = Width of distributary canal (4 in-6 in).
W Cd
0.2 ft – 0.29 ft, 2.90
0.3 ft – 0.39 ft 2.95
Over 0.4ft 3.00

In this way the Head (H) for all the outlets can be determined based on the design discharge for each
outlet. Show one detail calculation and rest in tabular form as:
RD of QT W H (ft)
outlet Side
Sr # Designation
L/R
(ft)
(Cusecs)

Design of watercourses:
Design it as Lines and Rectangular using Manning’s formula:
Q = 1.49/n AR2/3S1/2
Slope of water course = 1:5000 (Normally) varies from 1:3000~1:4000. Min 1:10000
B = 2D, Velocity = 1 ft/sec, n = 0.013
Calculate the depth of water in watercourse
Show one detailed calculation and rest in tabular form for all the watercourses.

Typical Cross-sections of canals at start, mid, end, cross-section of water course.

Typical Cross-sections of canals at start, mid, end:
Draw the typical canal cross-sections (3 in no.) showing the bed level, NSL, Full Supply Level, FSD,
Bed width, canal banks, side roads, spoil bank etc.
Follow the Book (Dr. Iqbal Ali), page # 183.

25
Cross-section of water course:

Longitudinal Section of canal showing FSL, BL and NSL

Elev
BL FSL
(ft) NSL

RD (ft)
NSL (ft)
BL (ft)
FSL (ft)
FSD (ft)

Longitudinal Cross-section should include the following:

Natural Surface Level
Bed Level of Canal
Full Supply Level
Full Supply Depth
Location of canal falls (if any)

26
Command Statement:
it is prepared to ensure that the slope of an irrigation channel is capable of
commanding the area to be irrigated.
From head to tail (when the water at the head of canal is fixed)
From tail to head (when the topography of the area is dominating and water level at the head can be
adjusted)

Section Outlet BL of canal FSL of Water Bed level Bed level of Actual
or designation at of water water field
Canal B level in
course at course
Reach B water
at tail of

=BL + course at outlet, water level

FSD outlet, course
H2= H1 -
H1 = FSL-
D (field level)
H
=
H2 - SXL

AB R1/1000 At pt B At pt B

H = head difference b/w FSL and water level in water course

Depth of water in water course, S = slope of water course, L = length of water course

27
Preparation of Warabandi for an outlet chak:
Contents:
Definition and brief description
Warabandi Management System
Objectives of Warabandi
Types of Warabandi
Benefits of Warabandi
Formulation of Warabandi
Example Problem

Definition and brief description:

The term Warabandi means “turns” (wahr) which are “fixed” (bandi).
Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water in an irrigation
system by turns fixed according to predetermined schedule specifying the day, time and duration of
supply to each irrigator in proportion to size of his land holding in the outlet command. (Singh 1981,
Malhotra 1982)
The warabandi water allocation method practiced in Pakistan’s large-scale canal irrigation systems
offers some empirical evidence of the relative neglect of water rights as a major issue in agricultural
production. In the current practice of warabandi, the actual water distribution is found to deviate
substantially from the design stage expectations. The implications of this gap between the design and
practice of warabandi are yet to be fully explored.
Malhotra (1982) points out the warabandi is not just distribution of water flowing inside a water course
according to a roster but is an integrated water management system extending from source to the farm
gate.
The warabandi is a continuous rotation of water in which one complete cycle of rotation that lasts
seven days or in some instances, ten days and each farmer in the water course receives water during
one turn in this cycle for an already fixed length of time.
The cycle begins at the head and proceeds to the tail of the water course, and during each time turn,
the farmer has the right to use all the flowing water in water course. Each year, preferably at canal
closer, the warabandi cycle is rotated by twelve hours to give relief to the farmers who had their turns
during the night in the preceding year schedule.

Warabandi Management System:

In the large canal irrigation systems in Pakistan, which are jointly managed by government agencies
and farmers, warabandi rules and traditions act as the binding glue for an agency-farmer interface. A
Central Irrigation Agency/department manages the primary main canal system and its secondary level

28
“distributories” and “minor” canals and deliver water at the head of tertiary level “watercourse”
through an outlet called “mogha” which is designed to provide a quantity of water in proportion to CA
of water course.
The agency has to ensure a uniform flow in watercourse so that it continuously receives its allotted
water duty. Farmer within the watercourse are expected to manage the on-farm water distribution of
water according to warabandi schedule officially “sactioned” or established solely on the basis of
mutual agreement by the farmers. Once the arrangement of turns has been agreed upon, the agency
does not interfere unless a dispute arises among the farmers and it is brought to official notice. . The
dispute is resolved through an adjudication process (a legal process) according to prescribed rules.
The warabandi system in Pakistan includes the following functions and characteristics, among other
things;
The main canal distributing points operate at supply levels that would allow distributory canals to
operate at no less than 75 percent of full supply level.
There is rotation of distributaries, in some instances, when the supply in the main canal system falls
further.
Only “authorized” outlets draw their allotted share of water from a distributary at the same time and
Outlets are ungated and deliver a flow of water proportion to the area commanded. Cooperative
behavior among agency staff and water users is an overriding requirement to follow an agreed set of
rules.
Water users have to maintain the watercourse in good condition.
The operating agency has to ensure proper hydraulic performance of the conveyance system.

Objectives of Warabandi:

As an integrated water management system, warabandi is expected to achieve two main

objectives,
o High efficiency as well as
o Equity in water use.
Water use efficiency is to be achieved through the imposition of water scarcity on each and every
user, and equity in distribution through enforced equal share of scarce water per unit area among all
users.

Types of Warabandi:
Official Warabandi:
Warabandi schedule officially determined and recorded in official document.

29
Note: None of the watercourses in the study sample followed the official Warabandi schedules in
actual practice. (D. J. Bandaragoda)

Agreed Warabandi:
Agreed Warabandi is a derivative of the official Warabandi and is mutually agreed upon by the people
for their convenience. For instance, a big landowner may divide his water turn into several component
turns with the consent of other farmers. This new schedule is not reflected in the official schedule.
The reported reasons for these modifications were:
Changes in water supply
Changes in the physical layout of the watercourse
Changes in landownership
Other power relationships among the water users

Actual Warabandi
Field observations of the actual application of water turns by farmers showed that even the agreed
warabandi was not strictly followed, and frequent changes took place on timing and duration of turns
almost on a daily basis. While the reasons for introducing some flexibility in developing a more
functional warabandi on mutual agreement can be easily understood, the divergence between the
official warabandi schedules and what is actually practiced in the field is unexpectedly large.

Two types of warabandi are frequently mentioned in Pakistan.

Kachcha (ordinary or unregulated) Warabandi:
The warabandi which has been decided by the farmers solely on their mutual agreement, without
formal involvement of any government agency, is known as kachcha (ordinary or unregulated)
warabandi, Pucca Warabandi:
The warabandi decided after field investigation and public inquiry by the Irrigation Department when
disputes occurred, and issued in officially recognized warabandi schedules, is called pucca warabandi.

Kachcha warabandi became increasingly unpopular as it was prone to exploitation by large

landowners. Wherever this pressure could be challenged openly, disputes were registered with the
canal authorities, and after prescribed adjudication processes, the kachcha warabandi was converted
to official pucca warabandi schedules. The reason for having kachcha warabandi still in operation in
some areas of southern Punjab and Sindh is attributed to the more skewed distribution of land favoring
larger landowners in these areas. In central Punjab, the majority of watercourses have pucca
warabandi.

30
Benefits of Warabandi:
Increased cropping intensity
Irrigation discipline
Common issues are settled
Greater economy and dependability
Simplicity of implementation
Productivity increment of irrigated agriculture.

Formulation of Warabandi:
The warabandi schedule is framed under Section 68 of the Canal and Drainage Act (VIII of 1873) in
which rights to form and maintain water distribution schedules for watercourses are vested (having the
rights of ownership) with the Canal Officers of the Irrigation Department. Several amendments and
departmental rules were added later.
Theoretically, in calculating the duration of warabandi turn given to a particular farm plot, some
allowance is added to compensate for the time taken by the flow to fill that part of watercourse leading
to farm plot. This is called Khal bharai (filling time). Similarly, in some cases, a farm plot may
continue to receive water from a filled portion of the watercourse even when it is blocked upstream to
divert water to another farm or another part of the watercourse command. This is called Nikal
(Drainage time) and is deduced from the turn duration of that farm plot.
The calculation of Warabandi schedule starts with determining by observation, the total of such filling
times (TF) and total of such drainage time (TD). Thus for a weekly Warabandi rotation, the unit
irrigation time (TU) in hours per hectare/acre can be given by

TU = (7x24-TF+TD)/CCA = (168-TF+TD)/CCA

Where: CCA = Command area of an outlet/watercourse

TF = Total filling time = ∑Tf
TD = Total drainage time = ∑Td
The value of TU should be same for all the farmers in the water course.
A farmer’s Warabandi turn time is given by:

Tt = TuxA + Tf – Td
Where: A= farm area/ area of farmer.
Tf and Td are filling and drainage time respectively for a farm area.

31
Only some of the farms in a watercourse may be entitled to filling time or drainage time, or both. The
warabandi schedule is prepared on the basis of different turn times calculated for each farm plot on the
basis of these values, whenever they occur, and the area of each farm plot.

Warabandi Schedule:
It should be prepared for any one outlet in the irrigation scheme. Divide the whole CCA of outlet into
sub areas of 25 acres (01 square = 1100 ft x 990 ft) preferably.
CCA = Outlet Command area
Q = Outlet discharge
V = 1 ft/sec
Time of filling/emptying the watercourse=L/V

TU= (168-TF+TD)/CCA

Tt=TUxA+Tf-Td

Sr. Land Area Tf Td TU Tt Tt Clock Time Starting Ending

acre day day
No Owner Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Min Starting Ending
Name Hrs Min Hrs Min
1
2
3
4
5 Sum TF TD
TF=∑Tf TD=∑Td ∑ = 168

Comments on Warabandi from Field Experience:

Time required for filling and drainage of watercourse is calculated by considering the velocity of water
equal to 1m/sec (3.281 ft/sec). In actual practice, 5 minutes are added or subtracted per side of an acre
(220 ft or 198 ft) for the same purpose.

32
The above said affair is the base FOR most of the disputes arising in the Warabandi after its
implementation. As the actual time required by the watercourse for filling is more than 5 minutes per
side of acre and the actual time required for the watercourse to be emptied is less. So in general,
drainage time is very much liked by the irrigators and filling time is avoided.

Conventionally distribution of water is started from head of the watercourse (Head Moga) to tail of the
water course with the consideration that at the same point, the land on left side is irrigated first and the
land on right side is irrigated latter on. Due to this, at the same nakka points, the land owners having
land on left side have to take water filling from the previous nakka (in previous Muraba) which is
disliked by the irrigators widely due to above said reason. The solution of the problem which have
successfully been implemented in the filed is that when such problem arises, the warabandi should be
fixed turn by turn between the two irrigators, irrigating from the nakkas at the same place.

“Nikal” is the water left in the water course when the last irrigator irrigates his land. Although drain
water subtraction is taken place but on most of the outlets, this dispute arises between the irrigators
having their lands at the tail of the watercourse.

33
Step involved:
o Identification of area:
o Based on the given contour map of the area, draw it on a larger scale and find out the GCA,
NCCA and CCA in acre.
o Estimation of crop water requirement:
o This is done based on the given cropping pattern of the area for Rabi and Kharif season
o Estimation of design discharge
o Determination of water allowance for the area
o Determination of proposed outlet command area and no. of outlets
o Plottation of irrigation scheme
o Show alignment of canals (distributary & minors) o Alignment of watercourses o
Location of outlets
o RD and command area of outlets and minors o Designation of canals, outlets
o Design discharge of outlets
o Capacity statement
o Design of canal in reaches
o Design of outlet
o Design of watercourses
o Plotting the typical cross-sections of canal at star mid and end and one typical cross-
section of watercourse
o Command statement
o Longitudinal profile of canals
o Warabandi schedule for an outlet command/outlet chak

34
CHAPTER

3
DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Calculations for Design Discharge

Gross Area= 2525.375 km2 624020.16 Acres

NCCA= 505.075 km2 124804.03 Acres
CCA= 2020.3 km2 499216.13 Acres

Rabi Crops
Crop Crop Cropped
Crop Delta Vol
Period Intensity Area
(%) (acre) acre-ft
Wheat 150 40 15 199686.452 249608.065
Grain 110 20 12 99843.226 99843.226
Barley 150 10 12 49921.613 49921.613
Sugarcane 160 15 15 74882.4195 93603.024
Fodder 110 15 40 74882.4195 249608.065
total volume required for 182 days= 742583.993
volume required for 1 sec in acre/sec= 0.047223748
volume required for 1 sec in cusec=Qrabi= 2057.066

35
Khareef Crops
Crop Crop Cropped
Crop Period Intensity Delta Area Vol
(%) (acre^2) acre/ft^3
Rice 160 45 50 224647.2585 936030.244
Cotton 180 25 12 124804.0325 124804.033
Maize 125 25 20 124804.0325 208006.721
Sugarcane 200 14 40 69890.2582 232967.527
Fodder 120 10 12 49921.613 49921.613
total volume required for 183 days= 1551730.138
volume required for 1 sec in acre/sec= 0.0981412
volume required for 1 sec in cusec=Qkhareef= 4275.031

Qdesign= 4275.031 acre

Water
Alloance= 8.563
CCAoutlet=(acre) 350.345 acre
(in km2) 1.418 km2
no. of outlets= 1425

36
37
 Design discharge of
outlets
Minorcanal
(MR1):
Chainage start = 0+000 ft Water
allowance = 8.56
Qoutlet = CCA x Water
allowance.
Qs = 30% loss of Qoutlet

QT =
R RD
Qout Qoutl
d of GCA NCCA Qs
Sr cumula Direction Designa CCA let et +
in outl gca (Acr (Acre (ft3 (ft3
.# tive of outlet tion (Acres) Qs
k et es) s) /s) /s)
(ft3/
m (ft)
s)
0+00 MR1 - 1.23 305. 2.61 0.78 3.40
1 0 0 L 0 305.49
0 L1 63 49 6 5 1
3 5+46 MR1 - 1.19 294. 294.22 0.75 3.27
2 37 L 0 2.52
7 3 L2 07 222 2 6 6
1 7+67 MR1 - 1.35 334. 334.99 2.86 0.86
3 52 L 0 3.73
5 7 L3 57 994 4 9 1
1 9+59 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
4 65 L 0 0.88
3 6 L4 51 259 9 1 1
1 11+3 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
5 77 L 0 0.88
2 68 L5 51 259 9 1 1
1 13+1 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
6 89 L 0 0.88
2 40 L6 51 259 9 1 1
1 14+9 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
7 101 L 0 0.88
2 11 L7 51 259 9 1 1
1 16+6 MR1 - 1.38 342. 27.00 315.25
8 113 L 2.7 0.81 3.51
2 83 L8 51 259 8 1
1 18+4 MR1 - 2.53 627. 297.2 330.24 2.82 0.84 3.67
9 125 L
2 55 L9 94 486 366 941 8 9 7
2 21+7 MR1 - 2.07 513. 189.1 324.25 2.77 0.83 3.61
10 147 L
2 03 L10 77 4 427 7305 7 4 1

38
 1 24+3 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
11 165 L 0 0.88
8 60 L11 51 259 9 1 1
1 26+1 MR1 - 1.15 285. 285.22 2.44 0.73 3.17
12 177 L 0
2 32 L12 43 228 8 3 3 6
56.4
sum 668

Minor canal
(ML1):
Chainage start = 0+000 ft Water
allowance= 8.563
Qoutlet = CCA x Water
allowance.
Qs = 30% loss of Qoutlet

R
QT =
d Qoutl
RD of GCA NCCA CCA Qs Qoutle
Sr i cumul Direction Designa et
outle gca (Acre (Acres (Acres (ft3/ (ft3/ t + Qs
.# n ative of outlet tion
t (ft) s) ) ) s) s) (ft3/s
k
)
m
0+00 ML1 - 1.332 329.2 329.2 0.84
1 0 0 R 0 2.82 3.666
0 R1 45 49 49 6
3 4+72 ML1 - 1.354 334.7 334.7 2.86 0.86
2 32 R 0 3.728
2 4 R2 7 47 47 7 1
1 6+93 ML1 - 300.2 300.2 2.57 0.77
3 47 R 1.215 0 3.343
5 9 R3 27 27 1 2
1 8+41 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
4 57 R 0 3.621
0 5 R4 2 34 34 5 6
1 9+89 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 303.9 21.25 0.18 0.05
5 67 R 0.237
0 2 R5 2 34 824 158 2 5
1 11+3 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 135.1 190.1 1.62 0.48
6 77 R 2.118
0 68 R6 2 34 019 321 9 9
1 12+8 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 67.55 257.6 2.20 0.66
7 87 R 2.87
0 44 R7 2 34 714 769 7 3

39
 1 14+3 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
8 97 R 0 3.621
0 21 R8 2 34 34 5 6
1 15+7 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
9 107 R 0 3.621
0 97 R9 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 17+2 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
117 R 0 3.621
0 0 74 R10 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 18+7 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
127 R 0 3.621
1 0 50 R11 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 20+2 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
137 R 0 3.621
2 0 26 R12 2 34 34 5 6
48.99
44

40
41
 Capacity
statement
Minor canal (MR1):

Chainage start= 0+000

ft

Qs = 30% loss of Qoutlet

length Length Qreach Q in QD for

Sr. Outlets supplied Qs
Canal Designation in of canal (ft3/s reach reach
# in reach (ft3/s)
boxes (ft) ) (ft3/s) (ft3/s)
0.952 4.128
1 MR1 - L11 - MR1 - L12 12 1772 MR1 - L12 3.176 4.1288
8 8
1.143 4.954
2 MR1 - L10 - MR1 - L11 18 2657 MR1 - L11 3.811 9.0831
3 3
1.083 4.694 13.777
3 MR1 - L9 - MR1 - L10 22 3248 MR1 - L10 3.611
3 3 4
1.103 4.780 18.557
4 MR1 - L8 - MR1 - L9 12 1772 MR1 - L9 3.677
1 1 5
23.120
5 MR1 - L7 - MR1 - L8 12 1772 MR1 - L8 3.51 1.053 4.563
5
1.143 4.954 28.074
6 MR1 - L6 - MR1 - L7 12 1772 MR1 - L7 3.811
3 3 8
1.143 4.954 33.029
7 MR1 - L5 - MR1 - L6 12 1772 MR1 - L6 3.811
3 3 1
1.143 4.954 37.983
8 MR1 - L4 - MR1 - L3 12 1772 MR1 - L5 3.811
3 3 4
1.143 4.954 42.937
9 MR1 - L3 - MR1 - L4 13 1919 MR1 - L4 3.811
3 3 7
47.786
10 MR1 - L2 - MR1 - L3 15 2215 MR1 - L3 3.73 1.119 4.849
7
0.982 4.258 52.045
11 MR1 - L1 - MR1 - L2 37 5463 MR1 - L2 3.276
8 8 5
1.020 4.421 56.466
12 J1 - MR1 - L1 20 MR1 - L1 3.401
0 3 3 8

42
 DESIGN OF CANAL MD1 IN REACHES
d.50=0.25 mm RATIO B/D= 2.453
Q.D of reach R Pw A D B
Sr.# Canal reach f SLOPE
(cusecs) (ft) (ft) (Sft) (ft) (ft)
1 HG 4.669 0.880 0.0003390 0.714 5.769 4.120 1.092 2.680
2 GF 9.338 0.880 0.0003020 0.898 8.159 7.325 1.545 3.790
3 FE 14.007 0.880 0.0002823 1.026 9.993 10.255 1.892 4.642
4 ED 18.677 0.880 0.0002690 1.128 11.539 13.021 2.185 5.360
5 DC 23.346 0.880 0.0002592 1.215 12.901 15.670 2.442 5.992
6 CB 28.015 0.880 0.0002515 1.290 14.132 18.231 2.676 6.564
7 BA 32.655 0.880 0.0002451 1.357 15.258 20.704 2.889 7.087
8 AA' 37.015 0.880 0.0002401 1.414 16.244 22.973 3.075 7.546

43
 Design of Outlets

Cd = 3.088(Theoretical)
QT = Cd* W *H^(3/2)

Designation Design of Outlet

QT W H
Sr # of (Crump’s Open Flume
(ft3/s) (ft) (ft)
outlet type):
1 MR1 - L1 3.401 0.45 1.82 q = Cd W H3/2
H = Head over the
2 MR1 - L2 3.276 0.45 1.78 crest of outlet from
FSL of canal

3 MR1 - L3 3.73 0.45 1.94

4 MR1 - L4 3.811 0.45 1.96

5 MR1 - L5 3.811 0.45 1.96
6 MR1 - L6 3.811 0.45 1.96
7 MR1 - L7 3.811 0.45 1.96
8 MR1 - L8 3.51 0.45 1.86
9 MR1 - L9 3.677 0.45 1.92
10 MR1 - L10 3.611 0.45 1.9
11 MR1 - L11 3.811 0.45 1.96
12 MR1 - L12 3.176 0.45 1.74
13 MR2 - L1 3.143 0.45 1.73
14 MR2 - L2 3.135 0.45 1.73
15 MR2 - L3 3.586 0.45 1.89
16 MR2 - L4 3.677 0.45 1.92
17 MR2 - L5 3.677 0.45 1.92
18 MR2 - L6 3.677 0.45 1.92
19 MR2 - L7 3.677 0.45 1.92
20 MR2 - L8 2.759 0.45 1.58
21 MR3 - L1 3.02 0.45 1.68
22 MR3 - L2 2.204 0.45 1.37
23 MR3 - L3 2.235 0.45 1.38
24 ML1 - R1 3.666 0.45 1.91
25 ML1 - R2 3.728 0.45 1.94
26 ML1 - R3 3.343 0.45 1.8
27 ML1 - R4 3.621 0.45 1.9
28 ML1 - R5 0.237 0.45 0.31
29 ML1 - R6 2.118 0.45 1.33
30 ML1 - R7 2.87 0.45 1.63
31 ML1 - R8 3.621 0.45 1.9
32 ML1 - R9 3.621 0.45 1.9
33 ML1 - R10 3.621 0.45 1.9
34 ML1 - R11 3.621 0.45 1.9
35 ML1 - R12 3.621 0.45 1.9
36 ML1 - R13 3.621 0.45 1.9
37 ML1 - R14 1.811 0.45 1.2
38 ML2 - R1 2.781 0.45 1.59
39 ML2 - R2 3.594 0.45 1.89
40 ML2 - R3 3.115 0.45 1.72
41 ML2 - R4 3.063 0.45 1.7
42 ML2 - R5 3.065 0.45 1.7
43 ML2 - R6 3.455 0.45 1.84
44 ML2 - R7 3.455 0.45 1.84
45 ML3 - R1 2.925 0.45 1.65
46 ML3 - R2 2.313 0.45 1.41
47 ML3 - R3 2.953 0.45 1.66
 Design of Water Courses

Designation
QT Depth Width
Sr # of n Slope
(ft3/s) (ft) (ft)
outlet
1 MR1 - L1 3.401 0.013 0.0002 1.44 2.88
2 MR1 - L2 3.276 0.013 0.0002 1.42 2.84
3 MR1 - L3 3.73 0.013 0.0002 1.491 2.982
4 MR1 - L4 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
5 MR1 - L5 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
6 MR1 - L6 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
7 MR1 - L7 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
8 MR1 - L8 3.51 0.013 0.0002 1.458 2.916
9 MR1 - L9 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
10 MR1 - L10 3.611 0.013 0.0002 1.473 2.946
11 MR1 - L11 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
12 MR1 - L12 3.176 0.013 0.0002 1.404 2.808
13 MR2 - L1 3.143 0.013 0.0002 1.398 2.796
14 MR2 - L2 3.135 0.013 0.0002 1.397 2.794
15 MR2 - L3 3.586 0.013 0.0002 1.469 2.938
16 MR2 - L4 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
17 MR2 - L5 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
18 MR2 - L6 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
19 MR2 - L7 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
20 MR2 - L8 2.759 0.013 0.0002 1.332 2.664
21 MR3 - L1 3.02 0.013 0.0002 1.378 2.756
22 MR3 - L2 2.204 0.013 0.0002 1.224 2.448
23 MR3 - L3 2.235 0.013 0.0002 1.231 2.462
24 ML1 - R1 3.666 0.013 0.0002 1.481 2.962
25 ML1 - R2 3.728 0.013 0.0002 1.491 2.982
26 ML1 - R3 3.343 0.013 0.0002 1.431 2.862
27 ML1 - R4 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
28 ML1 - R5 0.237 0.013 0.0002 0.531 1.062
29 ML1 - R6 2.118 0.013 0.0002 1.206 2.412
30 ML1 - R7 2.87 0.013 0.0002 1.352 2.704
31 ML1 - R8 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
32 ML1 - R9 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
33 ML1 - R10 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
34 ML1 - R11 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
35 ML1 - R12 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
36 ML1 - R13 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
37 ML1 - R14 1.811 0.013 0.0002 1.137 2.274
38 ML2 - R1 2.781 0.013 0.0002 1.336 2.672
39 ML2 - R2 3.594 0.013 0.0002 1.471 2.942
40 ML2 - R3 3.115 0.013 0.0002 1.394 2.788
41 ML2 - R4 3.063 0.013 0.0002 1.385 2.77
42 ML2 - R5 3.065 0.013 0.0002 1.385 2.77
43 ML2 - R6 3.455 0.013 0.0002 1.449 2.898
44 ML2 - R7 3.455 0.013 0.0002 1.449 2.898
45 ML3 - R1 2.925 0.013 0.0002 1.361 2.722
46 ML3 - R2 2.313 0.013 0.0002 1.247 2.494
47 ML3 - R3 2.953 0.013 0.0002 1.366 2.732
 RL Calculations

Longitudinal section of Main Canal

Section RD Bed Level (B.L) FSL NSL

Ao 0+000 150.5 154.3 150.5

A 0+328 150.4 153.6 150.4

B 8+202 149.0 151.8 146.5

C 11+484 148.5 150.9 145.2

D 16+274 147.6 149.7 143.5

E 24+279 146.3 147.8 140.7

F 25+657 146.0 147.5 140.2

G 30+185 145.2 146.5 138.2

H 32+219 144.9 145.8 137.0

I 36+091 144.2 145.2 136.0

Longitudinal section of ML2 Canal

Section RD Bed Level (B.L) FSL NSL

B 8+202 149.0 150.9 146.5

AA 10+565 148.6 150.4 146.0

AB 14+502 147.9 149.5 145.5

AC 17+783 147.4 148.8 144.7

AD 21+064 146.8 148.0 143.7

AE 24+345 146.3 147.2 142.8

AN 27+626 145.7 146.7 142.7

 Command Statement of Minor (M1)
H1
Canal Outlet Canal Canal Canal Water H2 Field
Sr# H at Head of L BL of tail Remarks
Reach Designation Width (B) FSD FSL Depth (D) at head Level
Water course
ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
1 1804 DM1R8 2.639 1.10676 145.5 1.85 143.6441 1.2735 142.3706 8612 140.6482 144.4 non Gravity
2 1804 DM1R7 3.732 1.56521 146.34 1.85 144.4918 1.2735 143.2183 8407 141.5369 143.2 non Gravity
3 1804 DM1R6 4.571 1.91698 147.08 1.85 145.2329 1.2735 143.9594 8005 142.3584 141.95 Gravity Flow
4 1804 DM1R5 5.278 2.21354 147.77 1.85 145.9187 1.2735 144.6453 7997 143.0459 141.3 Gravity Flow
5 1804 DM1R4 5.901 2.47482 148.42 1.85 146.5693 0.0000 146.5693 7940 144.9813 141.3 Gravity Flow
6 1804 DM1R3 6.464 2.71103 149.05 1.85 147.1948 1.2735 145.9214 7941 144.3332 142.3 Gravity Flow
7 4592 DM1R2 6.979 2.92695 149.65 1.84 147.8077 1.2705 146.5372 7942 144.9488 143.3 Gravity Flow
8 5412 DM1R1 7.430 3.11622 150.83 1.77 149.0631 1.2411 147.8221 7943 146.2335 144.3 Gravity Flow
 Longitudinal profile of canal

152 Longitudinal profile of canal

151
150
149
148
Depth (ft)

147
146 NSL
145 BL
144 FSL
143
142
141
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Length (ft)
 Warabandi

Warabandi schedule for an outlet command/outlet chak

V= 1 ft/s distance X 981.1 ft Distance Y1110 ft CCA of Outlet
499216.13 acers
Name of Area of Tu
Sr # Tf (hrs) Td(hrs) Tt Start Time End time Starting day Ending day
farmer farmer (hrs/acre)
Hrs Hrs min Hrs min Hrs min
1 A 25 0.30833 0 0.0003359 0.31673 0 20 0 0 0 20 Monday Monday
2 B 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 0 20 0 21 Monday Tuesday
3 C 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 0 21 0 38 Tuesday Wednesday
4 D 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 0 38 0 39 Wednesday Thursday
5 E 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 0 39 0 56 Thursday Friday
6 F 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 0 56 0 57 Friday Saturday
7 G 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 0 57 1 14 Saturday Sunday
8 H 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 1 14 1 15 Sunday Sunday
9 I 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 1 15 1 32 Sunday Sunday
10 J 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 1 32 1 33 Sunday Sunday
11 K 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 1 33 1 50 Sunday Sunday
12 L 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 1 50 1 51 Sunday Sunday
13 M 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 1 51 2 8 Sunday Sunday
14 N 23.87 0 0 0.0003359 0.00802 0 1 2 8 2 9 Sunday Sunday
15 O 25 0.27252 0 0.0003359 0.28092 0 17 2 9 2 26 Sunday Sunday
16 P 23.87 0 1.90766 0.0003359 -1.89964 -1 -54 2 26 1 -28 Sunday Sunday
CHAPTER

4
DRAWINGS
CHAPTER

5
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Results
The outcomes and observations made from “Irrigation System Design Project” are as follows;
Gross Area = 624020.2 acre
Non-Cultivable Command Area = 124804 acres
Cultivable Command Area = CCA= 499216.1 acres
Design discharge, Qd = 4275.031 cusec
No. of Minor canals = 1
No. of outlets = 47
Average Discharge for outlets = 3.61 cusecs
Maximum Discharge for main canal = 155.76 cusec
Maximum depth of main canal = 3.85 ft
Maximum width of the main canal = 16.1 ft
Width of outlet =0.5 ft
Maximum depth of outlet = 1.96 ft
Minimum depth of outlet = 1.21 ft
Slope of water-courses So = 1/5000 = 0.0002
All the water courses are designed as lined channels.
All the actual field levels are lesser than the bed levels of water-courses at tail.
Average water time for one square cultivable land is 10 hours and 26 minutes.
Recommendations
o The recommendations based on study and design of “Irrigation System” are as follows;

o Care must be taken while selecting the pattern and cropping intensity of the crops.

o All the water-courses are designed as lined rectangular channel. Proper care regarding material
must be taken during construction.

o In canals proper falls must be provided where there is too much elevation of the bed of canal.
This is done to avoid too much filling of the earthen material.

REFERENCES

o Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by Dr. Iqbal Ali, fourth edition 2010.

o Pakistan National water sector strategy volume 2 October 2002.

o Water Management in the Indus Basin of Pakistan: A Half-Century Perspective

o JAMES L. WESCOAT JR, SARAH J. HALVORSON & DAANISH MUSTAFA

o Class Notes

o Wikipedia