Answers

Chapter 1 T. Volume (dm3) = mol =

0.25
= 5 dm3 = 5000 cm3
concentration 0 05
5.4
U. 5.4 g NaOH = 40
mol = 0.135 mol. Concentration = 0.135 =
Exercise 1.1 0 15
0.90 mol dm−3
A mole is the amount of substance that has the same number of V. Mol NaCl = 0.20 × 2.0 = 0.40 mol so mass = 0.04 × 58.5 = 23.4 g
defined particles as there are atoms in exactly twelve grams of the b i Moles HCl = 0.2 × 35.4
= 7.08 × 10 −3 mol
carbon-12 isotope. This number of particles is called the Avogadro 1000
7.08 × 10 −3
constant. Relative atomic mass is the weighted average mass of ii Moles barium hydroxide = 2
= 3.54 × 10 −3 mol (from
atoms of an element on the scale where an atom of the 12C isotope the stoichiometry)
iii Concentration = 3.54 × 10 3mol = 0.177 mol dm−3
−3
has a mass of 12 units. Relative molecular mass is found by adding
together the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a compound. 0 02 dm
For ionic compounds we use the term relative formula mass.
Another term is molar mass which is the mass of a mole of substance Exercise 1.6
in grams. a i Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
ii Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s)
Exercise 1.2 iii Sodium ions and nitrate ions
a i (3 × 207.2) + (4 × 16.0) = 685.6 b Mole ratio is 2 moles of HCl reacting with 1 mole of iron oxide to
41.12 make 1 mole of iron(II) chloride
ii = 0.0600 mol (to 3 significant figures) FeOx + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2O
685.6
iii 0.0600 × 3 = 0.180 mol so x must be 1 for the equation to balance.
iv Mass = mol × molar mass = 0.180 × 207.2 = 37.3 g FeO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
b i Mol Sn = 35.61 = 0.300 mol c Balanced equation: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) +
118.7
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
42.60
Mol Cl = 71
= 0.600 mol So ionic equation is: CaCO3(s) + 2H +(aq) → Ca2+(aq) +
78.21 CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Mol tin chloride = = 0.300 mol
260.7
ii Ratio of moles = Sn = 1, Cl = 2, SnCl4 = 1 Exercise 1.7
iii Equation: Sn + 2Cl2 → SnCl4
84
a Sr
b 84 × 0.56 = 47.04 1
Exercise 1.3
86 × 9.86 = 847.96
a i Mass of oxygen = 19.78 − 14.98 = 4.80 g 87 × 7.02 = 610.74
ii Mol As = 14.98 = 0.20 mol 88 × 82.56 = 7265.28
74.9
4.8 8771.02 ÷ 100 = 87.71
Mol O = = 0.30 mol
16
iii Simplest ratio = 2 As to 3 O so empirical formula is As2O3
b Empirical formula mass = (2 × 74.9) + (3 × 16.0) = 197.8 Exam-style questions
Molar mass
= 395.6 = 2. So molecular formula is As 4O6 Question 1
empirical formula mass 197.8
2 × 74.9 a Idea of suitable apparatus, e.g. burette and volumetric
c 2 × 74 9)) + (5
(2 ( × )
× 100 = 65.2%
pipette. (1)
Add suitable acid-base indicator to the acid in the flask. (1)
Exercise 1.4 Add sodium hydroxide into the acid until the indicator
a A. Moles of gas = 80
= 3.30 × 10 −3 changes colour. (1)
24000 Repeat titration and take the best concurrent readings
B. Mass = mol × Mr = 3.3 × 10 −3 × 34 = 0.112 g (to within 0.1 cm3) for the average titre. (1)
C. Volume in dm3 = mol × 24 = 0.125 × 24 = 3.0 dm3
b Moles of malic acid = 3.60 = 2.687 × 10 −2 mol (1)
D. Mol = mass = 8
= 0.125 mol 134
Mr 64.1 From the stoichiometric equation,
E. Volume in dm3 = mol × 24 = 0.150 × 24 = 3.6 dm3 = 3600 cm3 Moles of NaOH = 2 × 2.687 × 10 −3 mol = 5.374 × 10 −2 mol NaOH (1)
F. Mass = mol × Mr = 0.150 × 32.0 = 4.80 g
= 5.374 × 10
−2
Volume (dm ) =
3 mol = 4.30 × 10 dm
−1 3
(1)
b i 20 cm3 concentration 0.125
ii 40 cm3 (because 60 cm3 total − 20 cm3 oxygen remaining) Correct number of significant figures (1) Note that you do not have
iiiNO2 (because the stoichiometry is 2 volumes NO to 1 volume to use the 20 cm3 volume of water in the calculation.
O2 to 2 volumes of NO2) 0.0125 × 25
c Mol hydroxide = 1000
= 3.125 × 10 −4 mol (1)
iv 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
12.5
Mol HCl = 0.05 × 1000 = 6.25 × 10 −4 mol (1)
Exercise 1.5 Stoichiometric ratio is 2 mol HCl to 1 mol of metal hydroxide (1)
a R. (200 cm3 = 0.2 dm3) concentration = moles = 0.12 X(OH)2 + 2HCl → XCl2 + 2H2O (1)
= 0.6 mol dm−3
volume 02 Total = 12
S. Mol = concentration × volume (dm3) = 0.4 × 1.5 = 0.6 mol
 Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry

Question 2 Exercise 2.2

a Number of specified particles (atoms, ions, molecules or 1 and C; 2 and D; 3 and A; 4 and E; 5 and B
electrons) in a mole of those particles (1)
b Mol CO2 =
0.0011
= 2.50 × 10 −5 mol (1) Exercise 2.3
44
Mol oxygen atoms = 2 × 2.50 × 10 −5 = 5.00 × 10 −5 mol (1) a A 36, B 49, C 66, D 24, E 24, F 26
Number of atoms = 5.00 × 10 −5 × 6.02 × 1023 = 3.01 × 1019 b i Relative atomic mass is a weighted mean of the isotopes
c CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O present.
14 cm3 84 cm3 56 cm3 ii 52
Mol ratio 1 mol 6 mol 4 mol (1) iii There are two more protons than electrons in the
Mol of carbon per mol of butene = 4 so C4Hy (1) strontium ion.
Mol oxygen atoms remaining (for combination c i 13 protons, 13 electrons, 14 neutrons
with H in water) = 12 − 8 = 4 (1) ii 55 protons, 54 electrons, 78 neutrons
so 4H2O and formula for butene is C4H8. (1) iii 8 protons, 10 electrons, 9 neutrons
d i Mol C = 37.25 = 3.1 mol
12 Exercise 2.4
7.75
Mol H = 1 0 = 7.75 mol
a 4
2He2+
55.0
Mol Cl = = 1.55 mol (1 mark for division by atomic masses) b Most of the atom is empty space because the nucleus is extremely
35.5
small. The electrons have a much smaller mass than the alpha-particles
Dividing by smallest number (1.55) gives 2 C, 5 H, 1 Cl. (1 mark)
so do not cause a change in their momentum if they do collide.
Empirical formula is C2H5Cl. (1)
c The positive charge on the nucleus (protons) repels the positive
ii The relative molecular mass (1)
charge on the alpha-particle.
Total = 12
d The nucleus is extremely small so very few particles get close
enough to it to be repelled completely.
Question 3 e The neutrons would go straight through the foil because they
a 54 × 5.84 = 315.36 are uncharged. They are not deflected by the positive charge in
56 × 91.68 = 5134.08 the nucleus.
57 × 2.17 = 123.69
2 58 × 0.31 = 17.98
5591.11 ÷ 100 = 55.9
Exam-style questions
Multiplying isotopic masses by relative abundance (1) Question 1
Correct working of multiplications (1)
Correct answer to 3 significant figures (1) a There are 3 protons, which are positively charged. (1)
b Mass of iron in 1 mole of limonite = 111.6 (1) There are 4 neutrons, which have no charge. (1)
Molar mass of limonite = 177.6 (1) There are 3 electrons, which are negatively charged. (1)
111.6 b 7 nucleons per atom (4 neutrons + 3 protons) (1)
× 100 = 62.8% (1)
177.6 7 × 6.02 × 1023 = 4.21 × 1024 (1)
798
c i Mol Fe2O3 = = 5 mol (1) c 7 + (1 mark for 7 and 3 in correct places, 1 mark for Li +)
3Li
159.6
Mol of iron = 2 × mol Fe2O3 = 10 mol (1) d It has 2 electrons and 3 protons / it has one more proton
Mass of iron = 10 × 55.8 = 558 g (1) than electrons. (1)
ii Moles CO2 = 3 × mol Fe2O3 = 15 mol (1) Total = 8
15 × 24 = 360 dm3 (1)
d 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 Question 2
Correct formulae (1) a Nickel, because it has one more proton than cobalt / nickel
Correct balance (1) has 28 protons and cobalt has 27 (1)
e Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s) b Relative atomic mass depends on the weighted mean (1) of the
Correct symbols (1) isotopes / idea of isotopes. (1)
Correct balance (1) Cobalt has greater proportion of (isotopes) with higher mass /
Total = 15 nickel has greater proportion (of isotopes) with lower mass. (1)
c i Cobalt-59 because it has 32 neutrons whereas nickel-58
Chapter 2 has 30 neutrons. (1)
ii Cobalt because the number of electrons equals the
Exercise 2.1 number of protons. (1)
iii Co3+ (1)
An atom contains a dense nucleus surrounded by shells of electrons. d The beam is deflected (1)
The nucleus contains the nucleons (protons and neutrons). Protons towards the positive plate / away from the negative plate. (1)
are positively charged, electrons have a negative charge and Electrons are negatively charged / like charges repel / unlike
neutrons are uncharged. The protons and neutrons have the same charges attract. (1)
relative mass. The mass of an electron is negligible. Total = 10