1. Define the term Transformer?

What is the principle of operation of a

transformer?

A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one

circuit is transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit.

A transformer consists of two coils which are electrically separated but magnetically
connected through a path of low reactance. The two coils possess high mutual inductance.
If one coil is connected to an AC voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated
core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually induced
e.m.f (Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction).If the second coil circuit is closed, a
current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely Magnetically) from the
First Coil To The Second Coil.

2. State Three Reasons for the widespread use Of Transformers.

A. It is known that the efficiency of electric power transmission has been improved
by the use of higher voltages; this is one of the main reasons that Alternating
current has nearly replaced direct current for power transmission & distribution’s.
And these became possible only for Transformers.
B. A transformer can transfer electrical energy form one circuit to another without
changing the frequency. And the transfer of energy occurs with a change in
voltage. Step Up Transformers – Increases the Voltage while Step down
Transformers – Decreases the voltage. With this function of transformers we are
able to use our appliances.
C. Transformer accomplishes the change in voltage without moving parts, so the cost
per kilowatt is comparatively low & efficiency is high and Its Maintenance is
cheaper and simpler.

3. Define Primary & Secondary of a Transformer.

In Transformer the coil/winding which receives Energy is called the Primary.

The Winding which delivers energy to the load is called the Secondary.

4. What is Breather? Why we use it?

Breather is an accessory of OIL filled type TX, which is attached to the Oil conservator
tank.
We use breather to protect Moisture entering to the Conservator tank.

5. What is Conservator? Why we Use it?

Conservator is an Oil storage tank. We use it because if the main tank oil reduces the
conservator will feed the oil to main tank.
6. What is Bushing? Why we Use it?

Bushing acts as an insulator to prevent short circuit. In large distribution transformers the
voltage used is so high that the wires are not allowed to come close to each other because
short circuit will occur.

7. What Is Iron Core? Why we use it?

Iron Core is constructed of transformer sheet steel (High Silicon Content) laminations.

TX action demands only the existence of alternating flux linking the two windings. No
doubt, such action will be obtained if an Air core is used but it will be obtained much
more effectively if an Iron core is used. It is because the flux is than substantially
confined to a definite path (that is Iron Path) having a much higher permeability than Air.

8. Write The Definitions Of Different Types Of Windings.

Cylindrical winding: The current-carrying element of a core-type transformer,

consisting of a single coil of one or more layers wound concentrically with the iron core.

Distributed Cross-over Windings

Spiral Winding
Helical Winding

9. What are the differences between Core Type & Shell Type Transformer?

CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE

Winding surrounds a considerable part of Core Surrounds a considerable part of
Core. Winding.
Has two Limbs Has Three limbs
Has longer mean length of Iron core Has shorter mean length of Iron core

10. How We Can Identify Step-up & Step-Down TX by Elementary theory?

If the number of Loops is more In the Secondary Winding than Primary winding then it’s
a STEP UP transformer.
If the number of Loops is more In the Primary winding than secondary winding then it’s a
STEP DOWN transformer.

11. What is Transformer OIL? Why we use it?

Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly refined mineral oil that is stable at
high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties.
We use Transformer Oil to provide proper cooling and it has all the necessary important
properties like high ignition temp,no sludge formation, low resistance to imulsion,etc.

12. What is YOKE? Why we use it?

13. What are the differences between Single phase & Poly phase Transformers?

14. What are the differences between Current & Potential Transformers?

Current Transformer Potential Transformer

Secondaries are connected to Ammeters
and the current coils of the power &
energy instruments.
It is connected in Series
Used to measure high Alternating current
Secondaries are connected to Voltmeters &
the potential coils of Wattcmeters.
It is connected in Parallel
Used to measure high Alternating voltage

15. (A) Define Step Up & Step down TX (B) Give One Example for each type.

(A) If the Primary Voltage is higher than the Secondary Voltage than the TX is called
Step DOWN TX.
If the Secondary Voltage is higher than the Primary Voltage than the TX is
Called Step UP TX.
(B) A transformer Receives 120 V energy & Delivers 12 V as Output is a Step down
Transformer.
A transformer Receives energy from Generator at 13800 V and delivers it to the
Transmission line as 287,000 is a Step Up transformer.

16. (A) If there is No Load (open circuit) connected to the secondary of a TX, why it
is assumed that the Primary applied voltage is equal & opposite of the voltage
induced in the primary Coil?

When No Load (open circuit) is connected to the secondary of a TX, the changing flux
due to the Alternating current will induce a Voltage (E1) in the primary. And as we
neglect the resistance volt drop (V1) in the primary. There being noting else to Oppose
the applied voltage that’s why, it’s assumed that primary applied voltage is equal &
opposite of the voltage induced in the primary Coil.
V1 = - E1

(B)Why does the secondary terminal voltage equal the Secondary Induced voltage?

In A TX both coils are wound on the same magnetic core. So the rate of change of flux in
both coils is same. This change of flux induces an e.m.f (E2) in secondary coil. And as
there’s no load connected to the secondary, the Secondary Induced voltage (E2) is Equal
to the Secondary Terminal Voltage (V2).

E2 = V2
17. Why is rate of change of Flux linking primary & secondary coils the same?

Both Primary & Secondary windings are wounded on the same magnetic core. So the
time the flux is changing within the primary coil, it is also changing within the secondary
coil. And since it’s exactly the same flux, the rate o change of Flux linking Primary &
secondary Coil are same.

18. (A) For a given TX, what is the effect on the maximum flux in the core if the
operating frequency is lowered?

Flux in the iron varies inversely with the Frequency. So For a TX, if operating frequency
is lowered then Maximum flux in the iron will Increase.

(B) What is the effect on the flux of connecting a TX to supply above rated voltage,
but at a Rated Frequency?

When a TX is connected to a supply above rated voltage, but at a Rated Frequency

magnetizing current will increase. And due to saturation flux density will increase
marginally.

19. How may the mutual flux in a Transformer be maintained constant while
varying both supply voltage and Frequency?

20. (A) what is the term used for primary current when a TX secondary is open
circuited?
(B) What is the function of this current?

21. (A) what is energizing or Magnetizing current?

When a TX secondary is open circuited & primary is energized from a voltage source
then small current will flow in primary & no current will flow in secondary. The Current
that flows in primary is called Magnetizing Current.

The current that is required to energize the TX at No load is called Energizing current.

(B) What are the components of this current?

Energizing current has two components – Core loss current & Magnetizing current.
22. If load is connected to secondary of a TX, what is the relationship of the current
in the two windings? Give your answer in words, not as an equation.

When load is connected to secondary of a TX and impressed voltage is constant then any
increase in secondary or load current causes an increase in the primary current. So the
relationship between of the current in the two windings is When One is increased
Then other one is also increased.

23. Briefly explain how & why increase in secondary or load current causes an
increase in the primary current?

24. (A) Mutual Flux

The Flux which does pass completely through the core & links both windings is known
as Mutual Flux.

(B) Leakage Flux

The flux that links the primary turns & the flux that links the secondary turns are called
as Leakage Flux.

25. Explain why leakage fluxes may be replaced by equivalent inductive reactances?

In an actual TX there are primary leakage flux & secondary leakage flux. Primary
leakage flux links with the primary & secondary leakage flux links with the secondary.
So, leakage flux links with only one winding & it produces an induced e.m.f in that
winding. It is equivalent to a small inductance in series with that winding. That’s why
leakage fluxes may be replaced by equivalent inductive reactances.