TIPOS DE TEXTOS EN INGLES

EL TEXTO EXPOSITIVO. FUNCIONES. CARACTERÍSTICAS. PROCEDIMIENTOS.

LA ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN.

Decimos que un texto es expositivo cuando tiene como función fundamental informar, pero
no es la única función esta de transmitir información. Un texto expositivo no solo proporciona
datos sino que además agrega explicaciones, describe con ejemplos y analogías, con el fin de
guiar y facilitar la comprensión de determinado tema. Entonces, podemos decir que los textos
expositivos tienen diversas funciones:

• son informativos porque presentan datos o información sobre hechos, fechas, personajes,
teorías, etc.;

• son explicativos porque la información que brindan incorpora especificaciones o

explicaciones significativas sobre los datos que aportan;

• son directivos porque funcionan como guía de la lectura, presentando claves explícitas
(introducciones, títulos, subtítulos, resúmenes) a lo largo del texto.

Estas claves permiten diferenciar las ideas o los conceptos fundamentales de los que no lo
son. Los textos expositivos están presentes en todas las ciencias, tanto en las físico-
matemáticas y en las biológicas como en las sociales, ya que el objetivo central de la ciencia
es proporcionar explicaciones a los fenómenos característicos de cada uno de sus campos.
Obviamente, de acuerdo con la ciencia de que se trate, variará la forma del texto expositivo.
No tiene las mismas características un texto sobre la estructura del átomo que uno sobre la
Revolución de Mayo. Pero sin embargo, podemos decir que hay características comunes a
este tipo de texto. ¿Cuáles son esas características? • predominan las oraciones enunciativas,
• se utiliza la tercera persona, los verbos de las ideas principales se conjugan en Modo
Indicativo, • el registro es formal.

Procedimientos de los textos expositivos ¿Qué procedimientos se utilizan en los textos

expositivos? Vamos a ver algunos que seguramente conoces muy bien y que vamos a
ejemplificar con textos que de físico-química y de biología. Estos son:
 la definición,

La definición es un procedimiento habitual de los discursos expositivos, ya que para explicar

un objeto muchas veces es necesario definirlo previamente. Una definición debe incluir el
género y la diferencia específica, es decir, la clase de objetos a la que pertenece lo definido,
y las características que lo diferencian de esa clase de objetos. Por ejemplo, en la definición
de Lápiz (instrumento de escritura formado por una barra de grafito envuelta en madera) la
primera parte (instrumento de escritura...) es el género, y la segunda (... formado por una
barra de grafito envuelta en madera) es la diferencia específica.
A polymer (/ˈpɒlᵻmər/;[2][3] Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "parts") is a large molecule,
or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of
properties,[4] both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in
everyday life.[5]Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to
natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure
and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many
small molecules, known asmonomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative
to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties,
includingtoughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to
form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals.

 La clasificación que consiste en una serie de definiciones relacionadas entre sí.

Matter can exist in three different states, solid, liquid, and gas, based on the way the
atoms and molecules are arranged inside them. These three states are known as three
different states of matter.
In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly bound to one another thereby creating a rigid
nature. Each atom or molecule is caged by its neighbors creating non-mobility,
although they might vibrate around the equilibrium position. Here attractive forces
are very strong. Consequently, solids have definite shapes and volumes. Some
examples of solids are diamond, metals, and ice.
In liquids, the atoms or molecules are not as tightly bound as in solids and due to that
they have some freedom to move around. They still experience attractive forces but
not as strong as solids. In addition, they also begin to experience some repulsive
forces. Thus, liquids have definite volume but not definite shape- they assume the
shape of the container. Due to their flexibility, the liquids can be poured from one
container to another. Some common examples are water, gasoline, and alcohol at
room temperature.
In gases, the atoms or molecules are far apart due to they are not bounded at all,
meaning, they do not have any attractive forces but only repulsive forces. Due to that
they can occupy a large volume. They do not have their own shape or volume, but
assume the shape and the volume of the container. Some common examples are
oxygen, hydrogen, and helium at room temperature.

En este ejemplo podemos ver que la clasificación tiene que ver con cómo se dan en
la materia, las relaciones entre las fuerzas de atracción de las moléculas, su estado y
la energía de separación

 La comparación o analogía que establece relación con otro objeto, situación, etc.
con el fin de facilitar la comprensión.
Cells have basic needs, and at the top of the list would be these four things:
1) access to oxygen
2) a source of glucose
3) a balanced fluid environment with the right amount of water/electrolytes
4) removal of waste (such as carbon dioxide)
Consider how this compares to basic human needs: breathing air in and breathing out, eating
food, drinking water, and getting rid of urine/stool. When you really stop and think about it, many
of the things that we do can be traced back to our cellular needs.

 La ejemplificación. Los ejemplos sirven para apoyar lo que se explica y también

facilitan la comprensión.
Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If
malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling.
Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually
applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the
ability of asolid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.
Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.
Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes
the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals
may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist
in various shapes.

Ejercicio
Determine el tipo de párrafo expositivo.

What is cholesterol?

Everybody has heard about "bad cholesterol" and "good cholesterol"... but, what's that?

Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood of humans and also in the outer lining of
cells (membrane) in the body of animals. The cholesterol that we have in our blood comes
from two different sources:
- liver production
- diet: meat, fish, dairy products...
After each meal, cholesterol is absorbed by the intestines, goes into the blood and then it's
packaged inside a protein coat. These proteins are removed then by the liver.

When you go to the doctor, you are suggested to keep the "bad cholesterol" in blood low
and the "good cholesterol" high. Ok. What does this mean?

# Bad cholesterol or LDL-low-density lipoprotein: These proteins deposit cholesterol on

the artery walls, causing the formation of a hard substance namedcholesterol plaque. With
the time, this plaque leds to the narrowing of the arteries in a process called atherosclerosis.
Because of it, the arteries can get blocked, so LDL is associated with a higher riks of
coronary heart diseases.

When the liver has many LDL receptors, this helps to remove more rapidly the LDL
cholesterol from the blood, helping to keep the bad cholesterol levels low. The number of
LDL receptors depends on both heredity and diet. For instance, people with familiar
hypercholesterolemia have a very low number of LDL receptors, so they usually have high
levels of bad cholesterol. Besides, the bad cholesterol level can raise with diets high in
saturated fats (certain vegetable oils and products derived mainly from meat and dairy
products).
# Good cholesterol or HDL-high-density lipoprotein: These particles extract
cholesterol from the artery walls and dispose them through the liver. So they prevent
atherosclerosis.

Life style factors and other conditions influence HDL cholesterol levels. HDL cholesterol
levels are for instance lower in smokers, people who eat a lot of sweets, and also in those
who are overweight and inactive. On the other hand, estrogen increases the HDL
cholesterol level, so usually women have higher good cholesterol levels than men.

These are some websites with interesting suggestions to keep your cholesterol at healthy
levels, though anyway I advise you to visit your doctor if your levels are wrong:
- Low cholesterol diet
- Cholesterol Lowdown