Signals and Systems

Transformations of Signals
Name y(t) y(n)

Time reversal x(-t) x(-n)

Time scaling x(at) x(Nn)

Time shifting x(t-t0) x(n-m)

Amplitude reversal -x(t) -x(n)

Amplitude scaling Ax(t) Ax(n)

Amplitude shifting x(t)+B x(n)+B

Signal Characteristics
 Even and Odd Signals
xe(t)

2A

Even A
Functions xe(t)=xe(-t)
-2 -1 0 1 2 t

-A

xo(t)

2A

Odd A
Functions xo(t)=-xo(-t)
-2 -1 0 1 2 t

-A
 Even and Odd Signals
• Any signal can be expressed as the sum of even
part and on odd part:
x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t )

x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t )
x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t )

xe (t ) 
1
x(t )  x(t ) xo (t ) 
1
x(t )  x(t )
2 2

x (n)  x(n)  x(n) xo (n)  x(n)  x(n)

Discrete time 1 1
case e
2 2
 Even and odd parts: Examples

1. x(n)={4, -2, 4, -6}. Find and sketch its odd and

even parts.
Steps: 1. Zero pad the signal x(n)={4, -2, 4, -6,0}
so it covers symmetric limits.
2. 0.5x(n)={2, -1,2, -3,0}
0.5x(-n)={0,-3,2,-1,2}
3. xe(n)=0.5x(n)+0.5x(-n)={2,-4,4,-4,2}
xo(n)=0.5x(n)-0.5x(-n)={2,2,0,-2,-2}
2. x(n)=u(n)-u(n-5). Find and sketch its odd and even
parts
 Even and odd parts: Examples
1. Find the even and odd components of the signal
1

x(t )  e 2t cos t

xo (t )  sin(e  2t cos t  e 2t cos t )   sinh( 2t ) cos t
1 2
1
xe (t )  (e  2t cos t  e 2t cos t )  cosh(2t ) cos t
2

2
x(t )  cos(t )  sin(t )  sin(t ) cos(t )
xo (t )  sin(t )  cos(t ) sin(t )
xe (t )  cos(t )
3 x(a)  cos(a)  sin 2 (2a) xe (a)  cos(a )  sin 2 (2a )
xo (a )  0

xe (t )  cos(9t )
4 x(t )  (1  t ) cos(9t )
3
xo (t )  t 3 cos(9t )

5 x(t )  (t  t ) tan(3t )
3 xe (t )  t tan(3t )  t 3 tan(t )
xo (t )  0
 Properties of even and odd functions

• The sum of two even functions is

even.
• The sum of two odd functions is
odd.
• The sum of an even function and an odd function is
neither even nor odd.
• The product of two even functions is
even.
• The product of two odd functions is
even.
• The product of an even function and an odd function is
odd.
Complex valued signal: conjugate symmetry

A complex valued signal is said to be conjugate symmetric is

x(t )  x* (t ) (1)

if x(t )  a (t )  jb (t )

then its conjugate is x * (t )  a(t )  jb (t )

If we put in (1) then

a(t )  jb(t )  a(t )  jb(t )

 a(t )  a(t ) and
b(t )  b(t )
Real part is even function of time and imaginary part is odd function of
Time complex valued signal is conjugate symmetric