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LIGHTING SOURCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Light Fixture Lumens Example Uses


high bay factory lighting or warehouse lighting lighting
400W Metal Halide lamp 38,000
installations
200W LED array in a high bay energy efficient replacement for 400W metal halide and
20,000
fitting sodium high bays
150W High pressure sodium
12,000 street/outdoor area lighting
bulb
100W Incandescent bulb 1,700 general domestic & task lighting applications
32W T5 or T8 Fluorescent
1,600 office ceiling lighting panel installations
tube

Lumens/
Lighting Fixture Typical Uses
Watt
200W LED array in a LED high an energy efficient replacement for 400W metal halide
100
bay fitting and sodium high bays
400W Metal Halide lamp 90-95 high bay fittings - factory lighting & warehouse lighting
150W high pressure sodium
80 street lighting
bulb
32W T5 or T8 Fluorescent
50 general office ceiling lighting installation
tube
100W Incandescent bulb 17 GeneraL task lighting applications
Fluorescent tubes generally have a two-pin fitting at both ends of the tube and generally length goes hand in
hand with wattage - the longer the tube the higher the wattage.

T12 38mm (G13) TUBES


The largest size T12 (38mm) is no longer being manufactured, however they did use the same G13 cap as the
T8 tube which means that you can replace the T12 tubes with the more efficient T8 of the same length. See
T8 section below for suitable alternatives.

T8 26mm (G13) TUBES


Standard size T8 (26mm) tubes use the G13 fitting with 13mm between the two pins.

T5 15mm (G5) TUBES


The small T5 (16mm) tubes use the G5 fitting with 5mm between the two pins.

T4 12mm (G5) TUBES


The undercabinet T4 (12mm) tubes use the G5 fitting with 5mm between the two pins.

T2 7mm (W4.3) TUBES


The ultra slim T2 (7mm) tubes use a fitting called a W4.3 with 4.3mm wide push fit fitting.

Colour Temperature
Although most lamps emit white light, this can vary from a cosy warm white to a cold white according to the
colour temperature of the lamp. The following chart shows the code numbers used for some of the most
popular types:-

Colour Colour
Temp Code Designation Application
very warm
2700 827 white Similar light to incandescent bulbs, giving a warm cosy feel
The colour of most halogen lamps. Appears slightly whiter than
3000 830 warm white ordinary incandescent lamps
The standard colour for many fluorescent and compact fluorescent
3500 835 white tubes
4000 840 cool white Gives a more clinical or high tech feel
6000 860 daylight Fluorescent or compact fluorescent lamps simulating natural daylight.
6500 865 cool daylight Extremely white light used in specialist daylight lamps

Colour Temperature Codes (for illustration only, colours may not be exact)

The carbon arc lamp is now obsolete for all of these purposes and is only still made for very
specialized purposes where a high intensity UV source is needed.
The term is now used for gas discharge lamps, which produce light by an arc between metal
electrodes through an inert gas in a glass bulb. The common fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure
mercury arc lamp.[2] The xenon arc lamp, which produces a high intensity white light, is now used
in many of the applications which formerly used the carbon arc, such as movie projectors and
searchlights.
A flashtube, also called a flashlamp, is an electric arc lamp designed to produce extremely intense,
incoherent, full-spectrum white light for very short durations. Flashtubes are made of a length of
glass tubing with electrodes at either end and are filled with a gas that, when triggered, ionizes and
conducts a high voltage pulse to produce the light. Flashtubes are used mostly for photographic
purposes but are also employed in scientific, medical, industrial, and entertainment applications.

The internal electrodeless lamp or induction lamp is a gas discharge lamp in which the power
required to generate light is transferred from outside the lamp envelope to the gas inside via an
electric or magnetic field, in contrast with a typical gas discharge lamp that uses internal electrodes
connected to the power supply by conductors that pass through the lamp envelope.

Electrical power equivalents for differing lamps

Minimum light

output (lumens) Electrical power consumption (watts)

Incandescent Compact fluorescent LED

450 40 9–11 6–8

800 60 13–15 9–12

1100 75 18–20 13–16

1600 100 23–28 15–22

2400 150 30–52 24–28

3100 200 49–75 30

4000 300 75–100 38

While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3–10 times greater than that of an equivalent
incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8–15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy.

Metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about
twice that of mercury vapour lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and produce an
intense white light.

A sodium-vapour lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light
at a characteristic wavelength near 589 nm.

There are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure. Low-pressure sodium lamps
are highly efficient electrical light sources, but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor
lighting such as street lamps. High-pressure sodium lamps produce a broader spectrum of light than
the low-pressure lamps, but they still have poorer colour rendering than other types of lamps. Low-
pressure sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit colour vision at night.
The internal electrodeless lamp or induction lamp is a gas discharge lamp in which the power
required to generate light is transferred from outside the lamp envelope to the gas inside via an
electric or magnetic field, in contrast with a typical gas discharge lamp that uses internal electrodes
connected to the power supply by conductors that pass through the lamp envelope.

Extended lamp life, because the internal electrodes are usually the limiting factor in lamp life.

The ability to use light-generating substances of higher efficiency that would react with internal
metal electrodes in normal lamps.

Typical indicator LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 30–60 milliwatts (mW) of electrical
power. These LEDs used much larger semiconductor die sizes to handle the large power inputs. Also,
the semiconductor dies were mounted onto metal slugs to allow for greater heat dissipation from
the LED die.

One of the key advantages of LED-based lighting sources is high luminous efficacy. White LEDs
quickly matched and overtook the efficacy of standard incandescent lighting systems. In 2002,
Lumileds made five-watt LEDs available with luminous efficacy of 18–22 lumens per watt (lm/W). For
comparison, a conventional incandescent light bulb of 60–100 watts emits around 15 lm/W, and
standard fluorescent lights emit up to 100 lm/W.

Color Wavelength range (nm) Typical efficiency coefficient Typical efficacy (lm/W)

Red 620 < λ < 645 0.39 72

Red-orange 610 < λ < 620 0.29 98

Green 520 < λ < 550 0.15 93

Cyan 490 < λ < 520 0.26 75

Blue 460 < λ < 490 0.35 37

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