COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only.
Prepared by: Ó. Reyes
LESSON 6

Continuous wave modulation

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Communication Systems
Interference

Medium: wire,
wireless, fiber-
optic cable
Transmitter Receiver
Channel
(TX) (RX)
Source:
Target: Recovered
Information or intelligence
information and
(audio, video, computer
intelligence
data, etc.)
Noise

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Continuous-wave modulation
𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝑒 𝑔෤ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
Carrier frequency
Complex envelope
• Rectangular form:

𝑔෤ 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑦(𝑡) ⇒ 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑦 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑥(𝑡)

+
s(𝑡)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
-90° −

𝑦(𝑡)
• Polar form:

𝑔෤ 𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑡
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Phasor Representation and Power

𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝑒 𝑔(𝑡)𝑒
෤
Carrier frequency
Complex envelope

ℑ 𝜔𝑐
෥ 𝒕
𝒈
𝑦 𝑡

1
⇒ 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑅
2
𝜃 𝑡
ℜ
𝑥 𝑡 1
= 𝑃𝑋 + 𝑃𝑌
2
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Baseband Representation

𝑓
0 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝑓𝑐

𝑓
−𝐵 0 𝐵

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Baseband Representation
𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝑒 𝑔෤ 𝑡 𝑒
1
𝑆 𝑓 = ℰ𝓋 𝐺෨ 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 = 𝐺෨ 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐺෨ ∗ −𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐
2
𝑆(𝑓)
𝐴
2

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝐺෨ 𝑓
𝐴

𝑓
0 𝐵
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Baseband Representation

In general, the positive spectrum 𝑔+ 𝑡 of a real passband signal 𝑔(𝑡) is:

𝑔+ 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑔ො 𝑡 ,

where 𝑔(𝑡)
ො is the Hilbert transform of 𝑔(𝑡), such that:
1
𝑔ො 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 ∗
𝜋𝑡
𝐺෠ 𝑓 = −𝑗sgn 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓

1, 𝑓>0
sgn 𝑓 = ൞ 0, 𝑓=0
−1, 𝑓<0
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Properties of the Hilbert transform

• 𝐺 𝑓 = |𝐺෠ 𝑓 |
• ℋ 𝑔ො 𝑡 = −𝑔(𝑡)
• A signal 𝑔(𝑡) and its Hilbert transform 𝑔ො 𝑡 are ortogonal.

Examples:
• ℋ cos(𝜔0 𝑡)
• ℋ sin(𝜔0 𝑡)
• 𝑋 𝑓 + 𝑗𝑋෠ 𝑓
• 𝑋 𝑓 − 𝑗𝑋෠ 𝑓
𝑋 𝑓
𝐴

𝑓
−𝐵 0 𝐵
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Up-conversion
𝑥(𝑡)

+
s(𝑡)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
-90° −

𝑦(𝑡)

Down-conversion
LPF 𝑥(𝑡)

cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
s(𝑡)
-90°

LPF −𝑦(𝑡)
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Frequency Division Multiple Access

𝑓
−𝑓1 0 𝑓1

𝑓
−𝑓2 0 𝑓2

𝑓
−𝑓3 0 𝑓3

𝑓
−𝑓4 0 𝑓4

𝑓
−𝑓4 −𝑓3 −𝑓2 −𝑓1 0 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓4 Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver
𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂
Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver
𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 0 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂
Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver 𝑓𝐼𝐹

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 0 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑓𝐼𝐹

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 −𝑓𝐼𝐹 0 𝑓𝐼𝐹 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐 ± 2𝑓𝐼𝐹

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂 = |𝑓𝐶 ±𝑓𝐼𝐹 |

Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver
𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 0 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂 = |𝑓𝐶 ±𝑓𝐼𝐹 |

Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver 𝑓𝐼𝐹

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 0 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 −𝑓𝐼𝐹 0 𝑓𝐼𝐹 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂 = |𝑓𝐶 ±𝑓𝐼𝐹 |

Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver 𝑓𝐼𝐹

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 0 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑓
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝐿𝑂 −𝑓𝐼𝐹 0 𝑓𝐼𝐹 𝑓𝐿𝑂 𝑓𝑐

𝑠(𝑡)

RF 𝑚(𝑡)
෥
IF Filter Demod.
Section

𝑓𝐿𝑂 = |𝑓𝐶 ±𝑓𝐼𝐹 |

Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS
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Superheterodyne receiver
Intermediate frequency Application
455 kHz AM Radio
10.7 MHz FM Radio
38.9 MHz / 45 MHz A. Television
70 MHz Satellite and terrestrial
microwave
𝑠(𝑡)

RF
Section
IF Filter Demod. 𝑚(𝑡)
෥

Local Oscillator Ó.Reyes - UIS