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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT II – FOURIER SERIES
PART – A

1. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
Sol. The Dirichlet’s conditions are
(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iii) The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite number of finite
discontinuities.
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges in (c, c + 2l)
2. Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
c + 2l c + 2l c + 2l
1 1 nπ x 1 nπ x
Sol. a 0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l c
l c
l l c
l

3. Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by
b
1
y= ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x)]2 dx

b
1
2
y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x)] 2 dx

4. State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.

Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c + 2l 2 ∞
1 a
l c ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx = 0 +
2
∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2

The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c + 2π 2 ∞
1 a0
π ∫c
[ f ( x )] dx = 2

2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2

 2x
1 + , −π < x < 0
5. In the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) =  π π,π
in (–π π),
2x
1− , 0< x<π
 π
find the coefficient of sin nx
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
2( − x ) 2x
f (− x) = 1 + = 1− in (−π , 0)
π π
= f ( x) in (0, π )
2( − x ) 2x
and f ( − x ) = 1 − = 1+ in (0, π )
π π
= f ( x ) in (−π , 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
So the coefficient of sin nx (i.e.) bn = 0.
6. Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is
l
2 1
y =
l0∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx

l
1  x3  1 l 3 
l
1 2
= ∫ x dx =   =  − 0
l0 l 3 0 l3 
l2
=
3

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7. Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in the interval (0,10).
Sol.
nπx nπx
10 10
2 2
an =
10 ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
10
dx =
10 ∫ (10) cos 10
0
dx

nπx 
10

 sin 10 
= 2  =
20
[sin nπ − 0] = 0
 nπ  nπ
 10  0

8. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis.
9. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the Fourier series expansion of
f(x) = x – x3 in (–π π,π
π).
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f(– x) = (– x) – (–x)3
= – x + x3 = – (x – x3) = – f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
10. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x expanded
in the interval (–ππ,π
π).
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(–x) = cos2 (–x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
π π
2 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ cos
2
x dx
π 0
π 0
π
2 1 + cos 2 x
=
π 0 ∫ 2
dx

π
1 sin 2 x 
= x +
π 2  0

= [(π + 0) − (0)]
1
π
=1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is =
2 2
11. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = xsinx in (–π, π)
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)sin(–x) = (–x)(–sinx) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence the function is an even function. So bn = 0.
12. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in –2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2 2
2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) dx
2

2 0 0
2
 x3 
=  − 2 x
3 0
 8   4
=  − 4  − (0)  = −
 3   3
a0 − 4 / 3 2
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is = =−
2 2 3

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13. Find an in expanding e − a x as a Fourier series in (–π

π,π
π).
π π
1 1 −a x
Sol. an =
π −
∫π f ( x) cos nx dx =
π −
∫π e cos nx dx
π
1  e − a x  
=  2  (−a cos nx + n sin nx) 
π  a + b 2   −π
1  e − a π   e aπ 
=  2 [ − a ( −1) n
+ 0]− 2 [ −a (−1) n + 0] 
π  a + b 2
 a + b
2

− a(−1) n
= ( e − aπ − e aπ )
π (a + b )
2 2

a(−1) n
= (e aπ − e − aπ )
π (a + b )
2 2

a(−1) n
(i.e.) a n = 2 sinh aπ
π (a 2 + b 2 )

14. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol. a0 = an = 0
nπ x
l
2
bn =
l ∫ f ( x) sin
0
l
dx

15. If f(x) is an even function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
nπ x
l l
2 2
Sol. a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = 0
l 0
l 0
l

π,π
16. Find a0 if f ( x) = x , expanded as a Fourier series in (–π π).
Sol. f (− x) = − x = x = f ( x) , which is an even function.
π π
2 2
a0 =
π ∫
0
f ( x) dx =
π ∫ | x | dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x dx
0
π
2  x2 
=  
π  2 0
2 π 2 
=  − 0 = π
π 2 

17. Find a sine series for f(x) = x in (0, π)

π π
2 2
Sol. bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin nx dx
0
π
2   − cos nx   − sin nx 
=  x  − (1) 
π  n   n
2
 0
2  − π ( −1) n   2( −1) n +1
=  + 0  − {0 + 0}=
π  n   n
Sine series is
∞ ∞
2(−1) n + 1  sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx =∑ sin nx = 2  − + − .................
n =1 n =1 n  1 2 3 

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18. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the
interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Sol. At x = 2 (which is point of discontinuity), the x2
Half range Fourier sine series converges to –2 – x2 0 2 – (4 – x )2 4
f (2−) + f (2+) 2 + [− (4 − 2) ]
2 2
=
2 2
4−4
= =0
2

π,π
19. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (–π π) is
π2 ∞
4 2 
+ ∑ (−1) n  2
cos nx − sin nx  , then find the value of the infinite series
3 n =1 n n 
1 1 1
2
+ 2 + 2 + .......... ...
1 2 3
π2 ∞
4 2 
Sol. Given f ( x ) = + ∑ ( −1) n  2 cos nx − sin nx 
3 n =1 n n 
Put x = π in the above series we get
π2 ∞
4 
f (π ) = + ∑ (−1) n  2 (−1) n − 0 --------------- (1)
3 n =1 n 
But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (−π ) + f (π ) (−π + π 2 ) + (π + π 2 ) 2π 2
f (π ) = = = =π2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
π2 ∞
4 
π =
2
+ ∑ (−1) n  2 (−1) n − 0
3 n =1 n 
π2 ∞
4 ( −1) 2 n
π2 − =∑
3 n =1 n2
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ...............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ...............
6 1 2 3

20. The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x < π is given as
1 ∞ (−1) n
1 1 1  π
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 ∑ 2 cos nx . Deduce that 1 + 2  − + − .... =
2 n=2 n − 1 1.3 3.5 5.7  2
Sol. As n2 –1 = ( n – 1)( n + 1)
1  cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x cos 6 x 
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2  − + − + − ................ 
2  1 .3 2 .4 3 .5 4 .6 5 .7 
π
Put x = in the above series we get
2
π 1  −1 1 −1 
(1) = 1 − (0) − 2  −0+ −0+ − ................ 
2 2 1.3 3 .5 5 .7 
π  1 1 1 
= 1+ 2  − + − ................ 
2  1 . 3 3 .5 5 . 7 

21. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < π.
π π
2 2
Sol. bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ 2 sin nx dx
0
π
4  − cos nx 
= 
π  n  0 nπ  =
−4
[
( −1) n − 1 = ]
4
nπ
[
1 − (−1) n ]

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Half range sine series is

∞ ∞
4 [1 − (−1) n ]
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx =∑ sin nx
n =1 n =1 nπ
4  2 sin x 2 sin 3x 2 sin 5 x 
= + + + .................
π  1 3 5 
8  sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x 
=  + + + .................
π 1 3 5 

22. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
π
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at x = and so it is a discontinuous
2
point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So it does not have a Fourier series
expansion.
23. Does f(x) = sin (1/x) posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = sin(1/x) has minimum or maximum value at odd
π 1 ( 2n − 1)π
multiple of . (i.e.) when =
2 x 2
2
⇒x=
( 2n − 1)π
As n tend to ∞, x = 0. So the function does not have a Fourier series expansion.
24. Without finding the values of a0, an and bn, the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series,
 a0 2 ∞
2 
for the function f(x) = x2 in the interval (0, π) find the value of 
 2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )

2 ∞ π
a0 2
Sol.
2
+ ∑ (an + bn ) =
n =1
2 2

π∫
[ f ( x)] 2
dx
0
π
2
= ∫[x
2 2
] dx
π 0
π
2
= ∫x
4
dx
π 0
π
2  x5  2 π 5  2π 4
=   =  − 0 =
π  5 0 π  5  5
a0 ∞
+ ∑ (an cos nπ x + bn sin nπ x) is the Fourier series of f(x) = x in (–1, 1), find a3 + b3
2 2
25. If
2 n =1
Sol. Since the given function f(x) = x is an odd function, we have a0 = 0, an = 0 (i.e.) a3 = 0
1 1
2
f ( x) sin nπ x dx = 2 ∫ x sin nπ x dx
1 ∫0
bn =
0
1
  − cos nπ x   − sin nπ x 
= 2 ( x )  − (1) 
  nπ   nπ
2 2
 0
 ( −1) n  
= 2 − + 0 − {0 + 0}
  nπ  
2 (−1) n
bn = −
nπ
2 (−1) 3
4 (−1) 6 4
b3 = − ⇒ b3 = =
2

3π 9π 2
9π 2
4 4
∴ a3 + b3 = 0 + 2 = 2
2 2

9π 9π

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PART – B
1. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in (–π, π).
1 1 1 π2
Deduce + + + .............. =
12 2 2 3 2 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) dx
π −
π −
π
1 x2 x3 
= x + + 
π 2 3  −π

1  π2 π3  π 2 π 3 
= π + +  − − π + − 
π  2 3   2 3 
1 2π 3  2π 2
2π + = = 2 +
π  3 

3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ (1 + x + x 2 ) cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx 
= (1 + x + x 2 )  − (1 + 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 − π
1  (1 + 2π ) ( −1) n   (1 − 2π ) ( −1) n 
=  0 + − 0 −
 0 + − 0
π  n 2
  n 2
 cos nπ = (−1) n
(−1) n sin nπ = 0
= [1 + 2π − 1 + 2π ]
πn 2
cos n(−π ) = cos nπ
( −1) n
4 ( −1) n
= (−1) n
= ( 4π ) =
π n2 n2
π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) sin nx dx
π −
π −
π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx  
= (1 + x + x 2 )  − (1 + 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2

3
 n  − π
1  2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n   2 ( −1)
n
2 (−1) n 
=  − (1 + π + π ) + 0 + −
  − (1 − π + π ) + 0 + 
π  n n3   n n 3 

=
(−1) n
nπ
[
−1− π − π 2 +1− π + π 2 ]
( −1) n − 2 (−1) n 2 ( −1) n +1
= (−2π ) = =
nπ n n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1 2π 2
 ∞  4( −1) n 2( −1) n +1 
=  + ∑ 
 2 + 2
cos nx + sin nx 
2  n =1  n
3 n 
π2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
= 1+ + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... + 2  − + − ..........
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
π2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = 1 + − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− ............ + 2 − + − ............
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
Put x = π in the above series we get
π2  1 1 1 
f (π ) = 1 + − 4− 2 − 2 − 2 − ............ + 2(0) --------------- (1)
3  1 2 3 

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But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (−π ) + f (π ) (1 − π + π 2 ) + (1 + π + π 2 ) 2 + 2π 2
f (π ) = = = = 1+ π 2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
 1π2 1 1 
1+ π 2 = 1+ − 4 − 2 − 2 − 2 − ............
3  1 2 3 
π 2
1 1 1 
π2 − = 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
π 2
1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ................
6 1 2 3

1 + x, −2≤ x≤0
2. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x) = 
1 − x, 0≤ x≤2
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
a0 ∞ nπx
∴ f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) dx = ∫ (1 − x) dx
0
2
 x2 
= x − 
 2 0
= [( 2 − 2) − (0)]
=0
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ (1 − x ) cos
0
2
dx

2
  nπx   nπx 
  sin   − cos 
= (1 − x) 2  − (−1) 2 
  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 2   4  0 cos nπ = (−1) n
 4 (−1) n   4  sin nπ = 0
=  0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
 n π   n π  cos 0 = 1
4
[
= 2 2 1 − ( −1) n
π n
] sin 0 = 0

0 ∞ 4 [1 − ( −1) n ] nπx
f ( x) = +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
2
4 2 πx 2 3πx 2 5πx 
= 2  2
cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2 
8 1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx 
f ( x ) = 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2 
Put x = 0 in the above series we get
8 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = 2  2
+ 2 + 2 ............ --------------- (1)
π 1 3 5 

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But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0−) + f (0+ ) (1) + (1) 2
f ( 0) = = = =1 f(x) = 1 + x
2 2 2 f(0–) = 1 + 0 = 1
Hence equation (1) becomes
8 1 1 f(x) = 1 – x
1 
1= 2  2
+ 2 + 2 ............ f(0) = 1 – 0 = 1
π 1 3 5 
π21 1 1
+ =+ ................
8 12 3 2 5 2
π2 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
n = 1 ( 2n − 1)
2
8

3. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < π in a Fourier sine series.

Sol. Fourier sine series is
∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π π
2 2
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ cos x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ 2 sin nx cos x dx
0
2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A–B)

1
π
cos(n + 1)π = (−1) n +1
=
π ∫ [sin(n + 1) x + sin( n − 1) x] dx ,
0
n ≠1
cos(n − 1)π = (−1) n−1
π
1  − cos( n + 1) x   − cos( n − 1) x 
=  + 
π  n +1   n −1  0
1  (−1) n +1 (−1) n −1   1 1 
=−  + − + 
π  n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1
1   −1 −1   1 1 
= − (−1) n  + − + 
π   n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1 
1   1 1   1 1 
=  ( −1) n  + + + 
π   n + 1 n − 1   n + 1 n − 1 
1   2n   2n 
= ( −1) n  2 + 2 
π   n − 1   n − 1 

bn =
2n
π (n − 1)
2
[
(−1) n + 1 , n ≠ 1 ]
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin x dx =
π ∫ cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ sin 2 x dx
0
π
1  − cos 2 x  1
=   =− (1 − 1) = 0
π  2 0 2π
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2
∞
2n [ ( −1) n + 1]
= 0+∑ sin nx
n=2 π (n 2 − 1)
2  4 sin 2 x 8 sin 4 x 12 sin 6 x 
=  +0+ +0+ + 0 + ..................
π 3 15 35 
8  sin 2 x 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 6 x 
=  + + + ..................
π 3 15 35 

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4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π. Hence deduce that
1 1 1 π2
(i ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 π2
(ii ) 2 − 2 + 2 − .............. =
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 π2
(iii ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 3 5 8
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1  x3 
=  
π  3 0
1  8π 3  8π 2
= − 0  =
π  3  3
2π 2π
1 1
an = ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx = ∫x
2
cos nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx 
= ( x 2 )  − (2 x )  + ( 2)  
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
1  ( 4π ) (1)   cos 2nπ = 1
=  0 + − 0 − {0 + 0 − 0}
π  n 2
  sin 2nπ = 0
4
= 2
n
2π 2π
1 1
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫x
2
sin nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx 
=  ( x 2 )  − ( 2 x )  + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2

3
 n  0
1  4π 2 2  2 
=  − + 0 + 3  − 0 + 0 + 3 
π  n n   n 
4π
=−
n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1  8π 2
 ∞ 4 4π 
=   + ∑  2 cos nx − sin nx 
2  3 n =1  n n 
4π 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
f ( x) = + 4 2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... ..... − 4π  + + + .......... ..
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
Put x = 0 in the above series we get
4π 2 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = + 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............ − 4π (0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3 
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (0) + f ( 2π ) (0) + (4π 2 )
f ( 0) = = = 2π 2
2 2

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Hence equation (1) becomes

4π 2 1 1 1 
2π 2 = + 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
4π 2 1 1 1 
2π − 2
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
2π 2 1 1 1 
= 4  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................ − − − − − − − ( 2)
6 1 2 3
Now, put x = π (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get
4π 2  1 1 1 
π = 2
+ 4− 2 + 2 − 2 + ............ − 4π (0)
3  1 2 3 
4π 2
1 1 1 
π2 − = − 4  2 − 2 + 2 − ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1 
− = − 4  2 − 2 + 2 − ............
3 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 + 2 − ................ − − − − − − − (3)
12 1 2 3
Adding (2) and (3), we get
π2 π2 1 1 1 
+ = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
6 12 1 3 5 
3π 2 1 1 1 
=2 12 + 3 2 + 5 2 + ............
12
π2 1 1 1
= + + + ................
8 12 3 2 5 2
5. Find the Fourier series expansion of (π – x)2 in –π < x < π.
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
dx
π −
π −
π
1  (π − x ) 3 
= 
π  − 3  − π
1
− 3π
0 − 8π 3 = [ ]
8π 2
=
3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx = ∫ (π − x ) 2 cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx  
= (π − x) 2   − [2(π − x)( −1)]   + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 − π
1  ( 4π ) ( −1) n 
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − − 0
π  n 2

4 ( −1) n
=
n2

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π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
sin nx dx
π −
π −
π
1  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx 
= (π − x ) 2   − [ 2(π − x )( −1)]   + ( 2 ) 
π  n   n
2

3
 n  − π
1  2 ( −1) n   2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n 
=  0 + 0 +  −  − ( 4π ) + 0 + 
π  n3   n n 3 
4π ( −1) n
=
n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1  8π 2
 ∞  4( −1) n 4π ( −1) n 
=  + ∑  cos nx + sin nx 
2  3
 n =1  n
2
n 
4π 2
 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
f ( x) = + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... ..... + 4π
− 1 + 2 − 3 + .......... ..
3  1 2 3 
4π 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− .......... ..... − 4π  − + − .......... ..
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 
6. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π and deduce the result
1 1 1 π −2
− + − .......... =
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x dx
0

=
1
[x (− cos x) − (1)(− sin x)]02π
π
=
1
[(−2π + 0) − (0 + 0)]
π
= −2
2π 2π
1 1
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0
2π

∫ x [sin( n + 1) x − sin( n − 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x sin( n + 1) x dx −
0
2π ∫ x sin( n − 1) x dx
0
2π
1   − cos( n + 1) x   − sin( n + 1) x 
=  ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n + 1   ( n + 1) 2
 0
2π
1   − cos( n − 1) x   − sin( n − 1) x 
− ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n −1   ( n − 1) 2
 0
1  − 2π (−1) 2 n+ 2   1  − 2π (−1) 2 n − 2  
(−1) 2 n + 2 = 1 =  + 0 − {0 + 0} −  + 0 − {0 + 0}
2π  n +1   2π  n −1  
(−1) 2 n −2 = 1 −1 1
= +
n +1 n −1

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− ( n − 1) + (n + 1)
an =
(n + 1)(n − 1)
2
an = , n ≠1
n −1
2

When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
a1 =
π ∫ f ( x) cos x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
2π
1   − cos 2 x   − sin 2 x  
=  x  − (1) 
2π   2   4   0
1   − 1   
=  2π   + 0 − (0 + 0)
2π   2   
1
=−
2
2π 2π
1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ x sin x sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0
2π

∫ x [cos(n − 1) x − cos(n + 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫0 x cos(n − 1) x dx − 2π ∫ x cos(n + 1) x dx
0
2π
1   sin( n − 1) x   − cos( n − 1) x 
=  ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n − 1   ( n − 1)
2
 0
2π
1   sin( n + 1) x   − cos( n + 1) x 
−  ( x )  − (1) 
2π   n +1   ( n + 1)
2
 0
1  (−1) 2 n − 2   1  1  (−1) 2 n + 2   1 
=  0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 
2π   ( n − 1)   ( n − 1)   2π  (n + 1)   (n + 1) 2 

1 1   1  1  1   1 
= 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 2 
− 0 + 
2π
  ( n − 1)   ( n − 1)   2π  (n + 1)   (n + 1) 2 
bn = 0 , n ≠ 1
When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x sin x dx
0
2π
1
= ∫ x sin
2
x dx
π 0
2π
1  1 − cos 2 x 
=
π ∫
0
x
 2
 dx

2π
1  x 2   sin 2 x   − cos 2 x  
=  −  x  − (1)  
2π 2   2   4   0
1  2  1   1 
= 2π − 0 −    − 0 − 0 − 
2π   2   2 
=π

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a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n =1
∞ ∞
a0
= + a1 cos x + ∑ a n cos nx + b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n=2 n=2

−2 1 ∞
2
= − cos x + ∑ cos nx + π sin x + 0
2 2 n = 2 ( n − 1)( n + 1)

1  cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 4 x cos 5 x 

x sin x = −1 − cos x + π sin x + 2  + + + + .......... ........
2  1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6 
π
Put x = in the above series we get
2
π  −1 1 −1 
(1) = −1 − 0 + π (1) + 2  + 0 + +0+ + 0 + ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π 1 1 1 
− π + 1 = −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π − 2π + 2 1 1 1 
= −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
−π + 2 1 1 1 
= −2  − + − ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
π −2 1 1 1
= − + − .................
4 1.3 3.5 5.7

7. Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.

Sol. Fourier series is
a0 ∞  2 nπ x 2nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
3 3
1 2
a0 = ∫
(3 / 2) 0
f ( x) dx = ∫ (2 x − x 2 ) dx
30
3
2  2x 2 x3 
=  − 
3 2 3 0
2  27  
=  9 −  − (0 − 0)
3  3  
=0
2nπx
3 3
1 2
an =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) cos
30 3
dx

3
  2nπx   2nπx   2nπx  
  sin   − cos   − sin 
2 2  3  − (2 − 2 x)  3   3 
= ( 2 x − x ) + ( −2)
3  2 n π   4n π
2 2
  8n π3 3

      
 3   9   27  0
2   −9     − 9  
= 0 − ( −4) 2 2  + 0 − 0 − ( 2) 2 2  + 0
3   4n π     4 n π  
2  − 54 
=  2 2
3  4n π 
−9
= 2 2
nπ

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2nπx
3 3
1 2
bn =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) sin
30 3
dx

3
  2nπx   2nπx   2nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
2 3  3   3 
=  ( 2 x − x )
2
 − (2 − 2 x) + ( −2)
3  2 n π   4n π2 2
  8n π  
3 3

      
 3   9   27  0
2   −3   27     27 
= ( −3)  + 0 − 2  3 3   − 0 + 0 − 2  3 3 
3   2 nπ   8n π     8n π   
3
=
nπ
a0 ∞  2nπ x 2 nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
∞
 −9 2nπ x 3 2 nπ x 
= 0 + ∑  2 2 cos + sin 
n =1  n π 3 nπ 3 
9 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2
cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3 
3 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x 
+  sin + sin + sin + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3 

8. Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and using this series find the root
square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
Sol. Fourier series is
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
l l
1 1
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
l −l l −l
l
1  x2 x3 
=  − 
l2 3  −l

1   l 2 l 3   l 2 l 3 
=   −  −  + 
l   2 3   2 3 
1 − 2l 3  − 2l 2
=  =
l  3  3
nπx nπx
l l
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) cos dx
l −l l l −l l
l
  nπx   nπx   nπx  
  sin   − cos   − sin 
1 2  l   l   l 
= ( x − x ) − (1 − 2 x) + ( −2 )
l  nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3  
      
 l   l2   l3  − l
1   ( −1) n l 2     ( −1) n l 2  
=  0 + (1 − 2l ) 2 2  + 0 − 0 + (1 + 2l ) 2 2  + 0 
l    n π     nπ  
( −1) n l 2
= [1 − 2l − 1 − 2l ]
l n 2π 2
( −1) n l 4 l 2 ( −1) n + 1
= 2 2 [− 4l ] =
nπ n 2π 2

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nπx nπx
l l
1 1
bn = ∫
l −l
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) sin
l −l l
dx

l
  nπx   n πx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
1 l  l   l 
= ( x − x )
2
 − (1 − 2 x ) + ( −2 )
l  n π   nπ2 2
  n π 
3 3

      
 l   l2   l 3  − l
1   ( −1) n l  2( −1) n l 3   2  ( −1) l 
n
2( −1) n l 3 
= − (l − l 2 )  + 0 − −
  − ( − l − l ) 
 nπ   + 0 − 
l   nπ  n 3π 3     n 3π 3 

=
− ( −1) n l
l nπ
[
l −l2 + l + l2 ]
n +1
( −1) n +1
[2l ] = 2 l (−1)
=
nπ nπ
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
 ∞  4 l 2 (−1) n + 1
1  − 2l 2 nπ x 2 l (−1) n + 1 nπ x 
=  + ∑ 
 cos + sin 
2  3
 n =1  n π
2 2
l nπ l 
−l 2 4l 2  1 πx 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 2  2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ....................
3 π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 
2 l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x 
+  sin − sin + sin − sin + ....................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 

RMS value of f(x) in (–l, l ) is

2 ∞
a 1
∑ (a
2
y = 0 + + bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n =1
2
1  − 2l 2  1 ∞
16 l 4 (−1) 2 n + 2 4 l 2 (−1) 2 n + 2 
= 
4  3  2
 + ∑ 
n =1  n 4π 4
+
n 2π 2


l4 ∞
 8l 4 2l 2 
∑
2
(i.e.) y = +  4 4 + 
9 n =1  n π n 2π 2 

 l
 x in 0 ≤ x ≤
2
9. Obtain the sine series for f ( x) = 
l − x in l ≤ x ≤ l
 2
Sol. Fourier sine series is
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπx
l
2
bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx

nπx nπx
l/2 l
2 2
=
l ∫
0
x sin
l
dx + ∫ (l − x) sin
l l/2 l
dx

l/2 l
  nπx   nπx    nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin 
2 l  l  2 l  l 
= ( x)  − (1)  + (l − x)  − ( −1)
l  nπ   nπ2 2
  l  nπ   nπ2 2

       
  l   l 2
 0   l   l 2
 l / 2

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  nπ   2 nπ      nπ   2 nπ  
2    l    l . sin     l . cos   l . sin  
l . cos 
=  −   2 + 2   − {0 + 0} + {0 − 0} − −  
2 l 2 − 2  
l    2  nπ   n π 2 2
  l   2  nπ   nπ 2 2
 
            
          
 2 nπ 
2l . sin
2  2 
=  
l  n π 2 2

 
4l nπ
bn = 2 2 sin
n π 2
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
∞
4l nπ nπ x
=∑ sin sin
n =1 nπ 2 2
2 l
4l  1 π πx 1 3π 3π x 1 5π 5π x 
= 2  2
sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + .......................
π 1 2 l 3 2 l 5 2 l 
4l  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
= 2  2
sin − 2 sin + 2 sin + .......................
π 1 l 3 l 5 l 

10. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x) in 0 < x < π.
1 1 1 π4
Deduce that 4 + 4 + 4 + ............ =
1 2 3 90
Sol. Half range fourier cosine series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
11. 2 2
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) dx
0
π
2 π x 2 x3 
=  − 
π 2 3 0
2  π 3 π 3  
=  −  − (0 − 0) 
π  2 3  
2 π 3 
=
π  6 
π2
=
3
π π
2 2
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) cos nx dx
0
π
2  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx 
= (π x − x 2 )  − (π − 2 x )  + ( − 2 ) 
π  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
2  ( −π )( −1) n   (π )(1) 
=  0 + + 0  − 0 + + 0 
π  n2   n2 
2π
=
πn 2
[
− ( −1) n − 1 ]
=−
2
n 2
[
( −1) n + 1 ]

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a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
1 π 2
=
 ∞ 2
 + ∑ − 2 ( −1) n + 1 cos nx

2  3
[ ]
 n =1 n
π2  2 cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x 2 cos 6 x 
= − 2 0 + 2
+0+ 2
+0+ 2
+ 0 + .......... .....
6  2 4 6 
π2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 
= −4  2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... .....
6  2 4 6 
Parseval’s identity for half range fourier cosine series is
π 2 ∞
2 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] dx = + ∑ an
2 2

π 0
2 n =1

π 2
2 1 π 2  ∞
4
∫
π0
[π x − x ] dx = 

2 2

2 3 

 + ∑
n =1 n
4
[(−1) n + 1]2

π
2 π4  4 4 4 
(π x + x − 2π x )dx =
π∫
2 2 4 3
+ 40 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..............
0
18  2 4 6 
π
2  π 2 x 3 x 5 2π x 4  π 4 16  1 1 1 
 + −  = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π 3 5 4  0 18 2 1 2 3 
2  π 5 π 5 π 5   π 4  1 1 1 
 + −  − 0 = +  4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π  3 5 2   18 1 2 3 
2 π 5  π 4 1 1 1
  − = 4 + 4 + 4 + ...................
π  30  18 1 2 3
π4 π4 1 1 1
− 4
=
+ 4 + 4 + .............
15 18 1 2 3
π 4
1 1 1
(i.e.) = 4 + 4 + 4 + .............
90 1 2 3

11. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) = e − x in –1 < x < 1.
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by
∞
f ( x) = ∑C
n= −∞
n ei nπ x

1
1 2l = 2
Cn = ∫ f ( x ) e − i n π x dx l=1
2(1) −1
1
1
= ∫ e − x e − i n π x dx
2 −1
1
1
= ∫ e − (1+i n π ) x dx
2 −1
1
1  e − (1+i n π ) x 
=  
2  − (1 + i nπ )  −1

=
−1
2(1 + i nπ )
[
e − (1+i n π ) − e (1+i n π ) ]
− (1 − i nπ ) −1 − i n π
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e e [ − e 1e i n π ]
− (1 − i nπ ) −1
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
[
e (cos nπ − i sin nπ ) − e 1 (cos nπ − i sin nπ ) ]

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− (1 − i nπ ) −1
Cn =
2(1 + n π )
2 2
[
e (−1) n − e 1 (−1) n ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n 1
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e − e −1 [ ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n
= 2 sinh 1
2(1 + n 2π 2 )
(−1) n sinh1(1 − i nπ )
Cn =
1 + n 2π 2
∞
(−1) n sinh 1(1 − i nπ ) i n π x
∴ f ( x) = ∑ e
n=−∞ 1 + n 2π 2

 1, 0< x < π
12. Find the Fourier series of f ( x) = 
π < x < 2π  2,
1 1 1
Hence evaluate the value of the series 2 + 2 + 2 + ................
1 3 5
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π π 2π
1 1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ (1) dx + π π∫ (2) dx
0

=
1
[x ]0π +
2
[x ]π2π
π π
=
1
[(π − 0)] + 2 [(2π − π )]
π π
= 1+ 2 = 3
2π π 2π
1 1 1
an =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx =
π ∫ (1) cos nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) cos nx dx
π 2π
1  sin nx  2  sin nx 
=  + 
π  n  0 π  n  π

1 2
= (0 − 0) + (0 − 0)
π π
=0
2π π 2π
1 1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ (1) sin nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) sin nx dx
π 2π
1  − cos nx  2  − cos nx 
=  + 
π  n  0 π  n  π

−1 2
= [( −1) n − 1] − [1 − (−1) n ]
nπ nπ
=
nπ
1
[
− (−1) n + 1 − 2 + 2(−1) n ]
( −1) n − 1
=
nπ
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
3 ∞  ( −1) n − 1 
= + ∑ 0. cos nx + sin nx 
2 n =1  nπ 
3 2  sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
= −  + + + .......... .......... .....
2 π 1 2 3 

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When we put x = 0, π , π, 2π we will not get the given series.

2
So, using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2π ∞ 2
1 a
∫ [ f ( x)] dx = 0 + ∑ (a n + bn )
2 2 2

π 0
2 n =1
1
π
1
2π
(3) 2 ∞ 
+ ∑ 0 +
(−1) n − 1 
2
{ }
∫ (1) dx + ∫ (2) dx = 
2 2

π 0
π π 2 n =1 
 n π
2 2

9 1 4 
1
[x]π0 +
4
[x]π2π =
4 4
+ 2  2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5 
4 1 1 
1
[π − 0] + 4 [2π − π ] = 9 + 2  2
1
+ 2 + 2 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5 
9 4 1 1 1 
5− = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5 
1 4 1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .................
8 1 3 5

 l
 x, 0< x<
13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) =  2
l
l − x, < x<l
 2
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of ∑
n = 1 ( 2 n − 1)
4

l  x, 0<x<L
Sol. Let 2 L = l ⇒ L = , then the given function becomes f ( x) = 
2 2 L − x, L < x < 2 L
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
Fourier series is f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  L L 
2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0 =
L ∫0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x ) dx +
L 0 L ∫ (2L − x) dx
L
L 2L
1  x2  1  (2 L − x) 2 
=   +  
L  2 0 L  − 2 L
1  L2  1 L2 
 = − 0  +  0 − 
L 2  L − 2
L L
= + =L
2 2
nπ x
2L
1
an =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
L
dx

nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x cos L dx + L ∫L
( 2 L − x ) cos
L
dx

L 2L
  nπ x   nπ x     nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos    sin   − cos 
1  L   L  1  L   L 
= ( x ) − (1)  + ( 2 L − x ) − ( −1)
L   nπ   n 2π 2  L  nπ   n 2π 2 
  L



 L2

 0  
 L



 L2

 L
1  ( −1) n L2   L2  1  L2   ( −1) n L2 
=  0 + 2 2  − 0 + 2 2  + 0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
L  n π   n π  L   n π   n π 

=
1 L2
Ln π 2 2
[ 2L
( −1) n − 1 − 1 + (−1) n = 2 2 ( −1) n − 1
n π
] [ ]

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nπ x
2L
1
bn =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
L
dx

nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x sin L dx + L ∫
L
( 2 L − x ) sin
L
dx

L 2L
  nπ x   nπ x     nπ x   nπ x  
  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin 
1 L  L  1 L  L 
= ( x )  − (1)  +  ( 2 L − x )  − ( −1)
L  n π   n π
2 2
  L  n π   n π
2 2

         
L   L2   0   L   L2  L
1  ( −1) n L2   1  ( −1) n L2 
=  − + 0  − {0 + 0 } + {0 − 0} − − − 0 
L  nπ   L  nπ 
=0
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  L L 
L ∞  2 L [(−1) n − 1] nπ x 
= + ∑  cos + 0 
2 n =1  nπ2 2
L 
L 2L  2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + 2 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − .................
2 π  1 L 3 L 5 L 
L 4L  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
= − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
2 π 1 L 3 L 5 L 
l 2l  1 2π x 1 6π x 1 10π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2L ∞
2
1 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx = + ∑ (a n + bn )
2 2

L 0
2 n =1

1
L
1
2L
L2 ∞  4 L2 (−1) n − 1
+ ∑
2
{  }
∫ ( x) 2 dx + ∫ (2 L − x) dx = + 
2
0
L0 L L
2 n =1  n 4π 4 
L 2L
1  x3  1  (2 L − x) 3  L2 4 L2  4 4 4 
  +   = + 4  4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
L  3 0 L  − 3  L 2 π 1 3 5 
1  L3  1 L3  L2 16 L2  1 1 1 
 − 0  +  0 − = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
L 3  L − 3 2 π 1 3 5 
2L 2
L 2
16 L  1 1
2
1 
− = 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5 
L2 16 L2  1 1 1 
= 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5 
π4 1 1 1
4
=
+ 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n =1 (2n − 1) 4

14. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of the series ∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
4

a0 ∞ nπ x
Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l
2  x2  2 l 2 
l l
2 2
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x dx =   =  − 0 = l
l 0 l 0 l  2 0 l  2 

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nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ x cos
l 0 l
dx

l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos 
2  l   l 
= ( x)
 − (1)
l   nπ   n 2π 2  
  l



 l2

 0
2  ( −1) n l 2   l 2 
=  0 + 2 2  − 0 + 2 2  
l  n π   n π 
2l
= 2 2 ( −1) n − 1
n π
[ ]
a ∞
nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l ∞ 2 l [(−1) n − 1] nπ x
= +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
l
 2
l 2l πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + − 12 cos l + 0 − 3 2 cos l + 0 − 5 2 cos l + 0 − ...................
2 π2
 
l 4l  1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ...................
2 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l ∞ 2
2 a0
∫ = + ∑
2 2
[ f ( x )] dx an
l 0 2 n =1
2
l
l 2 ∞  4l 2 (−1) n − 1 
( x) dx = + ∑ 
2
{ }
l ∫0

2

2 n =1  n 4π 4 
l
2  x3  l 2 4l 2  4 4 4 
  = + 4  4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
l  3  0 2 π 1 3 5 
2 l 3  l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
 − 0  = + 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
l 3  2 π 1 3 5 
2l 2
l 2
16l  1 1
2
1 
− = 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5 
l 2 16 l 2  1 1 1 
= 4  4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5 
π4 1 1 1
4
=
+ 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n = 1 (2n − 1) 4

15. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).
∞
Sol. Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π π
2 2
bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x [sin(n + 1) x + sin(n − 1) x] dx ,
0
n ≠1

π π
1 1
=
π ∫ x sin(n + 1) x dx +
0
π ∫ x sin(n − 1) x dx ,
0
n ≠1

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π π
1   − cos( n + 1) x   − sin( n + 1) x  1   − cos( n − 1) x   − sin( n − 1) x 
bn =  x   − (1)   +  x   − (1)  
π  n +1   (n + 1)
2
 0 π   n −1   ( n − 1)
2
 0
1  − π ( −1) n +1   1  − π ( −1) n −1  
=  + 0  − {0 + 0} +  + 0 − {0 + 0}
π  n + 1   π  n − 1  
(−1) n + 2 ( −1) n
= +
n +1 n −1
 1 1 
= ( −1) n  +
 n + 1 n − 1
 2n 
= ( −1) n  
 ( n + 1)( n − 1) 
2n (−1) n
(i.e.)bn = 2 , n ≠1
n −1
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
π
1   − cos 2 x   − sin 2 x  
=  x  − (1) 
π  2   4   0
1   − 1    1
=  π   + 0 − {0 + 0} = −
π   2    2
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2

1 ∞
2 n( −1) n
= − sin x + ∑ sin nx
2 n=2 n2 −1
1  2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3 x 4 sin 4 x 
= − sin x + 2  3 − + + .......... ........
2 8 15 

4  πx 1 3πx 1 5πx 
16. Prove that 1 = sin + sin + sin + .............. in the interval 0 < x < l
π  l 3 l 5 l 
Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find half range Fourier sine
series for f(x) = 1
∞
nπ x
Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
bn =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ (1) sin
l 0 l
dx

nπ x 
l

− cos
2 l  = 2 − ( −1) l  − − l 
n
=      
l nπ  l  nπ   nπ  
 l  0

=
2
nπ
( −1) n +1 + 1 [ ]
∞
nπ x ∞ n +1
2 [( −1) + 1] nπ x
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin =∑ sin
n =1 l n =1 nπ l
2 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= sin + 0 + sin + 0 + sin + 0 + .......... .
π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
4  πx 1 3πx 1 5πx 
(i.e.) 1 = sin + sin + sin + .............
π  l 3 l 5 l 

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 l − x, 0 < x < l
17. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) = 
 0, l < x < 2l
1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1 − + − + .......... (ii) 2 + 2 + 2 + ..............
3 5 7 1 3 5
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
Sol. Fourier series is f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0 =
l ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ (l − x ) dx + ∫ (0) dx
l 0 l l
l
1  (l − x ) 2 
=  
l  − 2 0

=
1
− 2l
[0 −l2 ]
l
=
2
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ (l − x ) cos
l 0 l
dx + 0

l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  sin   − cos 
1  l   l 
=  (l − x ) − ( −1)
l  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 l   l2  0
1  ( −1) n l 2   l 2 
= 0 − 2 2  − 0 − 2 2 
l  n π   n π 

=
1 l2
l n 2π 2
[
( −1) n +1 + 1 ]
l
[
= 2 2 ( −1) n +1 + 1
n π
]
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
bn =
l ∫
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx = ∫ (l − x) sin
l 0 l
dx + 0

l
  nπ x   nπ x  
  − cos   − sin 
1 l  − ( −1) l 
=  (l − x )
l  nπ   n 2π 2 
    
 l   l2  0
1  l2 
= {0 − 0} − − − 0 
l  nπ 
l
=
nπ
a ∞
 nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = 0 + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  l l 
l ∞  l [(−1) n +1 + 1] nπ x l nπ x 
= + ∑  cos + sin 
4 n =1  nπ
2 2
l nπ l 
l l 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x 
= + 2  2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l 
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 
+  sin + sin + sin + .................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 
l 2l 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x 
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 12 cos l + 3 2 cos l + 5 2 cos l + .................
4 π2  
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 
+  sin + sin + sin + ................. − − − − − − − −(1)
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 

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l
Put x = (which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get
2
l l 2l l 1 π 1 1 3π 1 1 5π 
l− = + 2 (0) + 1 sin + sin π + sin + sin 4π + sin + .................
2 4 π π  2 2 3 2 4 5 2 
l l l 1 1 1 
= + 1 + 0 − 3 + 0 + 5 + 0 − 7 + .................
2 4 π
l l l  1 1 1 
− = 1 − + − + .................
2 4 π 3 5 7 
l l  1 1 1 
= 1 − + − + .................
4 π 3 5 7 
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + .................
4 3 5 7
Put x = l in equation (1) we get
l 2l  1 1 1 
f (l ) = + − 12 − 3 2 − 5 2 − ................ --------------- (2)
4 π2
But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have f(x) = l – x
f (l −) + f (l +) (0) + (0)
f (l ) = = =0 f(l–) = l – l =0
2 2
Hence equation (2) becomes f(x) = 0
f(l) = 0
1 1l 2l 1 
0= −
12 + 3 2 + 5 2 ............
4 π2
l 2l  1 1 1 
− = − 2  2 + 2 + 2 ............
4 π 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 ................
8 1 3 5

18. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. Half range cosine series is
a0 ∞ nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 dx
0
2
 ( x − 2) 3 
= 
 3 0
  − 8  8
= 0 −   =
  3  3
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 cos
0
2
dx

2
  nπx   nπx   nπx 
  sin   − cos   − sin 
=  ( x − 2) 2
 2  − [ 2( x − 2)] 2  + ( 2) 2 
  nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3  
      
 2   4   8  0
  
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − 2 2 − 0
16
  n π 
16
= 2 2
π n

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8 ∞ 16 nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ 2 2 cos
6 n =1 n π 2
4 16  1 πx 1 2πx 1 3πx 
(i.e.) f ( x ) = + 2  2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... .... --------- (1)
3 π 1 2 2 2 3 2 
Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get
4 16 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = + 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ........................ ------------- (2)
3 π2
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
( x + 2) 2 + ( x − 2) 2
f ( x) = (x + 2)2 (x – 2)2 (2 – x )2
2
(0 + 2) + (0 − 2) 2 (4) + (4)
2 –2 0 2 4
f (0) = = =4
2 2
Hence equation (2) becomes
4 16  1 1 1 
4= + 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
4 16  1 1 1 
4− = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
8 16  1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (3)
6 1 2 3

Put x = 2 in equation (1) we get

4 16  1 1 1 
f ( 2) = + − 12 + 2 2 − 3 2 + ........................ ------------- (4)
3 π2
But x = 2 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
( x − 2) 2 + (2 − x) 2
f ( x) =
2
(2 − 2) + (2 − 2) 2
2
f (2) = =0
2
Hence equation (4) becomes
 1
4 16 1 1 
0= +
− 12 + 2 2 − 3 2 + ........................
3 π2
 
4 16  1 1 1 
− = − 2  2 − 2 + 2 − ........................
3 π 1 2 3 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 + 2 − ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (5)
12 1 2 3

Adding (3) and (5), we get

π2 π21 1 1 
+ = 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
6 12 1 3 5 
3π 2
1 1 1 
= 2  2 + 2 + 2 + ............
12 1 3 5 
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................
8 1 3 5
π2 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
8 n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2

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19. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6
(i.e.) 2l = 6 ⇒ l = 3
Fourier series is
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  3 3 
a πx 2π x 3π x πx 2π x 3π x
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + a 2 cos + a3 cos + b1 sin + b2 sin + b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + a 2 cos 2θ + a3 cos 3θ + b1 sin θ + b2 sin 2θ + b3 sin 3θ where θ =
2 3

x y θ=πx/3 cosθ cos2θ cos3θ sinθ sin2θ sin3θ ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ
0 9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 9 9
1 18 π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 0.866 0.866 0 9 –9 –18
2 24 2π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 0.866 –0.866 0 –12 –12 24
3 28 π –1 1 –1 0 0 0 –28 28 –28
4 26 4π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 –0.866 0.866 0 –13 –13 26
5 20 5π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 –0.866 –0.866 0 10 –10 –20
Total 125 –25 –7 –7

ysinθ ysin2θ ysin3θ

0 0 0
15.588 15.588 0
20.784 –20.784 0
0 0 0
–22.516 22.516 0
–17.32 –17.32 0
–3.464 0 0
Here n = 6
∑ y  125 
a 0 = 2 [mean value of y ] = 2  =2  = 41.667
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos θ   − 25 
a1 = 2 [mean value of y cos θ ] = 2  =2  = − 8.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 2θ  − 7
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2θ ] = 2   = 2   = − 2.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 3θ  − 7
a3 = 2 [mean value of y cos 3θ ] = 2   = 2   = − 2.333
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin θ   − 3.464 
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin θ ] = 2  =2  = − 1.155
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin 2θ  0
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2θ ] = 2  =2  =0
 n  6
 ∑ y sin 3θ  0
b3 = 2 [mean value of y sin 3θ ] = 2  =2  =0
 n  6
41.667
∴ f ( x) = − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1.155 sin θ + 0 sin 2θ + 0 sin 3θ
2
πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 20.833 − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1.155 sin θ where θ =
3

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20. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3 2π
f(x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos n x + bn sin n x)
2 n =1
a0
(i.e.) f ( x) = + a1 cos x + a 2 cos 2 x + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2 x
2

x y cosx cos2x sinx sin2x ycosx ycos2x ysinx ysin2x

0 10 1 1 0 0 10 10 0 0
π/3 12 0.5 –0.5 0.866 0.866 6 –6 10.392 10.392
2π/3 15 –0.5 –0.5 0.866 –0.866 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99
π 20 –1 1 0 0 –20 20 0 0
4π/3 17 –0.5 –0.5 –0.866 0.866 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722
5π/3 11 0.5 –0.5 –0.866 –0.866 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526
Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598

Here n = 6
∑ y   85 
a 0 = 2 [ mean value of y ] = 2   = 2   = 28.333
 n  6
 ∑ y cos x   − 14.5 
a1 = 2 [ mean value of y cos x] = 2  =2  = − 4.833
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 2 x   2. 5 
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 x] = 2   = 2   = 0.833
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin x   − 0.866 
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin x] = 2  =2   = − 0.289
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin 2 x   2.598 
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2 x] = 2  =2   = 0.866
 n   6 
28.333
∴ f ( x) = − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) = 14.1665 − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x

21. Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f(x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12
(i.e.) 2l = 12 ⇒ l = 6
Fourier series is
a0 ∞  nπ x nπ x 
f ( x) = + ∑  a n cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  6 6 
a πx πx
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + b1 sin
2 6 6
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + b1 sin θ where θ =
2 6

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x y θ=πx/6 cosθ sinθ ycosθ ysinθ

0 18 0 1 0 18 0
1 18.7 π/6 0.866 0.5 16.1942 9.35
2 17.6 2π/6 0.5 0.866 8.8 15.2416
3 15 3π/6 0 1 0 15
4 11.6 4π/6 –0.5 0.866 –5.8 10.0456
5 8.3 5π/6 –0.866 0.5 –7.1878 4.15
6 6 π –1 0 –6 0
7 5.3 7π/6 –0.866 –0.5 –4.5898 –2.65
8 6.4 8π/6 –0.5 –0.866 –3.2 –5.5424
9 9 9π/6 0 –1 0 –9
10 12.4 10π/6 0.5 –0.866 6.2 –10.7384
11 15.7 11π/6 0.866 –0.5 13.5962 –7.85
Total 144 36.0128 18.0064
Here n = 12
∑ y  144 
a 0 = 2 [mean value of y ] = 2  =2  12  = 24
 n 
 ∑ y cos θ   36.0128 
a1 = 2 [mean value of y cos θ ] = 2  =2 = 6.002
 n   12 
 ∑ y sin θ  18.0064 
b1 = 2 [mean value of y sin θ ] = 2  =2 = 3.001
 n   12 
24
∴ f ( x) = + 6.002 cos θ + 3.001sin θ
2
πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 12 + 6.002 cos θ + 3.001sin θ where θ =
6

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Part – A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l) and the
associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.
∞
nπ x
Sol. f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x
l
2
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value of a1 in the
Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
∴ a1 = 0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, – π < x < π
Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
2 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
π
2  x3  2 π 3  2π 2
=   =  − 0 =
π  3 0 π  3  3
a π2
Hence the first term of the Fourier series = 0 =
2 3
4. If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
2π x
4
1
Sol. a 2 = ∫ 2 x cos
2 0
dx
2
4
= ∫ x cos π x dx
0
4
  sin π x   − cos π x 
=  x  − (1) 
  π   π
2
 0
 1   1 
= 0 + 2  − 0 + 2 
 π   π 
=0

5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as
b

∫ [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2 1
b
RM S = y = a
b−a
⇒y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x )] 2 dx

6. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

l
12
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx
l0
l
1  x5  1 l5  l4
l l
1 1
= ∫ [ x 2 ]2 dx = ∫ x 4 dx =   =  − 0 =
l0 l0 l  5 0 l  5  5
l2
⇒ y=
5

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7. Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)
Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as
2π 2π
1 1
2
RM S = y = ∫ ⇒y = ∫
2
[ f ( x )] dx [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2π 0
2π 0

8. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 – x in 0 < x < 1

1
1 2
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx
10
1
1
 (1 − x) 3    1  1
= ∫ (1 − x ) dx =  2
 = 0 −   =
0  − 3  0   − 3  3
1
⇒y=
3
9. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = π – x in 0 < x < 2π
2π
1 2
Sol. R M S = y = ∫ [ f ( x)] dx
2

2π 0
2π 2π
1 1  (π − x ) 3 
= ∫0 (π − x) dx = 2π  − 3 
2

2π 0

1  π 3   π 3 
=   −  
2π  3   − 3 
1  2π 3  π 2
= =
2π  3  3
π
⇒y=
3
10. Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points in (–π, π)
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and f ′(x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to
a) f(x) if x is a point of continuity
f ( x − 0) + f ( x + 0)
b) if x is a point of discontinuity.
2
11. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.
Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis. In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the
function y = f(x) in (0, 2π) are given by
a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2π)]
an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2π)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2π)]

x , 0 < x < 1
12. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x) =  at x = 1
2 , 1 < x < 2
Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity
f (1 − 0) + f (1 + 0) 1 + 2 3
f (1) = = =
2 2 2

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cos x , 0 < x < π

13. If f ( x) =  and f(x) = f(x + 2π) for all x, find the sum of the Fourier
50 , π < x < 2π
series of f(x) at x = π.
Sol. Here x = π is a point of discontinuity
f (π − 0) + f (π + 0) cos π + 50 − 1 + 50 49
f (π ) = = = =
2 2 2 2

14. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) = sin5x
in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. Fourier cosine series is
b0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ bn cos nx
2 n =1
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2π 2π
1 1
∴ b5 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin 5 x dx = π ∫ sin 5 x sin 5 x dx
0 0
2π
1
= ∫ sin
2
5 x dx
π 0
2π
1 1 − cos 10 x
=
π 0 ∫2
dx

2π
1  sin 10 x 
=  x − 10 
2π 0

1
[(2π − 0) − (0 − 0)]
=
2π
b5 = 1

∞
sin nx
15. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0, 2π) is f ( x) = ∑ . Find the RMS value
n =1 n
of f(x) in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. RMS value of f(x) in (0, 2π) is
2 ∞
a0 1
∑ (a
2
y = + + bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n =1

But here we have a0 and an are zero and bn = 1/n

∞
1 1
∑n
2
∴ y = 2
2 n =1

16. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a what value does its Fourier series represent at that point.
17. Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (o, l)
 x, 0 ≤ x < 1
18. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f(x) =  at x = 1.
2, 1 < x < 2
 0, 0 < x < π
19. If the Fourier series for the function f(x) =  is
sin x, π < x < 2π
2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
1  1
f ( x) = −  + + + + ......... + sin x
π π  1 .3 3.5 5.7  2
1 1 1 π −2
Deduce that − + − .........∞ =
1 . 3 3 . 5 5 .7 4
20. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1; 0 < x < π
21. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = | cosx | expressed in
the interval (–π, π).

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Part – B
 x, 0 < x < π
1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f ( x) =  of period 2π.
2π − x, π < x < 2π
2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(x) = x; 0 < x < π and hence deduce the
∞
1
sum of the series ∑ (2n + 1)
n=0
4

3. Expand the function f(x) = sinx, 0 < x < π in Fourier cosine series.
4. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3
f(x) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 –0.88 –0.25
5. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in (0, 2π) of periodicity 2π.
6. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = |x|, – π < x < π and deduce
∞
1 π2
∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
2
=
8
7. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in the interval (0, π). Hence find
1 1 1
the sum of the series 4
+ 4 + 4 + ..........∞
1 2 3
8. Determine the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval – π < x < π
9. Find the half range cosine series for x sinx in (0, π) and hence find the value of
2 2 2 2
1+ − + − + .......... .∞
1 .3 3 .5 5 . 7 7 .9
10. Obtain the Fourier series for the function
 π x, 0 < x < 1
f ( x) = 
π (2 − x ), 1 < x < 2
11. Calculate the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data:
xo : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 320
f(x): 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
12. Find the Fourier series of the function
 0, − π ≤ x ≤ 0 1 1 1
f ( x) =  and hence evaluate + + + .........∞
 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 1 .3 3 . 5 5 . 7

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