List of Assyrian kings

The list of Assyrian kings are compiled from the Assyrian King List, which begins approximately 2500 BC and continues to the 8th century BC. It begins listing Kings of the Sumero-
Akkadian city-state of Assur, and later kings of the Assyrian Empires. Assyria is an ancient civilization in northern Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, and southeastern
Turkey). The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists (which list the names of eponymous officials for each year). These regnal
lengths mostly accord well with Hittite, Babylonian and ancient Egyptian king lists and with the archaeological record, and are generally considered reliable for the age.[1] It is somewhat
pendently verified.[2]
fictional however, as some known kings are not found on the list and other listed kings are not inde

Prior to the discovery of cuneiform tablets listing ancient Assyrian kings, scholars before the 19th century only had access to two complete Assyrian King Lists, one found in Eusebius of
Caesarea's Chronicle (c. 325 AD), of which two editions exist[3] and secondly a list found in the Excerpta Latina Barbari. An incomplete list of 16 Assyrian kings was also preserved in the
literature of Sextus Julius Africanus. Other very fragmentary Assyrian king lists have come down to us written by the Greeks and Romans such as Ctesias of Cnidus (c. 400 BC) and the
Roman authors Castor of Rhodes (1st century BC) and Cephalion (1st century AD). Unlike the cuneiform tablets, the Greek-language lists are only considered to contain minor historical
truths. Some scholars argue further that they are either entire fabrications or fiction.

Contents
Cuneiform sources
Early Assyrian period
Old Assyrian period
Middle Assyrian period
Neo-Assyrian period
Fragmentary Greek and Roman lists
Ctesias
Castor of Rhodes and Cephalion
Julius Africanus
Eusebius of Caesarea
Excerpta Latina Barbari
List in Arabic
See also
Notes
References
External links

Cuneiform sources
[4] They date to the early first millennium BC — the oldest, List A (8th century BC) stopping at
There are three extantcuneiform tablet versions of the Assyrian King List, and two fragments.
Tiglath-Pileser II (c. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, at Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link Shamshi-Adad I (fl. c. 1700 BC
(short)), an Amorite who had conquered Assur, to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.[5] Before Erishum I, the list gives no regnal
lengths.

The following kings are listed from the list of cuneiform tablets.

Early Assyrian period

Early Assyrian Period
King name Reigned Notes
"kings who lived in tents"

This section shows marked similarities to the ancestors of the firstBabylonian dynasty.[5] According to the Cambridge Ancient History, the conclusion of this section "marked
[6]
the end of the nomadic period of the Assyrian people" and "visualized Ushpia as the actual founder of the Semitic city of Ashur"

Tudiya fl. c. 2450 BC — c. 2400 BC (short) contemporary of Ibrium of Ebla

Adamu fl. c. 2400 BC — c. 2375 BC (short) the earliest known use of the name “Adam” as a genuine name in historicity is Adamu.[7]
Yangi fl. c. 2375 BC — c. 2350 BC (short)
Suhlamu fl. c. 2350 BC — c. 2325 BC (short)
Harharu fl. c. 2325 BC — c. 2300 BC (short)
Mandaru fl. c. 2300 BC — c. 2275 BC (short)
Imsu fl. c. 2275 BC — c. 2250 BC (short)
Harsu fl. c. 2250 BC — c. 2225 BC (short)
Didanu fl. c. 2225 BC — c. 2200 BC (short)
Hana fl. c. 2200 BC — c. 2175 BC (short)
Zuabu fl. c. 2175 BC — c. 2150 BC (short)
Nuabu fl. c. 2150 BC — c. 2125 BC (short)
Abazu fl. c. 2125 BC — c. 2100 BC (short)
Belu fl. c. 2100 BC — c. 2075 BC (short)
Azarah fl. c. 2075 BC — c. 2050 BC (short)
Ushpia fl. c. 2050 BC — c. 2030 BC (short) said to have been the founder of the temple of Ashur in Assur[8]
Apiashal fl. c. 2030 BC — c. 2027 BC (short) "son of Ushpia"
"altogether seventeen kings, tent dwellers."[9][10]

"kings who are ancestors/whose fathers are known"

Apiashal fl. c. 2030 BC — c. 2027 BC (short) "son of Ushpia"

Hale fl. c. 2027 BC — c. 2024 BC (short) "son of Apiashal"
Samani fl. c. 2024 BC — c. 2021 BC (short) "son of Hale"
Hayani fl. c. 2021 BC — c. 2018 BC (short) "son of Samani"
Ilu-Mer fl. c. 2018 BC — c. 2015 BC (short) "son of Hayani"
Yakmesi fl. c. 2015 BC — c. 2012 BC (short) "son of Ilu-Mer"
Yakmeni fl. c. 2012 BC — c. 2009 BC (short) "son of Yakmesi"
Yazkur-el fl. c. 2009 BC — c. 2006 BC (short) "son of Yakmeni"
Ila-kabkabu fl. c. 2006 BC — c. 2003 BC (short) "son of Yazkur-el"
Aminu fl. c. 2003 BC — c. 2000 BC (short) "son of Ila-kabkabu"
"altogether ten kings who are ancestors"[9][11]

This section, which in contrast to the rest of the list, was written in reverse order, beginning with Aminu and ending with Apiashal, has often been interpreted as a list of
Shamshi-Adad's ancestors.[5] In keeping with this assumption, scholars have inferred that the original form of the Assyrian Kinglist was written, among other things, as an
"attempt to justify that Shamshi-Adad was a legitimate ruler of the city-state Assur and to obscure his non-Assyrian antecedents by incorporating his ancestors into a native
Assyrian genealogy".[5] However, this interpretation was not accepted universally; the Cambridge Ancient History rejected this interpretation and instead interpreted the
section as the ancestors ofSulili.[6]

"kings whose eponyms are not known"

These are early rulers ofAssur.[5]

Sulili fl. c. 2000 BC (short) "son of Aminu"

Kikkiya fl. c. 2000 BC (short)
Akiya fl. c. 2000 BC (short)
Puzur-Ashur I fl. c. 2000 BC (short)
Shalim-ahum fl. c. 1900 BC (short)[12] "son of Puzur-Ashur I"
Ilu-shuma fl. c. 1945 BC — c. 1906 BC (short) "son of Shalim-ahum"
"altogether six kings (whose names were written on?) bricks whose eponyms are (not known?)."[9][13]

Old Assyrian period

Damage to the tablets in all three extant King Lists before Enlil-nasir II (c. 1420–1415 BC (short)) prevents the calculation of approximate regnal dates from Erishum I to this point.
Additionally, three kings attested elsewhere from this period are not included in the standard King List. The remainder of the King List then has an unbroken chain of regnal lengths from
Enlil-nasir II on. Disparities between the different versions of the King List for the reigns of Ashur-nadin-apli (c. 1196–1194 BC (short)) and Ninurta-apal-Ekur (c. 1182–1180 BC (short))
contribute to the debate over thechronology of the ancient Near East.[5][14]

Old Assyrian Period

King name Reigned[15][16] Notes[15][16]
fl. c. 1905 BC — c. 1867 BC (short) "son of Ilu-shuma"; contemporary of Sumuabum first ruler of Babylonia; said to
Erishum I
(30 or 40 years) have built the temple of Ashur
Ikunum fl. c. 1867 BC — c. 1860 BC (short) "son of Ilushuma"
Sargon I (damaged text) "son of Ikunum"
Puzur-Ashur II (damaged text) "son of Sargon (I)"
Naram-Suen
(damaged text) "son of Puzur-Ashur (II)"
(Naram-Sin)
Erishum II (damaged text) "son of Naram-Suen"
"son of (local ruler) Ila-kabkabu, went to Karduniash in the time of Naram-Suen. In
the eponymy of Ibni-Adad, Shamshi-Adad went up from Karduniash. He took
fl. c. 1700 BC (short) Ekallatum, where he stayed three years. In the eponymy of Atamar-Ishtar,
Shamshi-Adad I
(33 years) Shamshi-Adad went up from Ekallatum. He ousted Erishum (II), son of Naram-
Suen, from the throne and took it."; He was in turn conquered by Hammurabi of
Babylon.
Ishme-Dagan I (40 years) "son of Shamshi-Adad (I)"
Mut-Ashkur (unknown) son of Ishme-Dagan I, married to a Hurrian queen; not included in the standard
King List, but attested elsewhere[17]
 King List, but attested elsewhere[17]
included in the alternative King List fragment, last part of name lost; not included in
Rimush... (unknown)
the standard King List[17]
grandson of Shamshi-Adad I, driven out by vice-regent Puzur-Sin because he was
Asinum (unknown) of Amorite extraction; not included in the standard King List, but attested in
Puzur-Sin's inscription[17]
Seven usurpers:
Ashur-dugul
Ashur-apla-idi
Nasir-Sin
(unknown) Adasi drove the Babylonians and Amorites from Assyria circa 1720 BC
Sin-namir
Ipqi-Ishtar
Adad-salulu
Adasi
Bel-bani (10 years) "son of Adasi"
Libaya (17 years) "son of Bel-bani"
Sharma-Adad I (12 years) "son of Libaya"
Iptar-Sin (12 years) "son of Sharma-Adad (I)"
Bazaya (28 years) "son of Iptar-Suen"
Lullaya (6 years) "son of a nobody"
Shu-Ninua (14 years) "son of Bazaya"
Sharma-Adad II (3 years) "son of Shu-Ninua"
Erishum III (13 years) "son of Shu-Ninua"
Shamshi-Adad II (6 years) "son of Erishum (III)"
Ishme-Dagan II (16 years) "son of Shamshi-Adad (II)"
Shamshi-Adad III (16 years) " son of (another) Ishme-Dagan, brother of Sharma-Adad (II), son of Shu-Ninua"
Ashur-nirari I (26 years) "son of Ishme-Dagan"
Puzur-Ashur III (24 or 14 years) "son of Ashur-nirari (I)"; contemporary of Burna-Buriash I of Babylonia[8]
Enlil-nasir I (13 years) "son of Puzur-Ashur (III)"
Nur-ili (12 years) "son Enlil-nasir (I)"
Ashur-shaduni (1 month) "son of Nur-ili"
Ashur-rabi I (damaged text) "son of Enlil-nasir (I), ousted him (Ashur-shaduni), (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I (damaged text) "son of Ashur-rabi (I)"
Enlil-nasir II c. 1420–1415 BC "his (Ashur-nadin-ahhe I's) brother, ousted him"
Ashur-nirari II c. 1414–1408 BC "son of Enlil-nasir (II)"
Ashur-bel-nisheshu c. 1407–1399 BC "son of Ashur-nirari (II)"
Ashur-rim-nisheshu c. 1398–1391 BC "son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II c. 1390–1381 BC "son of Ashur-rim-nisheshu"

Middle Assyrian period

The dates up to Ninurta-apal-Ekur (c. 1182–1180 BC) are subject to debate, as some of the regnal lengths vary over the different versions of the King List. The dates given below (and above
from Enlil-nasir II) are based on Assyrian King Lists B and C, which give only three years to Ashur-nadin-apli, and the same to Ninurta-apal-Ekur. (Assyrian King List A gives four years to
Ashur-nadin-apli and 13 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur.[18] )

[8]
Dates from 1179 to 912 BC, although less securethan dates from 911 BC onwards, are not subject to the chronology debate.

Middle Assyrian Period

King name Reigned[19][20][21] Notes[15][16]
Eriba-Adad I c. 1380–1353 BC "son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-uballit I c. 1353–1318 BC "son of Eriba-Adad (I)"
Enlil-nirari c. 1317–1308 BC "son of Ashur-uballit"
Arik-den-ili c. 1307–1296 BC "son of Enlil-nirari"
Adad-nirari I c. 1295–1264 BC "son of Arik-den-ili"
Shalmaneser I c. 1263–1234 BC "son of Adad-nirari (I)"
Tukulti-Ninurta I c. 1233–1197 BC "son of Shalmaneser (I)"
"during the lifetime of Tukulti-ninurta (I),
Ashur-nadin-apli c. 1196–1194 BC Ashur-nadin-apli, his son, seized the
throne"
Ashur-nirari III c. 1193–1188 BC "son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Enlil-kudurri-usur c. 1187–1183 BC "son of Tukulti-Ninurta (I)"
Ninurta-apal-Ekur c. 1182–1180 BC "son of Ila-Hadda, a descendant of
Eriba-Adad (I), went to Karduniash. He
 came up from Karduniash (and) seized the
throne."
Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent.
Ashur-Dan I c. 1179–1133 BC "son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur c. 1133 BC "son of Ashur-dan (I), briefly"
"his (Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur's) brother,
fought him and took him to Karduniash.
Mutakkil-nusku c. 1133 BC
Mutakkil-Nusku held the throne briefly,
then died."
Ashur-resh-ishi I c. 1133–1115 BC "son of Mutakkil-Nusku"
Tiglath-Pileser I c. 1115–1076 BC "son of Ashur-resh-ishi (I)"
Asharid-apal-Ekur c. 1076–1074 BC "son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Ashur-bel-kala c. 1074–1056 BC "son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Eriba-Adad II c. 1056–1054 BC "son of Ashur-bel-kala"
"son of Tiglath-pileser (I), came up from
Karduniash. He ousted Eriba-Adad (II), Adad-nirari III (811–783 BC)
Shamshi-Adad IV c. 1054–1050 BC
son of Ashur-bel-kala, (and) seized the
throne"
Ashur-nasir-pal I c. 1050–1031 BC "son of Shamshi-Adad (IV)"
Shalmaneser II c. 1031–1019 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-nirari IV c. 1019–1013 BC "son of Shalmaneser (II)"
Ashur-rabi II c. 1013–972 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-resh-ishi II c. 972–967 BC "son of Ashur-rabi (II)"
Tiglath-Pileser II c. 967–935 BC "son of Ashur-resh-ishi (II)"
Ashur-Dan II c. 935–912 BC "son of Tiglath-Pileser (II)"

Neo-Assyrian period
Synchronisms between the limmu lists and absolute dates known from Babylonian chronology provide good absolute dates for the years between
911 BC and 649 BC.

The dates for the very end of the Assyrian period are uncertain due to the lack of limmu lists after 649 BC. Some sources list Ashurbanipal's death in
631 BC, rather than 627 BC; Ashur-etil-ilani then reigns from 631 to 627, and Sin-shar-ishkun reigns until 612 BC, when he is known to have died
in the sack of Nineveh.[8]

Neo-Assyrian Period Neo-Assyrian Empire (824 &

671 BC)
King name Reigned[22][23][24] Notes[15][16]
Adad-nirari II 912–891 BC "son of Ashur-Dan (II)"
Tukulti-Ninurta II 891–884 BC "son of Adad-nirari (II)"
Ashur-nasir-pal II 884–859 BC "son of Tukulti-Ninurta (II)"
Shalmaneser III 859–824 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (II)"
Shamshi-Adad V 824–811 BC "son of Shalmaneser (III)"
Shammu-ramat, regent, 811–808 BC
Adad-nirari III 811–783 BC "son of Shamshi-Adad (V)"
Shalmaneser IV 783–773 BC "son of Adad-nirari (III)"
"son of Shalmaneser (IV)"; solar eclipse 763 Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727
Ashur-Dan III 773–755 BC
BC[8] BC)
Ashur-nirari V 755–745 BC "son of Adad-nirari (III)"
Tiglath-Pileser III 745–727 BC "son of Ashur-nirari (V)"
Shalmaneser V 727–722 BC "son of Tiglath-Pileser (III)"
End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after
the list had been composed.
Sargon II 722–705 BC
Sennacherib 705–681 BC
Esarhaddon 681–669 BC
The dates of the last kings are not certain.
669–between 631
Ashurbanipal
and 627 BC
Ashur-etil-ilani ca. 631–627 BC
Sin-shumu-lishir 626 BC
Sin-shar-ishkun ca. 627–612 BC fall of Nineveh
In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes, Babylonians, and
Scythians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a
few years from Harran.
Ashur-uballit II 612 BC–ca. 608 Harran defeated by Cyaxares of Media and
BC Nabopolassar of Babylonia

Fragmentary Greek and Roman lists

Ctesias
Ctesias, as court physician to Artaxerxes II, claimed to have access to the royal historical records. Ctesias' list of Assyrian kings was included in his
Persica, a work covering the history of Persia, but the first 3 books were dedicated to pre-Persian Assyria entitled "The History of the Assyrians".
How much of Ctesias' king list is factual history is still debated. While most scholars agree large parts are fiction, it is generally agreed that there is
historical truth based on the probability his list was rooted in transmitted oral tradition.[25][26] Classical scholar Robert Drews, however, has argued
that Ctesias' list contains information from Babylonian tablets.[27] Although Ctesias's entire work is lost, fragments of it are found preserved in
Diodorus Siculus, Nicolaus of Damascusand Photius. From these fragments it is known Ctesias dated the founding of the Assyria to c. 2166 BC, by
King Ninus, husband of Queen Semiramis, and 30 further Assyrian kings followed for 1,300 years in succession to Sardanapalus (c. 866 BC).[28]
Ctesias' list of 30 successors from Ninus (andSemiramis) to Sardanapalus is lost.

Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC)

Castor of Rhodes and Cephalion
In the 1st century BC,Castor of Rhodes compiled an Assyrian king list, similar to that of Ctesias'. Fragments only remain in mutilated form, but it is
known from these fragments that Castor's Assyrian king list started with Belus, and, like Ctesias', included Ninus, also said to be the husband of Semiramis. However, Ninus equates in
Castor's list to the second king, not the first and is said to have ruled for 52 years. Castor further dated Belus to 2123 BC.[29] A fragment from Cephalion names Ninus' successor to be
Ninyas, his son.

Julius Africanus
An incomplete list of 16 Assyrian kings is found inSextus Julius Africanus' Chronographiai (early 3rd century AD):[30]

“ Of the Assyrian Kings the 1st was Belus who reigned 55 years.
Neenus .. .. 52 years.
Semiramis .. .. 42.
Ninaus (Ninyas?) who is called Zamis the son of Neenus and Semiramis; he reigned 38 years.
Arius .. .. 30 years.
Aralius .. .. .. 40.
Xerxes .. .. .. 30.
Armamithres .. 38.
Belochos .. .. 35.
Balaeus .. .. .. 52.
Sethos .. .. .. 50.
Mamuthos .. .. 30.
Aschalius .. .. 28.
Sphaerus .. .. 22.
Mamulus .. .. 30.
Spartheos .. .. 42. ”
Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle (c. 325 AD) contains a complete list of 36 Assyrian kings.Eusebius' King List

Excerpta Latina Barbari

A final list is found in theExcerpta Latina Barbari. The list can be found inScaliger's Thesaurus temporum (1606). The list datesBelus, the first Assyrian king, to c. 2206 BC.[31]

List in Arabic
The Arab historian al-Ya'qūbī included in his Kitāb al-ta'rīkh written in 873 AD a list of kings of "Mosul and Nineveh" comprising three identifiable Assyrian kings and a queen:
Palūs/Tiglath-pileser II (965-936), Ninūs/Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884), Lāwasnasir/Assurnasirpal II (883-859) and Shamīram/Semiramis (810-806).[32]

[33]
According to Arab Scholars (Al Biruni) and reviewed by Sir Issac Newton in The Chronology of Nations

The Kings of Assyria

Name Reigned
pul 790 BC belos, ninus, nimrod, fredun, asur
semiramis 760 BC wife of pul.
tigleth-pileser 747 BC brother of nabonassar.
salmanesser 729 BC sargon of akkad
sennacherib 719 BC war with egypt-ethiopia.
esarddon 711 BC conquest of egypt
chinyladdon 689 BC nabuchodonosor, war with medes, the temple raids.
sarac 668 BC sardanapalus.
See also
Chronology of the ancient Near East
Lists of ancient kings
List of Hittite kings
List of kings of Babylon
List of pharaohs
Short chronology timeline
Sumerian King List

Notes
17. Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004).Mesopotamian Chronicles(https://books.googl
1. Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History(https://books.google.co
e.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A88,M1).
m/books?id=7SOL7ypj7bAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A194,M1). 1.1.
Society of Biblical Literature. p. 88.ISBN 1589830903.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195.ISBN 0521070511.
18. For variants, see footnotes 49–56 inGlassner, Jean-Jacques (2004).
2. International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, olume
V 4 (htt
Mesopotamian Chronicles(https://books.google.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC
ps://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzA YC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=a
&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA155,M1). Society of Biblical Literature. p. 155.
ssur&source=bl&ots=xpdZ0XG04T&sig=2tZ3paHPfNYT7O9rnBIjPZzVtRE&hl=e
ISBN 1589830903.
n&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5o6ScjJLQAhUG4iYKHRrFBys4ChDoAQg2MAk)
19. Comments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist radition,
T J.A.
3. One the standard, the other a later Armenian translation.
Brinkman, Orientalia N.S 42, 1973
4. For discussion of king lists, see Poebel, “Assyrian King List,” 71–90; IJ Gelb,
20. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC, A.K. Grayson, University
“Two Assyrian King Lists,”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13 (1954): 209–30.
of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8020-2605-2
5. Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie(https://books.google.co
21. The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF
, vol. 08,
m/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A101,M1). 6. Berlin:
pp. 78-106, 1999
Walter de Gruyter. pp. 101–102. ISBN 3110100517.
22. Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, .TJ. Wilkinson, E. B.
6. Hildegard Levy, "Assyria c. 2600-1816 B.C.",Cambridge Ancient History.
Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Volume 1, Part 2: Early History of the MiddleEast, 729-770, p. 745-746.)
Research, November 2005
7. Hamilton, Victor (1995). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1 - 17. Wm. B.
23. "Assyrian Eponym List"(http://www.livius.org/li-ln/limmu/limmu_1.html).
Eerdmans Publishing.ISBN 9780802825216.
24. Bedford, P. (2001). "Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire"(http
8. Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History(https://books.google.co
s://web.archive.org/web/20080827192547/http://sshi.stanford.edu/Conferences/
m/books?id=7SOL7ypj7bAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A202,M1). 1.1.
2000-2001/empires2/bedford.pdf)(PDF). WA Perth. Archived fromthe original
Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–204.ISBN 0521070511.
(http://sshi.stanford.edu/Conferences/2000-2001/empires2/bedford.pdf)
(PDF)
9. Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004).Mesopotamian Chronicles(https://books.googl on 2008-08-27.
e.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A137,M1).
25. "Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation", Jan .PStronk,
Society of Biblical Literature. p. 137.ISBN 1589830903.
Wellem Verlag, 2010, pp.30-36.
10. Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie(https://books.google.co
26. Felix Jacoby cf. FGrH 688 T 11, T 13, T 19, shows ancient authorities that
m/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A103,M1). 6. Berlin:
considered the king list to be sensational, semi-fictional or unrealistic at the
Walter de Gruyter. p. 103. ISBN 3110100517.
time.
11. Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie(https://books.google.co
27. Assyria in Classical Universal Histories,Robert Drews, Historia: Zeitschrift für
m/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A104,M1). 6. Berlin:
Alte Geschichte, Bd. 14, H. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 129-142
Walter de Gruyter. p. 104. ISBN 3110100517.
28. Drews, 1965, p. 30.
12. J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Assyria". In Bruce Manning Metzger
, Michael David
Coogan. The Oxford companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 29. "Ovid, Varro, and Castor of Rhodes: The Chronological Architecture of the
'Metamorphoses'", Thomas Cole, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology , Vol.
13. Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie(https://books.google.co
102, (2004), pp. 355-422.
m/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A105,M1). 6. Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter. p. 105. ISBN 3110100517. 30. Preserved by George Syncellus, found in Cory's Ancient Fragments, 1826, p.
70.
14. Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History(https://books.google.co
m/books?id=7SOL7ypj7bAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A195,M1). 1.1. 31. The Assyrian King list in theExcerpta Latina Barbariclaims Belus ruled 1430
Cambridge University Press. p. 195.ISBN 0521070511. years before the first Olympiad (776 BC) thus dating him to 2206 BC.

15. Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004).Mesopotamian Chronicles(https://books.googl 32. Dierk Lange, The founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca. 600 BCE:
e.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PP A136,M1). Documentary, Linguistic, and ArchaeologicalEvidence (http://dierklange.com/pd
Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 136–144.ISBN 1589830903. f/reviews/dierklange_allgemein/FOUNDING_9.5.2011.pdf) , Boston, 2011, p. 29.

16. Lendering, Jona (31 March 2006)."Assyrian King List" (http://www.livius.org/k/ki 33. Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺮون اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬-
nglist/assyrian.html). Retrieved 2008-08-13. vestiges of the past. pp. 194–195.

References
Ascalone, Enrico (2007).Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; .1)Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN 0520252667.
Grayson, Albert Kirk (1975).Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Locust Valley, N.Y.
Healy, Mark (1992). The Ancient Assyrians. ISBN 978-1-85532-163-2.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2003).Mesopotamia. ISBN 0140265740.
Lloyd, Seton (1984). The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest . ISBN 0500790094.
Nardon, Don (1998). Assyrian Empire. ISBN 1560063130.

External links
Media related to Assyrian kings at Wikimedia Commons

Livius: Assyrian King List

ASSYRIA (AŠŠUR) AND BABYLONIA (BĀB-ILI, KARDUNIAŠ, AKKAD)

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