Chapter 8 – Revision of chapters 1–7

Solutions to Technology-free questions

1 a Vertices A(−2, 1), B(3, −4), C(5, 7) c Q(x) = P(x + 1)
−2 + 3 1 + (−4)
!
Coordinates of M = , = 8 × (x + 1)3 + 4 (x + 1) − 3
2 2
1 3
! = 64 + 8 − 3
= ,−
2 2 = 69
−2 + 5 1 + 7
!
Coordinates of N = , Q (−2) = 8 × (−2 + 1)3 + 4 (−2 + 1) − 3
2 2
! = −8 − 4 − 3
3
= ,4 = −15
2
!
3
4− − 3 g(x) = 3x2 − 4
2
b Gradient of MN =
3 1
− a g(2a) = 3(2a)2 − 4 = 12a2 − 4
2 2
11 b g(a − 1) = 3(a − 1)2 − 4
=
2 = 3(a2 − 2a + 1) − 4
7 − (−4)
Gradient of BC =
5−3 = 3a2 − 6a − 1
11
=
2 c g(a + 1) − g(a − 1)
∴ BC k MN
= 3(a + 1)2 − 4 − (3(a − 1)2 − 4)
= 3((a2 + 2a + 1) − (a2 − 2a + 1))
2 P(x) = 8x3 + 4x − 3
! !3 ! = 12a
1 1 1
a P − =8× − +4 − −3
2 2 2
4 f (x) = 4 − 5x and g(x) = 7 + 2x
= −1 − 2 − 3
= −6 a f (2) + f (3) = −6 + (−11) = −17
f (2 + 3) = f (5) = −21
b P (2) = 8 × (2)3 + 4 (2) − 3 ∴ f (2) + f (3) , f (2 + 3)
= 64 + 8 − 3 b f (x) = g(x)
= 69 4 − 5x = 7 + 2x
−3 = 7x
3
x=−
7

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 p
c f (x) ≥ g(x) BC = (2 − (−5))2 + (−1 − 0)2
√
4 − 5x ≥= 7 + 2x = 49 + 1
√
−3 ≥ 7x =5 2
p
3 CD = (0 − 7)2 + (5 − 4)2
x≤−
7 √
= 49 + 1
d f (2k) = g(3k) √
=5 2
4 − 5(2k) = 7 + 2(3k) p
DA = (5 − 0))2 + (0 − (−5))2
4 − 10k = 7 + 6k √
= 25 + 25
−3 = 16k √
=5 2
3 This is sufficient to prove ABCD is a
k=−
16 rhombus.

5 x + y = 5 . . . (1)
7 a y = x2 + 4x − 9
(x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 . . . (2)
= x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 9
From equation (1) y = 5 − x
= (x + 2)2 − 13
Substitute in equation (2)
(x + 1)2 + (6 − x)2 = 25 b y = x2 − 3x − 11
x2 + 2x + 1 + 36 − 12x + x2 = 25 9 9
= x2 − 3x + − − 11
2x2 − 10x + 37 = 25 4 4
!2
3 53
2x2 − 10x + 12 = 0 = x− −
2 4
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0 c y = 2x2 − 3x + 11
" #
x = 3 or x = 2 3 11
=2 x − x+ 2
From equation (1) 2 2
When x = 3, y = 2 and when
" #
3 9 9 11
=2 x − x+ 2
− +
x = 2, y = 3 2 16 16 2
 !2 
3 79 
= 2  x − + 

6 A(0, −5), 4 16
p B(−1, 2), C(4, 7), D(5, 0)
AB = (7 − 2))2 + (4 − (−1))2 3
!2
79
√ =2 x− +
= 25 + 25 4 8
√
=5 2
8 a y = 4x + 1 . . . (1)
y = x2 + 3x − 9 . . . (2)

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 Substitute in equation (2) from −3x + 2 = x2 + 5x + 18 From
equation 1 ∴ 0 = x2 + 8x + 16
4x + 1 = x2 + 3x − 9
∴ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
∴ 0 = x2 − x − 10
∴ (x + 4)2 = 0
∴ x − x − 10 = 0
2
∴ x = −4
1 1
∴ x − x + − − 10 = 0
2 equation (1)
4 4 When x = −4, y = 14
1 41
∴ (x − )2 =
2 4
√
1 41 9 a x2 + 3x − 5 > 0
x= ± Consider
2 2
√ x2 + 3x − 5 = 0
1 ± 41
x= 9 9
2 x2 + 3x + − −5=0
From equation (1)
√ 4 4
1 + 41 !2
When x = 3 29
√ 2 √ x+ =
y = 2 + 2 41 +√1 = 3 + 2 41 2 4
√
1 − 41 3 29
When x = x+ =±
√ 2 √ 2 2
y = 2 − 2 41 + 1 = 3 − 2 41 √
−3 ± 29
x=
b y = 2x + 2 . . . (1) 2
The coefficient of x2 is positive.
y = x2 − 2x + 6 . . . (2) Therefore x2 + 3x − 5 > 0 if and only
Substitute in equation (2) from if  √ 
 −3 − 29 
equation 1 x ∈ −∞,  ∪
2
2x + 2 = x2 − 2x + 6 From √
 −3 + 29 
 
∴ 0 = x2 − 4x + 4  , ∞
2
∴ x2 − 4x + 4 = 0
b 2x2 − 5x − 5 ≥ 0
∴ (x − 2) = 0
2
Consider
x=2
equation (1)
When x = 2, y = 6

c y = −3x + 2 . . . (1)
y = x2 + 5x + 18 . . . (2)

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 !
5 5 d R \ {2}
2
2 x − x− =0
2 2
5 5 e R
x2 − x − = 0
2 2
f R \ { 23 }
5 25 25 5
x2 − x + − − =0
2 16 16 2
11 Let P(x) = 3x3 + x2 + px + 24
!2
5 65
x− =
4 16 P(−4) = 0 by the factor theorem.
√ Hence
5 65
x− =± 3(−4)3 + (−4)2 + (−4)p + 24 = 0
4 4
√
5 ± 65 −192 + 16 − 4p + 24 = 0
x=
4 −4p = 152
The coefficient of x2 is positive.
Therefore 2x2 − 5x − 5 ≥ 0 if and ∴ p = −38
only if ∴ P(x) = 3x + x − 38x + 24
3 2
√   √
5 − 65   5 + 65  3x3 + x2 − 38x + 24 = (x + 4)(3x2 + bx + 6)

, ∞

x ∈ −∞,  ∪  since x + 4 is a factor.
4 4
By equating coefficients of x2
c (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0 1 = 12 + b, ∴ b = −11
(x − 3)2 ≥ 0 for all x. P(x) = (x + 4)(3x2 − 11x + 6)
∴ (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0 ⇔ x + 4 ≥ 0
= (x + 4)(3x − 2)(x − 3)
⇔ x ≥ −4
That is (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0 if and only
if x ∈ [−4, ∞) 12
5x3 − 3x2 + ax + 7 = (x + 2)Q1 (x) + R . . . (1)
d (x − 3)(x + 4)(2x − 1) ≤ 0
4x3 + ax2 + 7x − 4 = (x + 2)Q2 (x) + 2R . . . (2)
The coefficient of x3 is positive. Multiply (1) by 2 and sub-
Therefore (x − 3)(x + 4)(2x − 1) ≤ 0 tract (1) from the result.
1
if and only if x ∈ [ , 3] ∪ (−∞, −4] 6x3 − (6 + a)x2 + (2a − 7)x + 18 =
2
(x + 2)(2Q1 − Q2 )
e (x − 2)3 − 8 ≤ 0 When x = −2
⇔ (x − 2)3 ≤ 8 6(−2)3 − (6 + a)(−2)2 + (2a − 7)(−2) +
18 = 0
⇔ x−2≤2
∴ −48 − 24 − 4a − 4a + 14 + 18 = 0
⇔x≤4
∴ −8a = 40
∴ a = −5
10 a R \ { 25 } Substitute in (1)
5x3 − 3x2 − 5x + 7 = (x + 2)Q1 (x) + R
b (−∞, 5] Substitute x = −2
R = 5(−2)3 − 3(−2)2 − 5(−2) + 7 = −35
c R

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 13 a f : [1, 2] → R, f (x) = x2 Interchange x and y.
Domain of f = [1, 2] x = (y − 2)3 + 8
1
Range of f = [1, 4] y = (x − 8) 3 + 2
Let y = x2 ∴ f −1 : R → R,
Interchange x and y. 1
f −1 (x) = (x − 8) 3 + 2
x = y2
√
Choose y = x, (range of f)
√
∴ f −1 : [1, 4] → R, f −1 (x) = x 14 Let b be the cost of a Bob’s burger.
Let f be the cost of a regular fries.
b h : [−1, 2] → R, h(x) = 2 − x
Domain of h = [−1, 2] a ∴ 3b + 2 f = 18.20
Range of h = [0, 3]
Let y = 2 − x b If b = 4.2
Interchange x and y. 3 × 4.20 + 2 f = 18.20
x=2−y ∴ 2 f = 18.20 − 12.60
y=2−x ∴ f = 2.80
∴ h−1 : [0, 3] → R, h−1 (x) = 2 − x The cost of regular fries is $2.80

c g : R−1 → R, g(x) = x2 − 4
15 4x + ky = 7 and y = 3 − 4x The gradient
Domain of g = (−∞, 0) 4
Range of g = (−4, ∞] of the line 4x + ky = 7 is −
k
Let y = x2 − 4 The gradient of the line y = 3 − 4x is −4
Interchange x and y. 4
x = y2√− 4 a If the lines are parallel, − = −4
k
y = − x + 4 (range of g) Hence k = 1
√
∴ g−1 : [0, 3] → R, g−1 (x) = − x + 4
b If the lines are perpendicular
√ 4
d f : (−∞, 2] → R, f (x) = 2 − x + 3 − × −4 = −1
k
Domain of f = (−∞, 2] k = −16
Range of√f = [3, ∞]
Let y = 2 − x + 3
Interchange x and y. 16 Line `1 has x-axis intercept (5, 0) and
x= 2−y+3
p y-axis intercept (0, −2).
y = −(x − 3)2 + 2 −2 − 0 2
∴ f −1 : [3, ∞) → R, a Gradient of `1 = =
0−5 5
f −1 (x) = −(x − 3)2 + 2
b Line `2 is perpendicular to line line `1
5
e f : → R, f (x) = (x − 2)3 + 8 Hence gradient of `2 is −
2
Domain of f = R The line `2 has equation of the form
Range of f = R 5
y=− x+c
Let y = (x − 2)3 + 8 2

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 5 1
When x = 1, y = 6 ∴, 6 = − + c and That is, = −1 which implies
2 2+x
hence x = −3
17 5 17
c= and y = − x + The horizontal asymptote has
2 2 2
Rearranging as required equation y = 1
5x + 2y − 17 = 0 The vertical asymptote has equation
x = −2
y
17 a ax2 + 2x + a
2
= a(x2 + x + 1)
a x = -2 (0, 3) y = 1
! 2
2 1 1 x
=a x + x+ 2 − 2 +1
2
(-3, 0) 0
a a a
 !2 2

1 a − 1
= a  x + +
 

a a2  !
3
!2 b A 0, , B (−3, 0)
1 a2 − 1 2
=a x+ +
a a
1 3
c y= x+
1 a2 − 1 2 2
!
b − ,
a a d The midpoint
 3 
a2 − 1  0 + (−3) 2
 + 0 
3 3
!
c Perfect squuare when = 0. , = − ,

a 
2 2  2 4
That is when a = ±1


d There are two solutions 3

a2 − 1 −0 1
when <0 e Gradient of line AB = 2 =
a 0 − (−3) 2
That is, when a ∈ (−1, 1). Gradient of a line perpendicular to
AB is −2.
1 Therefore using the general form
18 a y = 1 +
2+x y − y1 = m(x − x1 )!we have
3 3 3
When x = 0, y = When y − = −2 x +
2 4 2
1
y = 0, 1 + =0 That is,
2+x 9
y = −2x −
4

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 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B y = x2 − ax 9 C x2 + y2 + 6x − 2y + 6 = 0
 a 2  a 2 ∴ x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 − 2y + 1 = 10 − 6
= x2 − ax + −
2 2 ∴ (x + 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 22
 a 2 a2
 Radius = 2
= x− −
2 4
10 A 2x + 4y − 6 = 0
2 D ∆ = 4a − 4b = 0
2
∴ 4y = −2x + 6
a2 = b 1 3
√ √ ∴ y= − x+
2 2
a = b or a = − b 1
But a and b are√positive constants. Gradient = −
2
Therefore a = b
11 E 2x + 4y = 3
3 C Gradients are the same when ∴ 4y = −2x + 3
2−m −2
= 1 3
3 m+2 ∴ y= − x+
2 4
m−2 2
=
3 m+2
m −4=6
2

√
m = ± 10

4 A 3x − 2y = −6
y

10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

5 D Only (1, 2) is on the line y = 3x − 1

6 D x3 − 8 = x3 − 23
= (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)

7 C 2x2 − 5x − 12 = (2x + a)(x − b)

a − 2b = −5; ab = 12
a = 3, b = 4 : f (x) = (2x + 3)(x − 4)

8 C P(x) = 4x3 − 5x + 5
3
P(− ) = −1
2

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 1 x-axis. Therefore it is a perfect
Line has gradient = − , so
2 square and ∆ = 0:
perpendicular has gradient m = 2.
∆ = k2 − 4(k + 8)
Using (1, 2) : y − 2 = 2(x − 1)
∴ y = 2x = k2 − 4k − 32
= (k − 8)(k + 4)
12 B P(x) = x3 + ax2 − x − 6
If x − 3 is a factor of ∆ = 0 when k = −4 or 8
P(x) then P(3) = 0:
18 E P(x) = 3x3 − 4x − k
P(3) = 27 + 9a − 3 − 6 = 0
If P(x) is divisible by x − k, then
∴ 9a + 18 = 0, ∴ a = −2
P(k) = 0: P(k) = 3k3 − 4k − k = 0
13 A P(x) = x3 + 8x2 + 9x − 18 = 3k3 − 5k = 0
Remainder when P(x) is divided by
P(1) = 1 + 8 + 9 − 18 = 0
x + k:
∴ P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + 9x + 18) P(−k) = −3k3 + 4k − k
= (x − 1)(x + 6)(x + 3) = −3k3 + 3k
14 E 4
y
3k3 − 5k = 0, ∴ −3k3 + 5k = 0
3

2 ∴ P(−k) = 0 − 2k
1

19 B TP of y = a(x − b)2 + c is at (b, c)

-4 -2 2 4 x

-1

-2

x-intercepts at (−2, 0) and (2, 0), so

20 D y = 3 + 4x − x2
y = a(x − 2)(x + 2)
meets y = k only once.
∴ y = a(x2 − 4) ∴ −x2 + 4x + (3 − k) = 0 has ∆ = 0:
3
Using y-intercept at (0, 3), a= − ∆ = 16 + 4(3 − k) = 0
4
3 ∴ 3 − k = −4, ∴ k = 7
∴ y = − (x − 2)(x + 2)
4
OR 4y = −3(x − 2)(x + 2) 21 E Midpoint of (12,7) and (−3, 5) is:
12 − 3 7 + 5 9
( , ) = ( , 6)
15 B Perpendicular lines have gradients 2 2 2
which multiply to −1
1
∴ −3m = −1, ∴ m =
3

16 D f (x) = x2 − 1
∴ f (x − 1) = ((x − 1)2 − 1)
= x2 − 2x + 1 − 1
= x2 − 2x

17 D y = x2 + kx + k + 8 touches the

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 22 D X is at (a, b) : (7, −3) = x = −7, y = 18 and x = 1, y = 2
5+a 4+b Distance between (−7, 18) and (1,2)
( , )
2 2
5 + a = 14, ∴ a = 9
p
= (−7 − 1)2 + (18 − 2)2
4 + b = −6, ∴ b = −10 √ √
= 82 + 162 = 320
23 B y = x2 + 1 29 D {(x, y) : y ≤ 2x + 3}
dom [−2, 1] → range [1, 5] √
A (1, 4) : 4 < 5
√
B (−1, 1) : 1 = 1
24 D x3 + 2x − 8 = 0 1 1 1 √
Use calculator: C ,3 : 3 < 4
2 2 2
y

1 1 1
4

2
D (− , 2 ) : 2 > 2 X
-2 -1 1 2 3 x 2 2 2 √
-2

-4 E (2, 5) : 5 < 7
-6

-8

30 B y = k + 2x − x2
-10

Solution is between 1 and 2.

If the graph touches the x-axis then
25 D f (x) = x(x − 2) ∆ = 0:
∴ f (−3) = (−3)(−5) = 15 ∆ = 4 + 4k = 0, ∴ k = −1

26 A x2 + y2 − 11x − 10y + 24 = 0 31 C Perpendicular lines have gradients

Circle cuts the y-axis at M and N so which multiply to −1 :
x=0
kx + y − 4 = 0, ∴ y = 4 − kx
y2 − 10y + 24 = 0
x+3
∴ y2 − 10y + 25 = 1 x − 2y + 3 = 0, ∴ y =
2
y − 5 = ±1
!
∴ 1
∴ (−k) = −1, ∴ k = 2
∴ y = 4; 6 2

Distance between M and N is 2 32 A y = x2 + k and y = x

27 B Distance between (−4, −3) and ∴ x2 + k = x

(−5, −10)
p ∴ x2 − x + k = 0
= (−4 − (−5))2 + (−3 − (−10))2
√ √
= 1 + 49 = 5 2 For 1 solution ∆ = 0:
1
∆ = 1 − 4k = 0, ∴ k =
28 D y = x2 + 4x − 3 cuts the line 4
y = 4 − 2x at 33 C Circle with centre at (−4, 2):
x2 + 4x − 3 = 4 − 2x ∴ (x + 4)2 + (y − 2)2 = r2
Circle touches the y-axis so r = 4:
∴ x2 + 6x − 7 = 0 ∴ x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 − 4y + 4 = 16
∴ (x + 7)(x − 1) = 0 ∴ x2 + 8x + y2 − 4y + 4 = 0

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 34 A 2x − y + 3 = 0 has gradient = 2. 39 E 2xy − x2 − y2
If ax + 3y − 1 = 0 is parallel, its = −(x2 − 2xy + y2 )
gradient = 2
∴ 3y = 1 − ax = −(x − y)2

1 − ax 40 C x2 − x − 12 ≤ 0
∴ y=
3
a ∴ (x − 4)(x + 3) ≤ 0
∴ − = 2, ∴ a = −6
3 Upright parabola so − 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
√
35 B f (x) = 4 − x2 has max. dom. 1
[−2, 2] 41 C f (x) = x(x − 1)
2
∴ f (x) − f (x + 1)
36 C f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 4
1 1
= x(x − 1) − x(x + 1)
!
3
=2 x + x+2
2
2 2
2 x
! = ((x − 1) − (x + 1))
3 9 23 2
=2 x+ x+ + x
2 16 16 = (−2) = −x
!2 2
3 23
=2 x+ +
2 8 42 C 2x2 − 2 ≤ 0
23
Range = [ , ∞) ∴ x2 ≤ 1, ∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
8
 !2 
37 D P(x) = x − kx − 10kx + 25
3 2 1
43 A f (x) = −2  x −
 
− 3
2
P(2) = 8 − 4k − 20k + 25 = 9 !2
1
∴ 24k = 24, ∴ k = 1 =6−2 x−
2
Inverted parabola so max. value = 6
38 E f (x) = x2 − 7x + k
f (k) = k2 − 7k + k = −9
∴ k2 − 6k + 9 = 0
∴ (k − 3)2 = 0, ∴ k = 3
∴ f (x) = x2 − 7x + 3
∴ f (−1) = 1 + 7 + 3 = 11

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 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a x2 + y2 + bx + cy + d = 0
At (−4, 5), 16 + 25 − 4b + 5c + d = 0
∴ 4b − 5c − d = 41 (1)
At (−2, 7), 4 + 49 − 2b + 7c + d = 0
∴ 2b − 7c − d = 53 (2)
At (4, −3), 16 + 9 + 4b − 3c + d = 0
∴ −4b + 3c − d = 25 (3)

b Using a CAS calculator.

Change the number of equations to 3 and change the variables to b, c, d

The calculator yields b = −2, c = −4 and d = −29

Therefore the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y − 29 = 0

2 a x2 + y2 + bx + cy = 0 (1)
At (4, 4), 16 + 16 + 4b + 4c = 0
∴ 32 + 4b + 4c = 0
∴ 4c = −4b − 32
∴ c = −b − 8 (2)

b To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0 in equation (1),

∴ x2 + bx = 0
∴ x(x + b) = 0
∴ x = 0 or x = −b

c i To find the y-axis intercept, let x = 0 in equation (1),

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 ∴ y2 + cy = 0
∴ y(y + c) = 0
∴ y(y − b − 8) = 0 from (2)
∴ y = 0 or y = b + 8

ii The circle touches the y-axis when there is one y-axis intercept, i.e. when
b + 8 = 0, or b = −8.
√
3 a For f (x) = a − x, the maximal domain is x ≤ a.
√
b At the point of intersection, a−x= x
∴ &a − x = x2
∴ x2 + x − a = 0
√
1 + 4a
−1 ±
Using the general quadratic formula, x = .
2
Since the range off (x) is [0, ∞), the point of intersection of the graphs of y = f (x)
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
and y = x is , .
2 2
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
c When , = (1, 1),
2 √ 2
−1 + 1 + 4a
=1
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 2
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 3
∴ 1 + 4a = 9
∴ 4a = 8
∴ a=2
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
d When , = (2, 2),
2 √ 2
−1 + 1 + 4a
=2
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 4
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 5
∴ 1 + 4a = 25
∴ 4a = 24
∴ a=6

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  −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
e When , = (c, c),
2 √ 2
−1 + 1 + 4a
=c
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 2c
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 2c + 1
∴ 1 + 4a = (2c + 1)2
∴ 1 + 4a = 4c2 + 4c + 1
∴ 4a = 4c2 + 4c
∴ a = c2 + c

4 a C = 3500 + 10.5x

b I = 11.5x

c I and
I = 11.5x
C

3500 C = 3500 + 10.5x

0 3500 x

d I =C
∴ 11.5x = 3500 + 10.5x
∴ x = 3500

e P = I −C P
P = x – 3500
= 11.5x − (3500 + 10.5x)
= x − 3500
P = profit 3500 x

–3500

f P = 2000
∴ x − 3500 = 2000 ∴ x = 5500
5500 plates must be sold for a profit of $2000 to be made.

5 a V = 45 000 + 40m

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 b 45 000 + 40m = 55 000
10 000
∴ m= = 250
40
250 min = 4h 10 min
The pool will reach its maximum capacity after 4 hours 10 minutes.

c V
(litres)
55000

45000

250 m (minutes)
6 a When t = 10, V = 20 × 10 = 200 litres.

b For uniform rate, the gradient of the graph is given by the rate.
Hence, a = 20
When t = 10, V = 200 and b = 15
Thus V = bt + c gives
200 = 15 × 10 + c, ∴ c = 50

20t

 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
V=

and 190
15t + 50 10 < t ≤


3
190
Note: d = as 15t + 50 = 1000
3
⇒ 15t = 950
190
⇒ t=
3
c V
(litres) (63.3, 1000)

200

10 t (minutes)

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 7 a For rectangle, length = 3x cm, width = 2x cm, area = 6x2 cm2
1
b Side length of square = (42 − 10x)
4
1
= (21 − 5x) cm
2
!2
1
Area of square = (21 − 5x)
2
= (10.5 − 2.5x)2 cm2

c 0 ≤ 10x ≤ 42
∴ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.2

d AT = 6x2 + (10.5 − 2.5x)2

25 2 105 441
= 6x2 + x − x+
4 2 4
49 2 105 441
= x− x+
4 2 4
!
49 2 4 105 4 441
= x− × x+ ×
4 49 2 49 4
 !2 
49  2 30 15 225 441 
= x − x + − + 
4  7 7 49 49 
!2
49 15 49 216
∴ AT = x− + ×
4 7 4 49
 !2 
 49 15
∴ AT =  + 54 cm2 , or : A = (12.25x2 − 52.5x + 110.25) cm2

x−
4 7

e AT

(4.2, 105.84)
110.25

15
, 54
7
x

f Maximum total area = 110.25 cm2 (area of rectangle equals zero)

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 49 2 105 441
g x − x+ = 63
4 2 4
49 2 105 441 252
∴ x − x+ − =0
4 2 4 4
49 2 105 189
∴ x − x+ =0
4 2 4
∴ 49x2 − 210x + 189 = 0
∴ 7(7x2 − 30x + 27) = 0
∴ 7(7x − 9)(x − 3) = 0
9
∴ x= or x = 3
7
9 27 18
When x = , the rectangle has dimensions 3x = ≈ 3.9 and 2x = ≈ 2.6,
7 7 ! 7
1 9 51
i.e. 3.9 cm × 2.6 cm, and the square has dimensions 21 − 5 × = ≈ 7.3,
2 7 7
i.e. 7.3 cm ×7.3 cm.
When x = 3, the rectangle has dimensions 3x = 9 and 2x = 6,
1
i.e. 9 cm × 6 cm, and the square has dimensions (21 − 5 × 3) = 3,
2
i.e. 3 cm × 3 cm.
1
8 y=− (x + 10)(x − 20), x ≥ 0
10
1
a When x = 0, y=− (10)(−20)
10
= 20m, the height at the point of projection.

b When y = 0, x = 20 m, the horizontal distance travelled, (x , −10 as x ≥ 0).

1 2
c y=− (x − 10x − 200)
10
1
= − (x2 − 10x + 25 − 225)
10
1
= − (x − 5)2 + 22.5
10
When x = 5, y = 22.5 m, the maximum height reached by the stone.

9 a If height = x cm, width = (x + 2) cm, length = 2(x + 2) cm

A = 2x(x + 2) + 2x × 2(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) × 2(x + 2)
= 2x2 + 4x + 4x2 + 8x + 4x2 + 16x + 16
= 10x2 + 28x + 16

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 b i When x = 1, A = 10(1)2 + 28(1) + 16
= 10 + 28 + 16
= 54 cm2

ii When x = 2, A = 10(2)2 + 28(2) + 16

= 40 + 56 + 16
= 112 cm2

c 10x2 + 28x + 16 = 190

∴ 10x2 + 28x − 174 = 0
∴ 2(5x2 + 14x − 87) = 0
∴ (5x + 29)(x − 3) = 0
−29
∴ x= or 3
5
But x > 0, ∴ x = 3cm

d A = 10x2 + 28x + 16
A

16

0 x

e V = 2(x + 2)x(x + 2)
= 2x(x + 2)2
= 2x(x2 + 4x + 4)
= 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x

f 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x = 150

∴ 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150 = 0

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 P(0) = −150 ,0
P(1) = 2(1)3 + 8(1)2 + 8(1) − 150
= −132 ,0
P(2) = 2(2)3 + 8(2)2 + 8(2) − 150
= 16 + 32 + 16 − 150
= −86 ,0
P(3) = 2(3)3 + 8(3)2 + 8(3) − 150
= 54 + 72 + 24 − 150 =0

∴ (x − 3) is a factor of 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150

When V = 150, x = 3

2x2 + 14x + 50

x − 3 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150
2x3 − 6x2
14x2 + 8x − 150
14x2 − 42x
50x − 150
50x − 150
0

∴ 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150 = (x − 3)(2x2 + 14x + 50)

But 2x2 + 14x + 50 , 0
as ∆ = 196 − 400
= −204 < 0
∴ x=3

g The answer can be found using a CAS calculator.

Input Y1 = 2X∧ 3 + 8X∧ 2 + 8X and Y2 = 1000.
The point of intersection is (6.6627798, 1000). Therefore the volume of the block is
1000 cm3 when x = 6.66, correct to 2 decimal places.

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 10 a i A = 10y + (y − x)x
= 10y + yx − x2

ii P = 2y + 20 + 2x
= 2(y + 10 + x)

b i If P = 100
100 = 2(y + 10 + x)
∴ 50 = y + 10 + x
∴ y = 40 − x
∴ A = (10 + x)(40 − x) − x2
= 400 + 30x − x2 − x2
= 400 + 30x − 2x2

ii A = −2(x2 − 15x − 200)

!
225 225
= −2 x − 15x +
2
− 200 −
4 4
 !2 
15 1025 
A = −2  x −

∴  − 
2 4 
15 2 1025
= −2(x − ) +
2 2
1025 2
∴ maximum possible area = m
2
= 512.5 m2

iii A > 0 and y > 0 and x ≥ 0 and y − x ≥ 0

Considering the last inequality, y≥x
∴ 40 − x ≥ x
∴ x ≤ 20
As x ≥ 0, the largest possible domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 20.

iv A 1 1
7 2 , 512 2
(cm2)
(0, 400)
(20, 200)

0 x (m)

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 11 a Let: AT (m2 ) be the total area of the window.
AT = (2x + y)(3x + 2y)
= 6x2 + 7xy + 2y2

b Let AW (m2 ) be the total area of the dividing wood.

AW = xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + y2 + y2
= 7xy + 2y2

c i Area of glass, AG = 1.5

∴ 6x2 = 1.5
3 1 1
∴ x2 = × =
2 6 4
1
∴ x = or 0.5 (as x ≥ 0)
2

ii Area of wood, Aw = 1
∴ 7xy + 2y2 = 1
1 1
As x = , 7 × × y + 2y2 − 1 = 0
2 2
7
∴ 2y2 + y − 1 = 0
2
∴ 4y + 7y − 2 = 0
2

∴ (4y − 1)(y + 2) = 0
1
∴ y= or y = −2
4
1
But y > 0, ∴ y = = 0.25
4

12 a h(3) = −4.9(3)2 + 30(3) + 5

= −4.9(9) + 90 + 5
= −44.1 + 95 = 50.9
The drop will be at a height of 50.9 m after 3 seconds.

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 b −4.9t2 + 30t + 5 = 5
∴ −4.9t2 + 30t = 0
∴ t(30 − 4.9t) = 0
∴ t = 0 or 30 − 4.9t = 0
∴ 4.9t = 30
∴ t ≈ 6.12
The drop will be back at the spout height after approximately 6.12 seconds.
−b
c Turning point at x= h(t) (3.06, 50.92)
2a
−30 300
= =
2(−4.9) 98
150 5
=
49
≈ 3.06 0 6.285 t
! !2 !
150 150 150
h = −4.9 + 30 +5
49 49 49
2495
= ≈ 50.92
49
p
−30 ± (30)2 − 4(−4.9)(5)
d When h(t) = 0, t=
2(−4.9)
√
900 + 98
−30 ±
=
−9.8
−30 ± 31.59
≈
−9.8
−61.59 1.5.9
≈ or ≈ 6.285 or − 0.162
−9.8 −9.8
But as t ≥ 0 t = 6.285
It will take a drop of water 6.285 seconds to hit the ground.

13 a height = 7 cm, breadth = x cm, length = (x + 5) cm

b V = 7x(x + 5)
= 7x2 + 35x

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 c S = 7x + 7x + 7(x + 5) + 7(x + 5) + x(x + 5)
= 14x + 14x + 70 + x2 + 5x
= x2 + 33x + 70

d
V V = 35x + 7x2
and S S = x2 + 33x + 70

70

0 t

e Let S = V, ∴ x2 + 33x + 70 = 7x2 + 35x

∴ 6x2 + 2x − 70 = 0
√
−2 ±4 − 4(6)(−70)
∴ x=
12
√
−2 ± 1684
=
12
−2 ± 41.0366
=
12
= −3.59, 3.25
But x≥0
∴ V = S when x = 3.25, correct to 2 decimal places.

f Let S = 500, ∴ x2 + 33x + 70 = 500

∴ x2 + 33x − 430 = 0
∴ (x − 10)(x + 43) = 0
∴ x = 10 or x = −43
But x ≥ 0, ∴ x = 10

1+7 3+7
!
14 a Midpoint of AC = , = (4, 5)
2 2
7−3 4 2
Gradient of AC = = =
7−1 6 3
−1 −3
Gradient of a line perpendicular to AC = 2 =
3
2

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 Equation of perpendicular bisector of AC
−3 −3x
y−5= (x − 4) = +6
2 2
∴ 2y + 3x = 22

b i When x = 0, y = 11 B (0, 11)

∴ B has coordinates (0, 11)
M (4, 5)

D (x, y)

ii x = 2 × 4 − 0 = 8 B (0, 11)
Y
y = 2 × 5 − 11 = −1 C (7, 7)
D has coordinates (8, −1)
M (4, 5)

A (1, 3)
D

c Area = length AC × length BM

√ √
= 62 + 42 × 42 + 62
√ √
= 52 × 52
= 52 units2

1
d Area ∆ABC = area of the rhombus
2
= 26 units2
1
Area ∆ABC = BC × AY
2
2 × 2b
So AY =
BC
52
= √
72 + 42
52
= √
65
≈ 6.45
The length of AY (the perpendicular distance of A from BC) ≈ 6.45 units.

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 300
15 a Let x hours be the time for the first journey, ∴ V = .
x

The time for the second journey = (x − 2) hours

300
∴ V +5=
x−2
300 300
∴ +5=
x x−2
!
300
∴ + 5 (x − 2) = 300
x
600
∴ 300 + 5x − − 10 = 300
x
∴ 5x2 − 600 − 10x = 0
∴ 5x2 − 10x − 600 = 0
∴ 5(x2 − 2x − 120) = 0
∴ (x − 12)(x + 10) = 0
∴ x = 12 or x = −10
But x ≥ 0, ∴ x = 12
300
∴ V= = 25
12
The speed of the train travelling at the slower speed is 25 km/h.

b Let tA minutes be the time it takes tap A to fill the tank, and tB minutes be the time it
takes tap B to fill the tank. tB = tA + 15
When the taps are running together, it takes 33 13 minutes to fill the tank.
Let RA units/min be the rate of flow of tap A, and RB units/min be the rate of flow of
tap B.

100 100
Volume to be filled = RA + RB
3 3
volume to be filled
RA =
tA
volume to be filled
RB =
tB

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 Let V be the volume to be filled.
100 V 100 V
V= × + ×
3 tA 3 tB
3 1 1
∴ = +
100 tA tA + 15
∴ 3(tA + 15)tA = 100(tA + 15) + 100tA
∴ 3tA2 + 45tA = 200tA + 1500
i.e. 3tA2 − 155tA − 1500 = 0
√
155 ± 42025
tA =
6
155 ± 205 −25
∴ = = 60 or
6 3
Tap A takes 60 minutes to fill the tank by itself.
Tap B takes 75 minutes to fill the tank by itself.

c Let x cm be the length of a side of a square tile.

Let A be the floor area of the hall.

Then A = 200x2
and A = 128(x + 1)2
∴ 200x2 = 128x2 + 256x + 128
∴ 72x2 − 256x − 128 = 0
∴ 8(9x2 − 32x − 16) = 0
∴ 8(9x + 4)(x − 4) = 0
−4
∴ x= or x = 4
9
But x ≥ 0, ∴x=4
The smaller tiles are (4 × 4) cm2 and the larger tiles are (5 × 5) cm2 .

16 a 4(x + 2x + h) = 400
∴ 3x + h = 100
∴ h = 100 − 3x

b V = x × 2x × h
= 2x2 (100 − 3x)

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 c When V = 0, 2x2 (100 − 3x) = 0
100
∴ x = 0 or x =
3
100
Now V > 0, ∴0<x<
3
d V
(cm3)

0 100 x (cm)
3

e i On a CAS calculator, set f 1=2x∧ 2(100-3x) and f 2=30 000. The points of
intersection are (18.142, 30 000) and (25.852, 30 000), correct to 3 decimal
places. Thus volume is 30 000 cm3 when x = 18.142 or x = 25.852, correct to 3
decimal places.

ii Repeat e i, using f 2 = 20 000. Volume is 20 000 cm3 when x = 12.715 or

x = 29.504, correct to 3 decimal places.

f Vmax = 32 921.811 cm3 when x = 22.222

g i S = 2(x × 2x + x × h + 2x × h)
= 2(2x2 + x(100 − 3x) + 2x(100 − 3x))
= 2(2x2 + 100x − 3x2 + 200x − 6x2 )
= 2(300x − 7x2 )
= 600x − 14x2

ii On a CAS calculator, sketch f 1 = 600x − 14x∧ 2.

45000 150
S max = cm2 when x =
7 7
h Sketch f 1=600x − 14x∧ 2 and f 2=2x∧ 2(100 − 3x) on a CAS calculator. The points
of intersection are (3.068, 1708.802) and (32.599, 4681.642). Therefore S = V when
x ≈ 3.068 or x ≈ 32.599.
19 69
17 a Use a CAS calculator This yieldsgives a = = 7.6 × 10−5 , b = − =
250 000 2500
233
0.0276, c = = 2.33 and d = 0.
100
Therefore the function which passes through the given points is
y = (7.6 × 10−5 )x3 − 0.0276x2 + 2.33x.

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 b y = (7.6 × 10−5 )x3 − 0.0276x2 + 2.33x + 5

c On a CAS calculator, sketch f 1=19/250 000x∧ 3 − 69/2500x∧ 2+2.33x. The largest

deviation from the x-axis is 57.31 metres, perpendicular to the x-axis and correct to
2 decimal places.
3
18 a The equation of BC is y = x−4
4
4 4 20
b The equation of AD is y − 6 = − (x − 5) = − x +
3 3 3
4 38
∴ y=− x+ or 3y + 4x = 38
3 3
3
c D is on the lines y = x − 4 and 3y + 4x = 38
4
3
Substituting y = x − 4 into 3y + 4x = 38 gives
4
!
3
3 x − 4 + 4x = 38
4
9
∴ x − 12 + 4x = 38
4
25
∴ x = 50
4
∴ 25x = 200
∴ x=8
3
∴ y = (8) − 4
4
=6−4
=2
The coordinates of D are (8, 2).
p
d Length of AD = (8 − 5)2 + (6 − 2)2
√
= 25
= 5units

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 e Area of ∆ABC = 2 × area of ∆ABD
1
= 2 × × BD × AD
2
p
= (8 − 0)2 + (2 − (−4))2 × 5
√
= 5 64 + 36
√
= 5 100
= 50 square units

19 a i 2y + 6x + 4x = 500
∴ y + 5x = 250
∴ y = 5(50 − x)

ii V = x × x × y
= x2 × 5(50 − x)
= 5x2 (50 − x)

b V
(cm3)

0 50 x (cm)
c Domain = (0, 50)

d Sketch f 1=5x∧ 2(50 − x) and f 2=25 000 on a CAS calculator. The points of
intersection are (11.378 052, 25 000) and (47.812 838, 25 000).
Therefore V = 25000 for x = 11.38 and x = 47.81, correct to 2 decimal places.

e Use a CAS calculator to yield the coordinates (33.333 331, 92 592.593). Therefore
the maximum volume is 92 592.59 cm3 when x = 33.33, correct to 2 decimal places.
When x = 33.333 . . . , y = 5(50 − 33.333 . . .) ≈ 83.33.

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