DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

1 Preliminary Data
i) Height of RW
ii) Soil Density
iii) SBC

iv) Angle of repose

v) Surcharge Angle

vi) Coefficient of friction

vii) Surcharge Load

2 Pressure Coefficients
Active Pressure Coefficients
i)
=(cosӨ-√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø)*cosӨ) / (cosӨ+√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø))

Passive Pressure Coefficients

ii)
= (1+SinØ) / (1+SinØ)

3 Preliminary Dimensions

i) Thickness of Stem
ii) Thickness of footing base slab
Length of base slab
iii)
or

iv) Extra Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge

v) Total Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge

vi) Extra Height of RW due to inclined back fill

vii) Total Height of RW due to inclined back fill

viii) Depth of Fondation

ix) Design Height of RW considered H = Max of H1 & H2

4 Stability against Overturning

i) Active pressure due Surcharge Load
ii) Active pressure due Backfill Load
 iii) Total Load on stem

iv) Overturning Moment

v) Load

W1 Backfill Load = (L-ts)*(h-tb)*γs

W2 Surcharge Load = Ca*Ws*h
W3 Inclined Backfill Load = ((L-ts)*hi)/2*γs
W4 Stem self weight = ts*(h-tb)*γconc
W5 Base self weight = L*tb*γconc
W6 Downward component = Pa*sinӨ
W6 Other Load
∑W

vi) Distance of Resultant Vertical Force from end of heel

vii) Stabilizing Moment

viii) Factor of Safety against OVERTURNING

(FS)OT = 0.9 * (Mr/Mo) 5.12

5 Stability against Sliding

i) Sliding Force
ii) Resisting Force

iii) Factor of Safety against SLIDING

(FS)SL=0.9*(F/(Pa*CosӨ)) 2.59

Shear Key not required

iv) Shear key Design

x
a) Shear Key Size
y
b) Distance from stem z
c) Heigth of exacavation h1
d) Heigth of exacavation h2 = h1 + y + (z * tanØ)
e) Passive Pressure Pp = Cp*γs*(h12-h22) / 2

v) Revised Factor of Safety against SLIDING

(FS)sliding = 0.9 * ((F+Pp)/(Pa*CosӨ))
Safe against Sliding

6 Soil Pressures at footing base

i) Resultant Vertical Reaction ∑W = R
 ii) Distance of R from heel Lr = (Mw+Mo)/R
iii) Eccentricity e = Lr- L/2
Eccentricity lies within middle third of the base hence OK

iv) Pressure Distridution on soil qmax = R/L * (1+(6*e/L))

qmin = R/L * (1-(6*e/L))
Max Pressure qmax<SBC hence pressure on base is OK

Pressure at junction of stem and q =q -((q -q )/L)*t )

v) sh max max min
heel s

7 Limit State method

Design Constants
i) Grade of concrete
ii) Grade of steel

Design
i) Stem

a) Force

i) Force due to surcharge = (Ca*Ws*(h-tb)

ii) Dorce due to backfill = (Ca*γs*(h-tb)^2/2
∑Ws

iii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b)

iv) Thickness provided ts
Thickness of Stem is OK

v) Ast required Ast = 0.5 X fck/fy X (1-√(1-4.6Mu/fckbd2)

vi) Ast provided 16 mm dia
vii) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d)
Steel OK

Shear Force due to surcharge = (Ca*Ws*(h-ts-60))

ix)
Shear Force due to backfill = (Ca*γs*(h-ts-60)2/2)
x) Shear Stress ζv = SF/ (b*d)
xi) Shear Stress Allowable Refer IS-456 2000 Table 23 pg 84

Check for Shear

i) Max SF at junction ph=γs(H-tb)
ii) Ultimate SF SF=Vu
iii) Nominal Shear Stress ζv = SF/ (b*d)
iv) % of steel pt = Ast/(b*d)
 v) ζc (From IS Code)
Thickness of Stem is OK

Length of Toe Projection and thickness of stem

i) Length of Toe Projection Provide 0.75 to 1m

ii) Thickness of stem at base Equal to depth of base
iii) Thickness of stem at top Adopted

Development length(Ld) 752

i) Heel Slab
a) Force
i) Force due to backfill+surcharge = γs*(H-tb)*(Lb-L(toe)-L(st.btm))
ii) Force due to inclined backfill = γs * hi/2
iii) Self Weight of base slab = tb *25
Pressure Distribution @ baseof Rectangle
iv)
steem Triangle
∑Ws
Shear Force
Bending Moment
vi) Shear Stress = ζv = SF/ (b*d)
vii) Shear Stress Allowable
Shear OK

viii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b)

ix) Thickness provided ts

x) Ast required Mu=0.87fyAst(d-(fyAst/fckb))

xi) Ast provided 16 mm dia
xii) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d)
Steel OK
Development Length Ld=47*dia of bars

ii) Toe Slab

a) Force
i) Self Weight of base slab = tb *25
Pressure Distribution @ baseof Rectangle
ii)
steem Triangle
∑Ws
Shear Force
Bending Moment
vi) Shear Stress = ζv = SF/ (b*d)
vii) Shear Stress Allowable
Shear OK

viii) Ast required Mu=0.87fyAst(d-(fyAst/fckb))

ix) Ast provided 16 mm dia
x) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d)
Steel OK
Development Length Ld=47*dia of bars
GN OF RETAINING WALL

h 4.00 meters
γs 18 KN/cum
qo 200 KN/sqm
30 degrees
Ø
0.524 radians
0 degrees
Ө
0.000 radians
µ 0.6
Ws 0 KN/sqm

Ca 0.333

Cp 3.00

Proposed Adopted
ts - 0.20 meters
tb = 0.08 * (h + hs) 0.42 meters 0.45 meters
L = 1.5 * √(Ca/3) * (h + hs) 2.00 meters
3.00 meters
L = 0.6h to 0.65h 3.38 meters

hs = Ws/γs 0.00 meters

Hs = h+hs 4.00 meters

hi = (L-ts)* tanӨ 0.00 meters

Hi = h+hi 4.00 meters

Df=SBC/γsX ((1-sinØ)/(1+sinØ))2 1.23 meters

5.20 meters

Pa1 = Ca*Ws*h 0 KN
Pa2 = Ca*γs*h2 / 2 48 KN
 Pa = Pa1 + Pa2 48 KN

Mo= (Pa1 * h/2) +(( Pa2*CosӨ)* h/3) 64 KNm

Lever arm from end of stem Moment

179 KN (L-ts) / 2 1.40 meters 250 KNm

0 KN (L-ts) / 2 1.40 meters 0 KNm
0 KN (L-ts) / 3 0.93 meters 0 KNm
18 KN (L- (ts/2))/2 1.45 meters 26 KNm
34 KN L/2 1.50 meters 51 KNm
0 KN 0 KNm
0 KNm
230 KN ∑Mw 327 KNm

xw=∑Mw/∑W 1.42 meters

Mr =∑W * (L - xw) 364 KNm

> 1.4 Safe against Overturning

Pa*CosӨ 48 KN
F = µ*∑W 138 KN

> 1.4 Safe against Sliding

ey not required

x 0.00 meters
y 0.00 meters
z 0.00 meters
h1 0.00 meters
+ y + (z * tanØ) 0.00 meters
Cp*γs*(h12-h22) / 2 0 KN

2.59 > 1.4

st Sliding

∑W = R 230 KN
 (Mw+Mo)/R 1.70 meters
e = Lr- L/2 0.20 meters
ird of the base hence OK

107 KN/sqm
47 KN/sqm
pressure on base is OK

103 KN/sqm

20 MPa
415 MPa

Ru 2.76
xumax/d 0.479

Moment

0 KN/m 0 KNm
38 KN/m 107 KNm
38 KN/m ∑Ms 107 KNm

0.20 meters
0.20 meters

1-4.6Mu/fckbd2) 1834 sqmm

@ 100 mm c/c 2011 sqmm
1.31 %
K

0 KN
35 KN
0.25 N/sqmm
0.32 N/sqmm

86 KN
128 KN
0.29 N/sqmm
1.31 %
 0.32 N/sqmm

0.750 meters
0.450 meters
0.200 meters

mm

Liver Arm Moment

153.90 0.90 meters 138.51
0.00 0.90 meters 0
20.25 0.90 meters 18.225
-83.99 0.90 meters -75.58866
-36.18 0.60 meters -21.70584
53.99 ∑Moment 59 KNm
80.98
89.16
0.20764 N/sqmm
0.33 N/sqmm Refer IS-456 2000 Table 23 pg 84

0.180 meters Thickness of Stem

0.20 meters is OK

ckb)) 563 sqmm

@ 150 mm c/c 1340 sqmm Provide Distribution steel
t
= Ast/(b*d) 0.34 % 10 mm @ 150 mm c/c
K
752 mm

Liver Arm Moment

8.44 0.38 meters 3.1640625
-68.91 0.38 meters -25.84129688
-5.65 0.50 meters -2.82628125
-66.13 ∑Moment -26 KNm
99.19
38.26
0.25433 N/sqmm
0.33 N/sqmm Refer IS-456 2000 Table 23 pg 84

ckb)) 238 sqmm

@ 200 mm c/c 1005 sqmm Provide Distribution steel
t
= Ast/(b*d) 0.26 % 10 mm @ 150 mm c/c
K
752 mm
fck fy
20 415
25 500
30

Mu d Ast
89.16 450 563.411578161
Solving
x 563.4116
f(x) 0

Mu d ast
89.16 450 238.0703765527
Solving
x 238.0704
f(x) 0.000