Steel structures

Dr. Mohamed Ghannam

Structural engineering department
Faculty of engineering
Mansoura University

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Tension members

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 y
u
v
Design of tension member
1-Stiffeness condition
This condition saves the member from sagging x x
L/i ≤ 300, i = (I/A)0.5
For one equal angle iv = 0.2a
u v
For two equal angle ix = 0.3a y
For one unequal angle with leg ratio(1:1.5) iv = 0.14b
For one unequal angle with leg ratio(1:2) iv = 0.1b
For two unequal angle with leg ratio(1:1.5) ix = 0.28a
For two unequal angle with leg ratio(1:2) ix = 0.26a
For two equal star shape iv = 0.385a
Where L = member length , i = radius of gyration , a= smaller leg
length , b = larger leg length
So by this equations we could find relation between the length of the
leg (a)or (b) and the length of that member 3
2-Construction condition
This condition is for members connected using bolts
a ≥ 3D + t
where a = the length of the leg connected by bolt , D = Diameter of
bolts , t = angle thickness

1.5*D
D
1.5*D

t
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3-Selection of section
A(gross) = design force/ (0.85*Fall)
Where A(gross) = the gross area of the designed member , Fall = the
allowable tension stresses
Fall = 0.58Fy if the design force is from case(A) or
= 0.58Fy*1.2 if the design force is from case(B)

The factor 0.85 is used only when the designed member is connected
using bolts because it is assumed that the bolt cut 15% of the total area
of the member that is subjected to a tension force
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4-Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area
Fact = actual stress
Area = net area incase of member connected by bolt or gross area in
case of member connected using welding
Anet for symmetrical section as two angle connected by bolts = Agross -
Ahole
Ahole= (D +clearance)*t*number of holes
Anet for un symmetrical section as one angle connected by bolts =
Areduced
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Example(1)
Design force = 25t , the length of the member = 300cm , the steel used
(37) , use bolt M16 in the connections , use two equal angle
1-Stiffeness condition
This condition saves the member from sagging
L/ix ≤ 300 ix = 0.3a
a ≥ 300/(0.3*300) ≥ 3.33 cm
2-Construction condition
a ≥ 3D + t
a ≥ 3*1.6 + 0.7 < 5.5
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3-Selection of section
A(gross)= 25/(0.85*1.4) = 21 cm2
From table choose two equal angle 75*75*7 it’s actual area =10.1 cm2
4-Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area
Anet = 2*10.1 – 2*(1.6+0.2)*0.7 = 17.68 cm2
Fact=25/17.68= 1.41 t/cm2 > 1.4 t/cm2 unsafe , (try two angle no.
65*65*9)

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Example(2)
Design force = 25t , the length of the member = 300cm , the steel used
(37) , use welds in the connections , use two equal angle
1-Stiffeness condition
This condition saves the member from sagging
L/ix ≤ 300 ix = 0.3a
a ≥ 300/(0.3*300) < 3.33 cm
2-Construction condition
No construction condition

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3-Selection of section
A(gross)= 25/(1.4) = 17.85 cm2
From table choose two equal angle 70*70*7 it’s actual area =9.4 cm2
4-Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area
Fact=25/(2*9.4)= 1.33 t/cm2 > 1.4 t/cm2 safe

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Example(3)
Design force = 6t , the length of the member = 360cm , the steel
used (37) , use bolts M16 in the connections use one equal angle
1-Stiffeness condition
This condition saves the member from sagging
L/iv ≤ 300 iv = 0.2a
a ≥ 360/(0.2*300) < 6 cm
2-Construction condition
a ≥ 3D + t
a ≥ 3*1.6 + 0.7 < 5.5
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3-Selection of section
A(gross)= 6/ (0.85*1.4*0.6) = 8.4 cm2
From table choose one equal angle 65*65*7
A=8.7 cm2
4-Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area
AReduced = A1+A2(3*A1/(3*A1+A2)
A1=6.5*0.7-(1.6+0.2)*0.7=3.29 cm2 A2=(6.5-0.7)*0.7 = 4.06 cm2
AReduced=6.16 cm2
Fact=6/6.16= 0.973 t/cm2 < 1.4 t/cm2 safe , uneconomic (try a
smaller angle) 13
Example(4)
Design force = 6t , the length of the member = 360cm , the steel used
(37) , use welds in the connections use one equal angle
1-Stiffeness condition
This condition saves the member from sagging
L/iv ≤ 300 iv = 0.2a
a ≥ 360/(0.2*300) < 6 cm
2-Construction condition
There is no construction condition
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3-Selection of section
A(gross)= 6/ (1.4*0.6) = 7.14 cm2
From table choose one equal angle 60*60*6
A=6.91 cm2
4-Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area
AReduced = A1+A2(3*A1/(3*A1+A2)
A1=6*0.6 =3.6 cm2 A2=(6 - 0.6)*0.6= 3.24 cm2
AReduced=6.092 cm2
Fact=6/6.092= 0.949 t/cm2 < 1.4 t/cm2 safe , uneconomic(try a
smaller angle) 15
Other shapes of sections:
Check stress for the
following section?

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Check the tension stress for the box section shown in the following
figure. The section is subjected to tension force of 75 t (Case B), The
member is connected using bolted connection (M16)

4 bolt M16 t =10 mm

150 mm

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Check for stress
Fact = design force/Area ≤ Fall
Fact = N/ Anet
4 bolt M16 t =10 mm
Anet = Agross - Ahole
Agross = 152-132 = 56 cm2
Ahole= 4 (1.6 +0.2)*1 = 7.2
150 mm
Anet = 56 - 7.2 = 48.8 cm2
Fact = 75/ 48.8 = 1.536< 1.2 (1.4( safe)

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