ABSTRACT:-

The objective of this paper was to design, fabricate and experimentally

investigate the working of Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump (PPCP) which used
in small drinking water supply and garden irrigation. PPCP consists of a
centrifugal pump operated by pedal power. The centrifugal pump is positioned
on its stand in such a way that driven shaft of the centrifugal pump is butted to
the bicycle wheel. By pedaling the bicycle, the bicycle wheel rotates, thereby
rotating the centrifugal pump which in turns discharges water from the sump.
PPCP provides drinking water and irrigation in remote areas where electricity is
not available. PPCP is not only free from pollution but also provide healthy
exercise. PPCP reduces the rising energy costs. PPCP is designed as a portable
one which can be used for irrigation in various places. The experimental
investigation was executed and performance of the PPCP was carried out at
different rpm. The results indicate that the PPCP had given a considerable
amount of discharge and head. The PPWP requires only manual power thereby
reducing the utility bill considerably. Experimental result shows that discharge
of about 0.0025m3/sec can be obtained for around 140rpm.

Keywords: - Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump, Discharge.

FABRICATION OF PEDAL OPERATED

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INTRODUCTION

This project provides an overview of water pumping. The required water

output and the water sources, and depth and type of construction will influence
the choice of pump. Pumps that rely on suction cannot lift water from depths of
more than 6–7 ft. It has been found that if the water is further below than this,
the pump works by pressing up the water and, thus, needs to be positioned
below ground level sufficiently close to the water table, or submerged in the
water. Seasonal variations in water level and water needs must be taken into
account when selecting a pump. All pumps wear with time, and the amount and
rate of wear greatly affects the pump's efficiency. This means that maintenance
is very important. The range of available energy options is of decisive
importance in the choice of a suitable pump. In the absence of a power grid,
factors, such as the price and reliability of the supply of diesel fuel, and wind
regime characteristics will greatly influence the overall performance and
economy.

The idea of pumping water has been in existence since the evolution of
man. Pumping plays a very pivotal role in the day to day existence of mankind
and as a result, different methods have evolved over the years to pump or
displace water. Water supply has been a very critical issue, mostly affecting the
rural areas. Water is one of nature’s most important gifts to mankind. It is one of
the most essential elements to good health and as such, it should be readily
available to everybody. To address this problem, different methods and
techniques have been used over the years ranging from man-powered operated
ones down to the more efficient one.
Water is a colourless, transparent, odourless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas,
lakes, rivers and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organism. Our
ancestors built many of their villages and towns near springs and rivers so that
they could get water easily. There is evidence around the world of early peoples
using pipes and ditches for moving water to where people lived. They were also
digging deep wells and making dams to collect and store water.
PUMPS:

A centrifugal pump is oneof simplest rotating equipment in any process

plant. Centrifugal pump may be single stage (one impeller) or multistage
(multiple impeller) and can be horizontal split or barrel type or vertical type.
Higher the delivery/discharge pressure required more the number of impellers
will be needed. In centrifugal pump energy is imparted to the fluid in form of
velocity or kinetic energy and which is then converted into pressure energy of
the fluid that is being pumped. This form of energy change occurs by virtue of
two main parts of the pump. First the rotating part impeller imparts kinetic
energy to the fluids and then the stationary part diffuser or volute converts
kinetic energy of the fluid into pressure energy. All the forms of energy
involved in a fluid flow system are expressed in terms of Head or height of
liquid column discharged by the pumps.

Principle: The process liquid enters through the suction nozzle of the pump and
then into eye (centre) of the impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the
liquid in the space between the vanes and throws outward in the volute and
provides centrifugal acceleration. As the liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a
low-pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow at the inlet. Because the
impeller blades/vanes are of curve shape, the liquid is pushed in a tangential and
radial direction by the centrifugal force. The energy created by the centrifugal
force is kinetic energy and proportional to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of
the impeller. The higher the RPM of the impeller or bigger the size of the
impeller, higher will be the velocity of the liquid and greater kinetic energy will
be imparted to the liquid. This kinetic energy of the liquid leaving the impeller
is then harnessed by creating a resistance to the flow. The pump volute or
diffuser creates the first resistance and then in the discharge nozzle where it gets
further de-accelerated and the kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy
according to Bernoulli’s principle. Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of
height of liquid column) developed shall be approximately equal to the kinetic
energy imparted at the periphery of the impeller. In axial flow pumps the
principal of working is different as volute and diffusers are not there, so Kinetic
energy imparted by impeller gets converted partially into pressure and partially
it remains in same form.

Impeller: This is the main rotating parts of the pump that imparts the
centrifugal acceleration to the fluid. Impellers may be classified in many ways.
For example:
 According to the direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation of
the shaft:
a) Axial flow.
b) Radial flow.
c) Mixed flow.
 According on suction type.
 a) Single suction.
b) Double suction.
 According to mechanical construction of vanes.
a) Closed vane type
b) Open vane type
c) Semi open type.

Different Types of Impellers:

Wear ring / Casing ring: Wearing ring provide easy and economically
renewable relative movement joint between the impeller and the casing and to
protect the damage of impeller or casing in that area. OEM generally
recommends the clearances between the casing wear ring and impeller wear
rings and if these clearances exceeds, pump efficiency will be lowered and
abnormal vibration increase will be some of the consequences.

Axial thrust of a Centrifugal pump: In centrifugal pumps, the impeller is

surrounded by fluid at different pressure at different locations in the casing. This
variation in pressure on the surface of the impeller during running condition
creates axial hydraulic thrust, which is the summation of unbalanced impeller
forces in the axial direction. In case of multistage pump if all the impeller
suction faces are in the same direction the total theoretical axial thrust acting
towards the suction end of the pump will be sum of the individual impeller’s
thrust in that direction. There are various methods which can be employed to
counter balance this hydraulic axial thrust in multistage pumps. Some times
more than one technique is used to take advantages of these methods. These are
as below: -Provision of balance drum/balance stepped drum -Provision of
balancing disc -Provision of combination balancing disc-drum -Provision of
impeller back side wearing ring and balancing hole -Provision of double suction
impeller -Provision of fixing of impellers in back to back configuration In single
stage pumps, additional balancing devices are seldom used. Big single stage
pumps are generally designed with double suction impellers and smaller pumps
are provided with provision of balancing holes, back side wear rings etc. The
residual thrust is taken care by the thrust bearings. Multistage pumps are
generally built with single suction impellers however some manufacturer’s uses
double suction impeller in first stage of the pump assembly. Single suction
impellers may be mounted on shaft and each impeller suction eye facing in the
same direction and its stages are arranged one after another in an ascending
order of pressure and the total axial thrust is balanced by hydraulic balancing
devices. But in this type of assemblies the resultant axial thrust is generally very
high and a big size balancing device is needed along with suitably big thrust
bearing. However, this type of assemblies is easy to make and require lesser
grades of skill in maintenance. More efficient, more balance multistage pumps
are made with impellers fixed in tandem up to middle stage and then in reverse
direction again in tandem up to final stage. Combination of two tandems in back
to back neutralizes the axial thrust and resultant axial thrust is minimum and can
be taken by the nominal size thrust bearing. These types of assemblies are
requiring exact calculations and skilled group to assemble. Manufacturer makes
arrangement of interstage connections in such a way that no out side lines are
required to be connected. Impeller dimensions and weights of each stage is very
critical for such type of assemblies and casing designs become very difficult.
CHARACTERISTIC OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

The key performance parameters of centrifugal pumps are capacity, head, BEP
(Best Efficiency Point) and specific speed. The pump curves provide the
operating window within which these parameters can be varied for satisfactorily
pump operation. End user supplies the data of the requirements and
manufacturer makes the pump to full fill the requirement of the end user. Basic
requirements and manufactured product performances are plotted on the graph
and the intersecting points are known as rated capacity. This graph of plots of
performance of pump is known as performance curves or characteristic curves
of the pump. Inability to deliver the desired flow and head is one of the most
common conditions for making a pump out of service. Many times when the
pumps are opened with low or no delivery conditions but on opening no fault is
observed. In such conditions, there are three type of problem which mostly
encountered are: -Design error -Poor process operation -Poor maintenance
practices. These problems can be identified when the current performance of the
pump is judged against the characteristics of the pump. The deteriorated
parameter shall be further analysed and then the problem shall be settled. The
performance of any pumping system can be marked in terms of its capacity or
flow (Q) and pressure (head).The variation curves of capacity versus pressure of
a particular pump are known as pump performance curve. The plot starts at zero
flow and the head at this point corresponds to the shut off head of the specific
pump. The curve then decreases to a point where the flow is maximum and the
head is minimum. This point is called run-out point. The pump curve is
relatively flat and the head decreases gradually as the flow increases. Beyond
the run-out point, the pump cannot operate. The pump’s range of operation is
from the shut-off head point to the run-out point.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

In this project, design and construction of pedal operatedwater pump,

which used in small irrigation and gardenirrigation. The pedal operated pump
can be constructusing local material and skill. A water system includesa
Centrifugal pump operated by pedal power. Thepump stand includes a housing
in which a foot pedaland a drive shaft rotate. It works on the principle
ofcompression and sudden release of a tube by creatingnegative pressure in the
tube and this vacuum createddraws water from the sump. This bicycle
pedaloperated pumps water at 2-3 gallons per minute fromwells and boreholes
up to 23 in feet depth. Provide sirrigation and drinking water where electricity is
notavailable. They can be built using locally availablematerials and can be
easily adapted to suit the needs oflocal people. They free the user from rising
energycosts, can be used anywhere, produce no pollution andprovide healthy
exercise. Energy is the primary andmost universal measure of all kind of work
by humanBeing and nature. Everything what happen in the worldin the
expression of flow of energy is one of its forms.

The development of an improved pedal powered water pump machine

was undertaken with the intention of providing a simple cost solution to the
problem of delivery of ground water with relatively less effort. This project
analyses the development of an improved pedal powered water pump for rural
use. This development was prompted due to the need for pumping systems that
does not use electricity as its power source in under developed area. The system
is composed of a reciprocating pump powered by pedalling. The pedal power is
being transmitted to the pump via a chain drive. Based on this design, the pump
has a cylinder bore of 56cm and a speed stroke of 60 stroke/ minutes. The
3
results of the test carried out showed that the pump discharge was 0.0016 m /s
at a head of 20m using a driving torque of 29.5 Nm with estimated efficiency of
90% which is fairly a good enough result for a pedal operated pumping system.
It can be used for irrigation and drinking water purposes. It is more productive
operated pumping system and is time saving.

By using electric operated Centrifugal pumps we can pump the water are
a sub-class of dynamic axis symmetric work-absorbing machinery. Electrical
operated Centrifugal pumps are used to convert rotational kinetic energy to the
hydrodynamic energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy comes from
electric device like motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along o to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radials in chamber
outward into volute chamber, from where it exits. Common uses include
petroleum, water bodies, and petrochemical pumping. The function of the
centrifugal pump is converting potential energy of water pressure into
mechanical rotational energy.

Pump curves related to the flow rate and pressure (head) developed by the
pump at different impeller sizes and RPM. The centrifugal pump operation
should confirm to the pump curves supplied by the manufacturer.

The bicycle pedal powered pump can be constructed using local materials
and skill. A water system includes a reciprocating pump powered/ operated by
bicycle pedal and a driven the reciprocating piston. It works on the principle of
compression and sudden release of a tube by creating negative pressure in the
tube and this vacuum created draws water from the sump. This bicycle pedal
operated pumps water at high rate from well and borehole. Pedal powered
reciprocating water pump provides drinking water and irrigation in remote area
where electricity is not available. Pedal powered reciprocating water pump is
not only free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise. Pedal powered
reciprocating water pump reduces the rising energy costs. Pedal Powered
reciprocating water Pump is designed as portable one which can be used for
irrigation in various places. It consists of a reciprocating pump operated by
pedal power. The reciprocating pump is positioned on it stand in such a way that
driven piston shaft of the reciprocating pump is butted to bicycle sprocket. By
pedalling the bicycle, the bicycle sprocket rotates; thereby make the
reciprocating pump to discharges water from the sump
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Pedal Powered Centrifugal Pump (PPCP) is an eco-friendly water pump.

The PPCP works on mechanical energy without electricity. PPCP provides
drinking water and irrigation in remote areas where electricity is not available.
PPCP is not only free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise. PPCP
reduces the rising energy costs. PPCP is designed as a portable one which can
be used for irrigation in various places. PPCP consists of a centrifugal pump
operated by pedal power. The centrifugal pump is positioned on its stand in such
a way that driven shaft of the centrifugal pump is butted to the bicycle wheel.
By pedalling the bicycle, the bicycle wheel rotates, thereby rotating the
centrifugal pump which in turns discharges water from the sump.

Atul.P.Ganorkar, K.S.Zakiuddin, H.A.Hussain conducted an experiment

on “Development of pedal operated water pump”. Their machine consists of
three subsystems namely (1) Energy Unit : Comprising of a suitable peddling
mechanism, speed rise gear pair and Flywheel conceptualized as Human
Powered Flywheel Motor (HPFM) (2) Suitable torsion ally flexible clutch and
torque amplification gear pair and (3) a water pump unit. Though human
capacity is 0.1hp continuous duty, the processes needing power even up to 6.0
hp can be energised by such a machine concept.

Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays. The liquid formulations of

pesticide are explained by Pedro and Lagos either diluted (with water, oil) or
directly are applied in small drops to the crop by different types of sprayers.
Usually the EC formulations, wet able powder formulations are diluted suitably
with water which is a common carrier of pesticides. In some cases however, oil
is used as diluent or carrier of pesticides. The important factors for spray
volume consideration are: The volume of spray liquid required for certain area
depends upon the spray type and coverage, total target area, size of spray
droplet and number of spray droplets.

Das and Nag explained that use of electric operated centrifugal pumpfor
pumping the water are a sub-class of dynamic axis symmetric work-absorbing
machinery. Electrical operated Centrifugal pumps are used to convert rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the liquid flow. The rotational
energy comes from electric device like motor. The fluid enters the pump
impeller along o to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radials in chamber outward into volute chamber, from where it exits. Its
Common uses include petroleum, water bodies, and petrochemical pumping.
The function of the centrifugal pump is converting potential energy of water
pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

Bryan Leehas prepared a conceptually “Simple water pump” that will be

easy to maintain and repair using basic tools while providing enough water flow
to irrigate a small plot of farmland. The report outlines the design process that
has been followed and a description of the agreed model that is to be
constructed, cost analysis and timeline.

Vishal Garg, NeeleshKhandare, Gautam Yadav conducted an experiment

on “Pedal powered water pump”. They use lobe type rotary pump. They found
pedal operated pump can be construct using local material and skill. This
bicycle pedal operated pumps water at 2-3 gallons per minute from wells and
boreholes up to 23 in feet depth. Provides irrigation and drinking water where
electricity is not available. They can be built using locally available materials
and can be easily adapted to suit the needs of local people. They free the user
from rising energy costs, can be used anywhere, produce no pollution and
provide healthy exercise. Open Journal of Technology & Engineering
Disciplines (OJTED) Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2016, pp. 25~39 ISSN: 24

Ademola Samuel Akinwonmi, Stephen Kwasi Adzimah, Fredrick

Oppong conducted an experiment on “Pedal powered centrifugal pump for pure
water supply device”. This paper analyzes the design of a pedal powered
purified water supply device to be used by local dwellers. It works on the
principle of compression and sudden release of a tube by creating negative
pressure in the tube and this vacuum created draws water from the sump into the
pump while rollers push the water through to the filter where adsorption takes
place to purify the water. The design analysis shows that one revolution of the
pedal gives 1.1 litres of water. This design will reduce the labour, cost and
weariness caused by transporting and sanitizing drinkable water for use in the
homes of Ghanaian villages. Bryan Lee has prepared a conceptually “Simple
water pump” that will be easy to maintain and repair using basic tools while
providing enough water flow to irrigate a small plot of farmland. The report
outlines the design process that has been followed and a description of the
agreed model that is to be constructed, cost analysis and timeline.

Ganorkar ,K.S.Zakiuddin, H.A.Hussain “Development of pedal operated

water pump”. design and fabrication of pedal operator recipocating water
pump Pumps are a common means of lifting water from a clean ground water
source Here we use the foot pedal pump, powered by our legs instead of arms to
lift the o It is used for to achieve manual operated water pumping non
automated by Patent US5772405 - Water system with a pedal powered -
Google 30 Jun 1998 A water system includes a reciprocating pump
operated by pedal power. Search · Images · Maps · Play · YouTube · News ·
Gmail · Drive · More The pumpstand includes a housing in which a
foot pedal and a drive shaft rotate. Manual use of foot pedals 18 will still be
required to start the pumping development of an improved pedal powered water
pump - IJSER.org of 90% which is fairly a good enough result for a pedal
operated pumping system.

KEYWORDS: Piston, Pump; Water-borehole; Manual-Pedalling; Sprockets.

M.Serazul Islam, M.ZakariaHossai and M.AbdulKhadir conducted an

experiment on “Design and development of pedal pump for low lift irrigation”.
A study was undertaken to design and construct a low-lift pedal pump for use in
small irrigation project areas. For this purpose, different types of piston valves
and check valves were constructed and tested at different suction heads in the
laboratory to evaluate their performances. During pedal pump operation, less
input power was needed and it can be operated by one adult man for a long time
(more than 2 hours) continuously without being tired. Efficiency of the pump
was 46.53 percent against a head of 1.65 m. The Open Journal of Technology &
Engineering Disciplines (OJTED) Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2016, pp.

Pedal pump can be constructed using local materials and skill. It would be
suitable to irrigate small and fragmented land holdings, especially to pump
water from a shallow depth (up to 2 m) to irrigate small plots like vegetables
and seed beds with less physical effort. Larry Gilg discloses a novel application
for a standard bicycle trainer and simple water pump to pump water at flow
rates of 2 to 6 GPM while developing pressures from 4 to 17 PSI. This is a
bicycle powered pump, which allows the use of a standard bicycle to be
mounted in a trainer and used to power the pump. When finished pumping, the
bicycle may be quickly released from the trainer to be used in its normal
transportation mode. The trainer can fit most 700c, 650c, 20", 24", 26", and 29"
and be adjusted so that the bike is level during operation. Patent related to water
lifting with pedal powered reciprocating pump is cited out. The concept is very
useful for low head irrigation purposes for small farmers. This invention relates
to water distribution systems, and more particularly, to distribute systems
powered by human power. An attempt has been made to develop a manually
operated centrifugal jet pump. The pump can lift water from a water table even
at a depth of 16.8 m. The pump can lift water to a height of 15.2 m provided.
This pump can offset the need to dig a hole into the ground and fix a
conventional centrifugal pump for lifting groundwater. Traditional water lifting
devices like Don, Swing basket has long been used in our country and those are
low cost and simple in operation. They are inefficient and are not capable of
lifting water when suction head is more than one meter. Other water lifting
devices like treadle pump, rower pump, wheel pump, diaphragm pump, blower
pump etc are still not popular due to their low efficiencies and discharges, short
service-lives, high frictional losses and also due to the mechanical troubles.
Usually these devices are very laborious to operate and the operators suffer from
various health hazards. Nobody can work at much over 1/5th hp for very long
time. According to the survey report, many users of these devices complain
about their health problem like muscle pain, reduced body weight, weakness
and fever. So the user demands to get a better technology, which requires less
manual power and mechanical troubles. Hence to make the existing techniques
more user-friendly and uncomplicated more intensive studies are required.

In the July-2011 issue of IEEE Spectrum, a detailed study and analysis of

pedal power energy generation, its usage, feasibility, and economics is
presented. The power is produced from the exercise bikes used in gyms by
means of a small generator. This article presents a case where in it looks at the
overall feasibility of including the pedal power technology in the mainstream.
Besides all these studies available in the literature, many other applications can
be developed using pedal power such as generators, washing machines, farm
and factory applications, blenders and many other applications. One such
attempt is made in this work to use pedal power as a source for generating
electricity and also for water pumping. Performance analysis of fabricated unit
is carried out.

COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATION

1. Regenerative turbine pump Power: 0.5 hp Impeller diameter: 5cm Outlet

diameter: 22mm Inlet diameter: 17mm
2. Pulley Diameter: 05cm Material: Grey cast iron
3. Belt Type: V type Material: Polyester cord B112
4. Bearing Type: Deep grove ball bearing
5. Shaft Material: Mild steel
6. Stand Material: Mild steel
7. Nut & Bolt
8. Inlet pipe Material: Plastic
METHODOLOGY

The mechanism consists of single centrifugal pump which is fixed with

the rear wheel bicycle. Paddling for just a minute for just a minute or two is
enough to pump 30-40 liters of water to a height of 100 feet. Our project could
prove helpful for rural areas. Which are facing load shedding problem? It can be
used mainly for irrigation and water drawing water from wells and other water
bodies. This is a centrifugal water pump which is run by rotating the pedal of a
cycle. The system comprises a bicycle, rim, impeller, pulley and inlet and
delivery pipes. A wheel is connected to another pulley with a smaller diameter
the final supporting shaft is connected with an impeller through this process of
paddling is used to lift water from a pipe into the form for cultivation. This
innovation is useful for pumping water from river, ponds, wells and similar
water sources thus enabling poor formers for pumping water for irrigation and
cultivation. We drive a bicycle by using a paddling the wheel of the bicycle
rotates a particular rpm. And thiswheel rotates the impellers of the centrifugal
pump by sliding action between wheel and pulley but the rpm of the wheel is
very low so we can’t get require head and power effort on the paddling is low so
we can use the pulley which is mounted on the shaft of the pump andcreate the
high rpm by using less power. In process operations, liquids and their movement
andtransfer from place to place, plays a large part in theprocess. Liquid can only
flow under its own powerfrom one elevation to a lower elevation or, from a
high-pressure system to a lower pressure system. The flowof liquid is also
affected by friction, pipe size, liquidviscosity and the bends and fittings in the
piping.To overcome flow problems, and to move liquidsfrom place to place,
against a higher pressure or to ahigher elevation, energy must be added to the
liquid.To add the required energy to liquids, we use ' PUMPS'. A pump
therefore is defined as ' A machine used toadd energy to a liquid '. Pumps come
in many types andsizes. The type depends on the function the pump is toperform
and the size (and speed) depends on theamount (volume) of liquid to be moved
in a giventime.
DESIGN CALUCATIONS:

The main components of the machine include parts of the transmission

unit (bicycle), pump unit and piping unit; the bicycle unit consist of chain drive,
sprocket, pedal, gear, bicycle frame and wheel while the pump unit is made up
of pump cylinder, piston, connecting rod, cylinder cap, seal, sprocket, rotating
disc, shaft, bearing, bolt and nut, hub, pump frame, adjuster and column stand
while the piping system consist of the inlet and the outlet valves. The pump is
powered by bicycle pedal. The isometric view of the developed pedal powered
water pump is shown in Fig. below
The chains are made up of number of rigid links which are hinged together by
pin joints in order to provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping round the
driving wheels. These wheels have projecting teeth of special profile and fit into
the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain. The toothed wheels are
known as sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. The sprockets and the chain are
thus constrained to move together without slipping and ensures perfect velocity
ratio. The velocity ratio determined from the equation given by

V.R = 𝑁1𝑁2 = 𝑇2𝑇1

Where,
N1 = Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in rpm,
N2 = Speed of rotation of larger sprocket in rpm,

T1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket and

T2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket.

Given that T1 = 18 and T2 = 45.

However, velocity ratio is 2.5 ≅ 3

The number of chain links K is given by
K = 𝑇1+𝑇2/2 + 2𝑥𝑝 + 􁉀𝑇2−𝑇12π􁉀P² 𝑝𝑥 (2)
Where,
T1= Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket,

T2= Number of teeth on the larger sprocket,

p = pitch of the chain and 𝒙 =centre distance

The pitch of the chain to be used for this design is obtained from the
Characteristics of Roller Chains According to IS: 2403-1991 which is 08.

Given that T1 = 18, T2 = 45, p = 1.27cm and 𝑥 = 50cm.

Therefore, the number of chain links K is 111

The length of chain (L) is the product of the number of chain links (K) and the
pitch of the chain (P)
L = K × P (3)
Given that K = 111 and p = 1.27cm.
However the length of chain is 140mm
The power transmitted by the chain is given by:
Design power = Rated power × service factor (4)
Service factor 𝐾𝑠 = 𝐾1 × 𝑘2 × 𝑘3

Where,
K1 =Load factor,
k2= Lubrication factor and
k3= Rating factor:
Given that K1 = 1, k2= 1.5 and k3 =1.5.
Therefore, Ks is 2.25 and Design power is 1800W
The torque required for driving the pump during pedalling is obtained by:
The power transmitted from pedal to the pump is given by

P = 2π𝑁𝑇/60 (5)
Where,
N = speed of the pump during manual pedalling and T= torque required to drive
the pump. Given that P = 1800w, π= 3.142, N = 80. Therefore T = 214.7Nm
The torque generated by human pedalling is obtained by:
Recall that the power transmitted from pedalling to the pump is given by
P = 2π𝑁𝑇/60
Where,
N = pedalling speed and T = torque developed by pedal
The rated for healthy human being is approximately 250 watts [5]. Hence, P =
250W, π = 3.142, N= 250. Therefore torque generated by human pedalling is
29.84Nm
We know that pitch circle diameter of the smaller sprocket or pinion and the
pitch circle diameter of the largest sprocket or gear

𝑑1 = p cosec (180/𝑇1) and 𝑑2 = p cosec (180/𝑇2)

𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒,
p = pitch and
𝑇1 = number of teeth on the smaller sprocket or gear and
𝑇2= number of teeth on the larger sprocket.
Given p = 12.7, 𝑇1= 18 and 𝑇2= 45.
Therefore 𝑑1= 0.073m and 𝑑2 = 0.182
Therefore, pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket

𝑉1 = 𝜋𝑑1𝑁1/60

𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑑1 = diameter of the smaller sprocket,
𝑁1= speed rotation of the smaller sprocket:
Given
π = 3.142, 𝑑1 = 0.073m and
𝑁1= 80 rpm.
Hence 𝑉1 = 0.31 m/s
The load on the chain is designed as follows,

Load on the chain W = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟/𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Where,
pitch line velocity 𝑉1 = π𝑑1𝑁160 = 0.30m/s and
rated power = 800w.
Therefore
Load on the chain is 2580𝑁

The machine developed when subjected to discharge volume of water

3 3
ranging from 0.02m to 0.06m at time of 20seconds to 60seconds respectively as
shown in Table 2. As the time of discharge increases the volume of water
discharge increases as well. Even though, the system is energy consuming,
pedalling is recommended for individuals as a form of exercise to burn calories
in the body. This prompts the use of treadmills and bicycles for this purpose.
From the results obtained, using pedal powered water pump at places where
wells and bore holes are very deep and to fetch water manually is cumbersome
and strenuous is suggested. Also, at a higher level it can be used for irrigation
and drinking water purposes. For pumping more water, electric pump is needed,
but where electricity is not available pedal-powered water pump can be of great
use.
The first step of making PPCP is the preparation of the stand. GI square
pipes are made into sufficient pieces and are welded together to get the stand.
The stand is then connected with the back wheel of the bicycle. By considering
the wheel and rotor shaft space the centrifugal pump is connected with the stand
by using the nut and bolts. The suction and delivery pipes are then connected to
the suction and delivery ports respectively Manual priming of the centrifugal
pump is done next. By pedalling the Rpm of the rotor shaft is measured using
tachometer. The flow rate of water is measured by using measuring tank and
stop watch.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF PEDAL OPERATED WATER
PUMP

 Motor used= 0.5 HP

 Minimum rpm required for impeller shaft = 450 to 1000 rpm
 Rpm available in rear wheel = 150 to 450 rpm
 Diameter of cycle rim= 0.5m
 Circumference of cycle rim= 3.14X0.5
 Diameter of pump pulley = 0.07 m
 Circumference of pump pulley=3.14x0.06
 Therefore,
 Ratio between rim & pump pulley=1/10
 Minimum height that can pump water= 5 ft

PROCESS OF FABRICATION

1. The first step of making power operated water pump is the preparation of
the stand.
2. Scarp mild steel pipes are made into sufficient pieces and are welded
together to get the stand. The stand is then connected with the back wheel
of the bicycle.
3. The stand is then connected with the back wheel of the bicycle.
4. By considering the wheel and rotor shaft space the regenerative turbine
pump is connected with the stand by using the nut and bolts.
5. The suction and delivery pipes are then connected to the suction and
delivery ports respectively.
6. Manual priming of the centrifugal pump is done next.
7. By pedalling the Rpm of the rotor shaft is measured using tachometer.
8. The flow rate of water is measured by using measuring tank and stop
watch.
WORKING PRINCIPLE :
 Pumps are a common means of lifting water from a clean ground water
source to a useful point of access, but all pumps have moving parts and are
therefore destined to break proper selection of a pump will reduce undesirable
downtime and will empower the local community to manage their water source.
Here we use the foot pedal pump, powered by our legs instead of arms to lift the
water from a depth range of seven meters. Throughout history human, energy
has generally been applied through the use of the arms, hands, and back. With
minor exceptions, it was only with the invention of the sliding-seat rowing shell,
and particularly of the bicycle, that legs also began to be considered as a normal
means of developing power from human muscles.

A person can generate four times more (1/4 horse power (hp)) by
pedalling than by hand –cranking. At the rate of 1/4hp, continuous pedalling can
be done for only short periods, about 10 minutes. However, pedalling at half this
power (1/8 hp) can be sustained for around 60 minutes. The main use of pedal
power today is still for bicycling at least in the high- power range (75 watts and
above of mechanical power). In the lower-power range there are a number of
use of pedal power for agriculture, construction, water pumping, and electrical
generation that seem to be potentially advantages, at least when electrical or
internal-combustion engine power is unavailable or very expensive.
 As in our project pump shaft is connected with the pulley and the pulley
is connected with the cycle rim with the help of v-belt. When we pedal the
bicycle then the backwheel rotates which rotates the pump shaft. Thus, rotating
the impeller and rotating impeller creates vacuum at the inlet area and that leads
to suction of water from the sump and rotating impeller also increase the kinetic
energy and pressure of the water and discharge the water.

ADVANTAGES
1. It is used for to achieve manual operated water pumping non-automated
by simple mechanism.
2. Its operation and maintenance is very simple.
3. It is compact and portable.
4. It is simple and rigid in construction.
5. Manufacturing cost is lesser than modern water pumping machine.
6. It provides better speed changes method on the driving unit.
7. Power saved and good exercise for all people.

1. Single person is enough to operate this efficiently to pump the water from the
sump..
2. Easy and efficient handling of this unit without wastage of water or damage
to unit, pump and to any other parts.
3. Low maintenance cost and life of equipment also increased..
4. Least maintenance of the equipment.
5. Need not require any individual work place.
6. Can be worked in the work spot
7. Suited for pumping water for 5 feet to 10 feet depth.
8. It requires no Electricity.
9. It can also be used to generate power.
1.It is renewable as well as sustainable. As it is needed till the human existence
on this planet and the ultimate source is the human himself.
2. Pedal renewable is cost-effective so everyone can access to its advantages.
There is only need to set pedal with crank system attached to the drive.
3. It is pure energy zero percent carbon emission so clean and healthy
surroundings.
4.It keeps the body system well and increases the efficiency level if used to a
certain extent. Excess use of anything is bad for health.
5. It does not harm the socio-political benefits as it is the personal property
of every individual.
6.The conventional centrifugal pump needs either electricity or diesel engine,
but the present innovation works on pedaling.
This is a non-polluting and environment friendly device. Since it is made of
commonly available materials and

costs less. It is affordable to common people. It requires less maintenance

Minimum input energy is required to get the maximum output of water. This
device can be transported easily from one place to another.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Manual power required to operate.

2. The time taken for discharging the water is more when compared to power
unit.
3. It cannot be used for more than 50 feet depth.

APPLICATIONS
1. This device find place in almost all industries.
2. By using this device, the water can be pumped up to 20 feet height.
3. Used as exercise kit.
4. For irrigation
5. For transferring water from one place to another
 6. For pesticides spraying

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The backflow in the new symmetric reflux holes presents a relatively

stable flow structure, which greatly improves the asymmetric flow situation in
the volute and especially reduces the vortex flow.

The symmetric backflow structure provides a more uniform pressure

distribution, which can reduce the pressure pulsation and improve the pump
working stability. The axial force of the impeller can be greatly reduced by the
symmetry flow near the new reflux holes. This can increase the service life of
the bearings and reduce the possibility of risk of axial force.

Performance curves

The three-dimensional unsteady flow of the pump under various

operating conditions was numerically simulated. The predicted pump
performance curves were compared to the experimental data. As shown
in Figure 4, good agreement between the simulation and experiment results was
obtained. The largest head deviation under various flow rates was less than 5%,
which indicates that the numerical calculation method was acceptable and could
be used for the further research.

Pressure fluctuation analysis

 The calculation results showed that the pressure fluctuation intensity of
all the monitoring points decreased to some extent, and the largest decrease
occurred at monitor P9. Figure 7 shows the time-domain diagram of monitors
P9, which records data for two impeller rotation cycles. The trend of pressure
fluctuation on both reflux holes is consistent, which shows periodic pulse. It has
two peaks and two valleys and the same number of blades. However, the
pressure pulsation intensity of the improved pump is significantly low. Figure
8 shows the frequency-domain diagram obtained by the FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform). It can be seen that there are mainly two harmonics in the frequency
domain, including blade passing frequency 96.67 Hz and double blade passing
frequency 193.34 Hz. It is obvious that the blade passing frequency is the most
critical one. It was also observed that the largest pressure pulsation amplitude of
the pump is lesser than that of the model pump, and it increases from 0.0539 to
0.0357, with a decline of 33.8%.

Analysis of axial force

Figure shows the changing of the impeller axial force over time in two
impeller rotation cycles. It can be found that the axial force of the impeller is
greatly reduced in the pump with the new reflux hole. The average and
maximum value is reduced by 47.1% and 45.1%, respectively. Obviously, its
improved effect is considerable, and large pumps can't ignore the axial force of
impellers.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The below Figure gives the variation of discharge with rotor shaft rpm of
Pedal power centrifugal pump. It is observed that the discharge increases
uniformly with the rpm. Experimental result shows that discharge of about
0.0025m3/sec can be obtained for around 140rpm. The variation in the obtained
plot is due to errors in observation and due to power transmission losses.
 Figure: Variation of Discharge with Rpm

Figure .shows the variation of head with discharge of PPCP. It is

observed that the head decreases uniformly with discharge. Experimental result
shows that head of 8m can be obtained with discharge of about 0.00007m3/sec.
The variation in the obtained plot is due to errors in observation and due to
power transmission losses.

Figure: Variation of Head with Discharge

CONCLUSION

This project focused on modelling, design and control of pedal operated

water pumping, with emphasis on lightweight, portable appliances. An
innovative method of minimizing manual stress and thus reliably stabilizing the
pumping was also presented. The project carried out by us made an impressing
task in the industrial purpose. It is very useful for the small-scale works
The whole study over the topic concludes over the fact that the bicycle
powered water pump is very advantageous especially for rural areas. The
problem of energy crises isvery big in India and by the help of this pedal
powered water pump (by use of this project) we can save electricity and also
supply the water in irrigation. We can operate a water pump by using bicycle
mechanism of the project and we can fill the water tank of housing, produce
power and get help in the construction work. When we drive a bicycle the wheel
of bicycle rotate so we can provide a pulley over the wheel. The pulley is
mounted on the shaft and the impeller of the pump rotates due to rotating of
wheel with rotation of pulley. So we can operate the pump and deliver the water
at a particular head. Pumps can be adapted to fit individual community needs. It
can also be placed in garden, both gardening & cycling can be done
simultaneously. We will try to operate the pump near best efficiency point.

The bicycle powered water pump is a very advantageous especially for

rural areas. The problem of energy crises is very big in Nigeria. By the use of
this manually pedal powered pump we save electricity and we supply the water
in irrigation and other agricultural uses. When we drive a bicycle the wheel of
bicycle are rotated so we can provide another chain over the wheel in which the
sprocket is mounted on the shaft containing the rotating disc and a piston rods
of the pump, the rotating disc rotate due to rotating of the wheel with rotation of
sprocket .So we operate the pump and deliver the water at a particular head,
create a simple and efficient way of pumping water, utilizing a human powered
bicycle for communities where electricity is not available or impractical,
isolated community with or without electricity in need of efficient water
pumping.

This project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task,
which has also been provided.
FUTURE SCOPE

In present scenario when the electricity as well as fuel crisis increases day
by day it become a great aspect without putting such amount of fuel &
electricity. The initial cost of the project is very low; mass production of this
project reduces the cost by half of times. In this project normal human effort is
required to work. Another great aspect of the future is that it is eco-friendly. It is
also easy to maintain. There are also such errors which can be reducing by
making such changes on the pump & transmission. There are some notable
efforts at devising human powered machines. In most cases these efforts are
being done in developing nations by international aid organizations orstudents.
A very interesting group is in Chennai. They have devised many pedal power
machines including corn grinders, nut sheller and wood saws. YouTube has
many videos of bicycle powered devices, most often showing ways to generate
electricity using a bicycle. That was one direction to work on but I wanted to
use the bicycle to drive a pump directly rather than to produce electricity to run
the pump.
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Published by Innovative System Design and Engineering