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Brachistochrone Problem THINGS TO TRY:
Foundations of Mathematics aleph1 + bet 4
Find the shape of the curve down which a bead sliding from rest and accelerated by gravity will slip (without friction) circle, diameter=10
Geometry
from one point to another in the least time. The term derives from the Greek (brachistos) "the shortest" groups of order 12
History and Terminology and (chronos) "time, delay."
Number Theory The brachistochrone problem was one of the earliest problems posed in the calculus of variations. Newton was
Probability and Statistics challenged to solve the problem in 1696, and did so the very next day (Boyer and Merzbach 1991, p. 405). In fact,
the solution, which is a segment of a cycloid, was found by Leibniz, L'Hospital, Newton, and the two Bernoullis.
Recreational Mathematics Johann Bernoulli solved the problem using the analogous one of considering the path of light refracted by
transparent layers of varying density (Mach 1893, Gardner 1984, Courant and Robbins 1996). Actually, Johann Tautochrone Problem
Topology Bernoulli had originally found an incorrect proof that the curve is a cycloid, and challenged his brother Jakob to find Ed Pegg Jr
the required curve. When Jakob correctly did so, Johann tried to substitute the proof for his own (Boyer and
Alphabetical Index
Merzbach 1991, p. 417).
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In the solution, the bead may actually travel uphill along the cycloid for a distance, but the path is nonetheless faster Brachistochrone
Random Entry Problem
than a straight line (or any other line). Okay Arik
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The time to travel from a point to another point is given by the integral
MathWorld Classroom Brachistochrones
(1) Michael Trott
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where is the arc length and is the speed. The speed at any point is given by a simple application of conservation Modeling a Simple
Send a Message to the Team of energy equating kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy, Roller Coaster
Erik Mahieu
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giving
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13,572 entries
(3)
Last updated: Wed Jul 22 2015
Created, developed, and Plugging this into (◇) together with the identity
nurtured by Eric Weisstein
at Wolfram Research
(4)
then gives
(5)
(6)
The function to be varied is thus
(7)
To proceed, one would normally have to apply the fullblown EulerLagrange differential equation
(8)
(9)
Computing
(10)
(11)
Squaring both sides and rearranging slightly results in
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
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which arelo and beholdthe equations of a cycloid.
If kinetic friction is included, the problem can also be solved analytically, although the solution is significantly
messier. In that case, terms corresponding to the normal component of weight and the normal component of the
acceleration (present because of path curvature) must be included. Including both terms requires a constrained
variational technique (Ashby et al. 1975), but including the normal component of weight only gives an approximate
solution. The tangent and normal vectors are
(16)
(17)
gravity and friction are then
(18)
(19)
(20)
and the components along the curve are
(21)
(22)
so Newton's Second Law gives
(23)
But
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
so
(28)
Using the EulerLagrange differential equation gives
(29)
This can be reduced to
(30)
Now letting
(31)
the solution is
(32)
(33)
SEE ALSO:
Calculus of Variations, Cycloid, Tautochrone Problem
REFERENCES:
Ashby, N.; Brittin, W. E.; Love, W. F.; and Wyss, W. "Brachistochrone with Coulomb Friction." Amer. J. Phys. 43, 902905, 1975.
Boyer, C. B. and Merzbach, U. C. A History of Mathematics, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1991.
Courant, R. and Robbins, H. What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods, 2nd ed. Oxford, England:
Oxford University Press, 1996.
Gardner, M. The Sixth Book of Mathematical Games from Scientific American. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 130
131, 1984.
Haws, L. and Kiser, T. "Exploring the Brachistochrone Problem." Amer. Math. Monthly 102, 328336, 1995.
Hayen, J. C. "Brachistochrone with Coulomb Friction." Int. J. NonLinear Mech. 40, 10571075, 2005.
Lipp, S. C. "Brachistochrone with Coulomb Friction." SIAM J. Control Optim. 35, 562584, 1997.
Mach, E. The Science of Mechanics. Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1893.
Phillips, J. P. "Brachistochrone, Tautochrone, CycloidApple of Discord." Math. Teacher 60, 506508, 1967.
Smith, D. E. History of Mathematics, Vol. 2: Special Topics of Elementary Mathematics. New York: Dover, p. 326, 1958.
Steinhaus, H. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd ed. New York: Dover, pp. 148149, 1999.
Wagon, S. Mathematica in Action. New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 6066 and 385389, 1991.
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. London: Penguin, p. 46, 1991.
Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha: Brachistochrone Problem
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Weisstein, Eric W. "Brachistochrone Problem." From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource.
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