%PROGRAM FOR BISECTION METHOD

clc; % clears the command window

clear all; % clears the workspace
f=input('give f(x)= '); % syntax for input
n=input('give no. of iterations, n= ');
c=1; % initialisation of while loop
while (c >= 0)
a=input('give a= ');
b=input('give b= ');
c=f(a)*f(b);
end;
for i=1:n
x(i)=(a+b)/2;
g=f(x(i));
if (f(a)*g < 0)
b=x(i);
else
a=x(i);
end;
disp(x(i));
end;

OUTPUT:
give f(x)= @(x)(x^3-x-1)
give no. of iteations, n= 8
give a= 1
give b= 2
1.5000
1.2500
1.3750
1.3125
1.3438
1.3281
1.3203
1.3242

SOLVER:
>> p=[1 0 -1 -1];
>> r=roots(p)
r = 1.3247
-0.6624 + 0.5623i
-0.6624 - 0.5623i
% program for false position method
clc; % clears the command window
clear all; % clears the workspace
f=input('give f(x)= '); % syntax for input
n=input('give no. of iterations, n= ');
c=1; % initialisation of while loop
while (c >= 0)
a=input('give a= ');
b=input('give b= ');
c=f(a)*f(b);
end;
for i=1:n
x(i)=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
if (f(a)*f(x(i))< 0)
b=x(i);
else
a=x(i);
end;
disp(x(i));
end;

Output:
give f(x)= @(x)(x^3-5*x+3)
give no. of iterations, n= 6
give a= 0
give b= 1
0.7500
0.6761
0.6604
0.6573
0.6568
0.6566

Solver:
>> p=[1 0 -5 3];
>> r=roots (p)
% program for successive approximation method
clc;
clear all;
f=input('give f(x)= ');
n=input('no. of iterations n= ');
c=1; % for initialising the while loop
while (c >= 0)
a=input('give intial assumption a= ');
b=input('give final assumption b= ');
c=f(a)*f(b);
end;
x0=(a+b)/2;
e=2;
while (e >=1)
phi=input('give phi(x)= ');
phid=input('give phi dash(x)= ');
e = abs(phid(x0));
end;
for i=1:n
x1=phi(x0);
disp(x1);
x0=x1;
end;

Output:
give f(x)= @(x)(x^3-x-1)
no. of iterations n= 5
give intial assumption a= 0
give final assumption b= 1
give intial assumption a= 1
give final assumption b= 2
give phi(x)= @(x)(x^3-1)
give phi dash(x)= @(x)(3*x^2)
give phi(x)= @(x)((1+x)/x^2)
give phi dash(x)= @(x)((-2/x^3)-(1/x^2))
give phi(x)= @(x)((1+x)^(1/3))
give phi dash(x)= @(x)((1/3)*(1+x)^(-2/3))
1.3572
1.3309
1.3259
1.3249
1.3248

Solver:
>> p=[1 0 -1 -1];
>> r=roots(p)
r = 1.3247
-0.6624 + 0.5623i
-0.6624 - 0.5623i
% Newton Raphson Method to find roots of given equation
clc;
clearall;
f=input ('give f(x)= ');
fd=input('give fdash(x)= ');
n=input('give no. of iterations n= ');
c=1; % initialisation to enter in while loop for first ti
while (c > 0)
a=input('give initial assumption a= ');
b=input('give final assumption b= ');
c=f(a)*f(b);
end;
x0=(a+b)/2;
for i=1:n
x1=x0-(f(x0)/fd(x0));
x0=x1;
disp(x1);
end;

Output:
give f(x)= @(x)(exp(x)*cos(x)-1.4)
givefdash(x)= @(x)(exp(x)*(cos(x)-sin(x)))
give no. of iterations n= 3
give initial assumption a= 0
give final assumption b= 1
0.4286
0.4335
0.4336

Solver:
>>syms x
>> p=(exp(x)*cos(x)-1.4);
>>root=solve(p)
root = .43356087535265770522790906547161
% Trapezoidal integration
clc;
clearall;
f=input('give f(x)= ');
x0=input('give initial limit,x0= ');
xn=input('give final limit,xn= ');
n=input('give steps,n= ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
for i=0:n
x(i+1)=x0+(i)*h;
y(i+1)=f(x(i+1));
end;
a=y(1)+y(n+1);
b=0;
for i=2:n
b=b+y(i);
end;
I=(h/2)*(a+2*b);
fprintf('integration I= %f \n',I)

Output:
give f(x)= @(x)(4*x+2)
give initial limit,x0= 3
give final limit,xn= 5
givesteps,n= 4
integration I= 36.000000

Solver:
>> x=(3:0.5:5);
>> I=trapz(x,4*x+2)
I = 36
%Program for Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
clc;
clearall;
f=input('Give f(x) = ');
x0=input('Give first limit, x0 = ');
xn=input('Give final limit, xn = ');
n=input('Give no. of steps that divisible by 2, n = ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
ans=0;
for i=1:n-1
if (mod(i,2)==0)
ans=ans+2*f(x0+(i*h));
else
ans=ans+4*f(x0+(i*h));
end;
end;
ans1=f(x0)+f(xn);
area=ans+ans1;
area=area*(h/3);
disp (area);

Output:
Give f(x) = @(x)(log(x+1)+sin(2*x))
Give first limit, x0 = 0
Give final limit, xn = 0.8
Give no of steps that divisible by 2, n = 8
0.7726

Solver:
>> f='(log(x+1)+sin(2*x))';
>> I=quad(f,0,0.8)
I =
0.7726
%Program for Simpson’s 3/8 Rule
clc;
clearall;
f=input('Give f(x) = ');
x0=input('Give lower limit, x0 = ');
xn=input('Give upper limit, xn = ');
n=input('Give no. of steps that is divisible by 3, n = ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
for i=1:n+1
x(i)=x0+(i-1)*h;
y(i)=f(x(i));
end;
ans=y(1)+y(n+1);
for i=1:n-1
if (mod(i,3)==0)
ans=ans + 2*y(i+1);
else
ans=ans + 3*y(i+1);
end;
end;
area=ans*(3*h/8);
disp (area);

Output:
Give f(x) = @(x)(4*x-1)
Give lower limit, x0 = 1
Give upper limit, xn = 4
Give no. of steps that is divisible by 3, n = 6
27

Solver:
>> f='4*x-1';
>> I=quad (f,1,4)
I = 27
% Program For Lagranges Interpolation
clc;
clearall;
n=input('enter total no. of data points, n= ');
x=input('enter x= ');
y=input('enter y= ');
xg=input('enter x for which y is unknown, xg= ');
yg=0;
for j=1:n
p=1;
q=1;
for k=1:n
if j~=k
p=p*(xg-x(k));
q=q*(x(j)-x(k));
end;
end;
L(j)=p*y(j)/q;
yg=yg+L(j);
end;
fprintf('at x=%f, y=%f',xg,yg);

Output:
enter total no. of data points, n= 5
enter x= [1 2 3 4 5]
enter y= [20 40 60 80 100]
enter x for which y is unknown, xg= 2.5
at x=2.500000, y=50.000000

Solver:
>> x=[ 1 2 3 4 5];
>> y=[20 40 60 80 100];
>>yg= interp1(x,y,2.5)
yg = 50
% Newton forward difference interpolation
x=input('enter all values for x=');
y=input('enter all values for y=');
n=input('enter total no. of data points n=');
xi=input('enter x for which y is unknown xi=');
h=x(2)-x(1);
u=(xi-x(1))/h;
for i=2:n
for j=1:(n-(i-1))
y(i,j)=y(i-1,j+1)-y(i-1,j);
end
end
r=y(1,1);
for i=2:n
d=y(i,1);
for k=0:(i-2)
d=d*(u-k);
end
d=d/factorial(i-1);
r=r+d;
end
disp(r);

output:
enter all values for x=[1 2 3 4 5]
enter all values for y=[10 20 30 40 50]
enter total no. of data points n=5
enter x for which y is unknown xi=1.5
15

Solver:
>> x= [1 2 3 4 5];
>> y= [10 20 30 40 50];
>> Y=interp1(x,y,1.5)
Y = 15
% Gauss Seidal Method to solve set of simultaneous equations
clc;
clearall;
n=input('enter no.of unknowns, n= ');
a=input('enter the set of eqn. in augmd. matrix form,a=\n ')
for i=1:n
x(i)=0;
end;
for k=1:5
for i=1:n
p=0;
for j=1:n
if i~=j
p=p+a(i,j)*x(j);
end;
end;
x(i)=(a(i,n+1)-p)/a(i,i);
fprintf('x(%d,%d)=%f \n',k,i,x(i));
end;
end;

Output:
enter no.of unknowns, n= 3
enter the set of eqn. in augmd.matrix form,a=
[4 1 1 5;1 6 2 19;-1 -2 -5 10;]
x(1,1)=1.250000
x(1,2)=2.958333
x(1,3)=-3.433333
x(2,1)=1.368750
x(2,2)=4.082986
x(2,3)=-3.906944
x(3,1)=1.205990
x(3,2)=4.267983
x(3,3)=-3.948391
x(4,1)=1.170102
Solver:
>> a=[4 1 1;1 6 2;-1 -2 -5];
>> b=[5; 19; 10];
>>linsolve(a,b)
ans =
1.1649
4.2887
-3.9485
% Program On straight Line equation
clc;
clearall;
n=input('enter total no. of data points ,n= ');
x=input('enter set of x= ');
y=input('enter set of y= ');
sx=0;
sy=0;
ssq=0;
sxy=0;
for i=1:n
sq(i)=x(i)*x(i);
xy(i)=x(i)*y(i);
sx=sx + x(i);
sy=sy + y(i);
ssq=ssq + sq(i);
sxy=sxy + xy(i);
end;
c=[n sxsy; sxssqsxy];
for j=1:3
c(2,j)=c(2,j)-(sx/n)*c(1,j);
end;
b=c(2,3)/c(2,2);
a=(sy-b*sx)/n;
fprintf('the reqd. equ of line that fits best to given point
%f + %f x \n' ,a,b);

Output:
enter total no. of data points ,n= 7
enter set of x= [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
enter set of y= [0.5 2.5 2 4 2.5 6 5.5]
the reqd. equ of line that fits best to given points is
y= 0.071429 + 0.803571 x
% program for least square approx. for fitting a second degr
equation
clc; clear all; close all;
n= input('total no. of data points, n= ');
x= input('enter array of x= ');
y= input('enter array of y= ');
sx=0; sy=0; sx2=0; sx3=0; sx4=0; sxy=0; sx2y=0;
for i=1:n
sx=sx + x(i);
sy=sy + y(i);
sx2=sx2 + x(i)^2;
sx3=sx3 + x(i)^3;
sx4=sx4 + x(i)^4;
sxy=sxy + x(i)*y(i);
sx2y=sx2y + (x(i)^2)*y(i);
end;
m=[n sx sx2 sy; sx sx2 sx3 sxy; sx2 sx3 sx4 sx2y];
for i=1:3
a(i)=0;
end;
for k=1:15
for i=1:3
p=0;
for j=1:3
if(i~=j)
p=p+m(i,j)*a(j);
end;
end;
a(i)=(m(i,4)-p)/m(i,i);
end;
end;
fprintf ('equation of given curve is \n y=%f + %f(x) +
%f(x^2)\n',a(1),a(2),a(3));

Output:
Solver:
>> x=[-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
>> y=[12 4 1 2 7 15 30];
>>polyfit(x,y,2)
ans =
2.1190 2.9286 1.6667
% Program on Euler’s method
clc;
clearall;
f=input('enter given function f= ');
x(1)=input('enter the x0= ');
xn=input('enter the xn= ');
y(1)=input('enter the y0= ');
h=input('enter the increment in x, h= ');
n=(xn-x(1))/h;
for i=1:n+1
x(i+1)=x(i)+h;
y(i+1)=y(i)+h*f(x(i),y(i));
fprintf('\n at x(%d)=%f value of y(%d)=%f',i+1,x(i+1),i+1,y(
end;

Output:
enter given function f= @(x,y)(x+2*y)
enter the x0= 1
enter the xn= 1.4
enter the y0= 1
enter the increment in x, h= 0.1
at x(2)=1.100000 value of y(2)=1.300000
at x(3)=1.200000 value of y(3)=1.670000
at x(4)=1.300000 value of y(4)=2.124000
at x(5)=1.400000 value of y(5)=2.678800

Solver:
Save .m file with name EULRsolver
functiondy=f(x,y)
dy=(x+2*y);
@ command window:
>> [x,y]=ode45('EULRsolver',[1:0.1:1.4],1)
x = 1.0000
1.1000
1.2000
1.3000
% PROGRAM FOR MODIFIED EULERS METHOD
clc;
clearall;
x(1)=input('Enter the value x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
y(1)=input('Enter the value of y0 = ');
f=input('Enter the function of yd, f = ');
h=input('Enter the value of h = ');
ac=input('Enter the value of accuracy, ac = ');
n=((xn-x(1))/h);
for i=1:n+1
x(i+1)=x(i)+h;
y(i+1)=y(i)+h*f(x(i),y(i));
e=1;
while (abs (e)>ac)
yc(i+1)=y(i)+(h/2)*(f(x(i),y(i))+(f(x(i)+h,y(i+1))));
e=yc(i+1)-y(i+1);
y(i+1)=yc(i+1);
end;
fprintf('\n At x=%f y=%f',x(i+1),y(i+1));
end;

Output:
Enter the value of x0 = 1
Enter the value of xn = 1.2
Enter the value of y0 = 2.2
Enter the function of yd, f = @(x,y)(sqrt(x+y))
Enter the value of h = 0.1
Enter the value of accuracy, ac = 0.0001
At x=1.100000 y=2.382753
At x=1.200000 y=2.573186

Solver:
Save .m file with name MODEULRsolver
functiondy=f(x,y)
dy= sqrt(x+y);
y = 2.2000
2.3828
2.5732
% PROGRAM FOR RUNGE KUTTA 2ND ORDER
clc;
clear all;
x(1)=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
y(1)=input('Enter the value of y0 = ');
f=input('Enter the function of yd , f = ');
h=input('Enter the value of h = ');
n=((xn-x(1))/h);
for i=1:n+1
x(i+1)=x(i)+h;
k1=h*f(x(i),y(i));
k2=h*f(x(i)+h,y(i)+k1);
dy=(k1+k2)/2;
y(i+1)=y(i)+dy;
fprintf('\n At x = %f, y = %f',x(i+1),y(i+1));
end;

Output:
Enter the value of x0 = 0
Enter the value of xn = 0.4
Enter the value of y0 = 1.2
Enter the function of yd , f = @(x,y)((x^2)/(2*y))
Enter the value of h = 0.2
At x = 0.200000, y = 1.201667
At x = 0.400000, y = 1.209970

Solver:
Save .m file with name RK2solver

functiondy=f(x,y)
dy=(x^2)/(2*y);

@ command window:
>> [x,y]=ode45('RK2solver',[0:0.2:0.4],1.2)
% Program for parabolic explicit method
clc;
clearall;
x(1)=input('Enter xo= ');
xn=input('Enter xn= ');
t(1)=input('Enter to= ');
tm=input('Enter tm= ');
c=input('Enter c Square= ');
h=input('Enter increment in x,h= ');
k=input('Enter increment in t,k= ');
p=input('Enter value for u(0,t) i.e first column= ');
q=input('Enter value for u(n,t) i.e last column= ');
r=input('Enter function for u(x,0) for 0<x<xni.e first row =

a=k*c/(h^2);
n=(xn-x(1))/h;
m=(tm-t(1))/k;

for i=1:n
x(i+1)=x(i)+h;
end;

for i=1:m
t(i+1)=t(i)+k;
end;

for j=1:m+1
u(1,j)=p;
u(n+1,j)=q;
end;
for i=2:n
u(i,1)=r(x(i),t(1));
end;

for j=1:m
Output:
Enter xo= 0
Enter xn= 0.5
Enter to= 0
Enter tm= 0.03
Enter c Square= 1
Enter increment in x,h= 0.1
Enter increment in t,k= 0.01
Enter value for u(0,t) i.e first column= 1
Enter value for u(n,t) i.e last column= 1
Enter function for u(x,0) for 0<x<xni.e first row = @(x,y)(2

the table for u is as under:

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.2000 1.2000 1.2000 1.2000
1.4000 1.4000 1.4000 0.4000
1.6000 1.6000 0.6000 2.6000
1.8000 0.8000 1.8000 -0.2000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
% Program for Hyperbolic equation
clc;
clearall;

cs=input('Enter c Square= ');

x(1)=input('Enter xo= ');
xn=input('Enter xn= ');
t(1)=input('Enter to= ');
h=input('Enter increment in x,h= ');
k=input('Enter increment in t,k= ');
p=input('Enter value for u(0,t) i.e first column= ');
q=input('Enter value for u(xn,t) i.e last column= ');
r=input('Enter function for u(x,0) for 0<x<xni.e first row =
s=input('Enter value for ut(x,0)= ');
m=input('Enter the step of t,m= ');

a=k/h;
a=(a^2)*cs;
n=(xn-x(1))/h;

for i=1:n
x(i+1)=x(i)+h;
end;
for j=1:m
t(j+1)=t(j)+k;
end;
for j=1:m+1
u(1,j)=p;
u(n+1,j)=q;
end;
for i=2:n
u(i,1)=r(x(i),t(1));
u(i,2)=u(i,1)+k*s;
end;
for j=2:m
for i=2:n
Output:
Enter c Square= 1
Enter xo= 0
Enter xn= 1
Enter to= 0
Enter increment in x,h= 0.25
Enter increment in t,k= 0.25
Enter value for u(0,t) i.e first column= 0
Enter value for u(xn,t) i.e last column= 0
Enter function for u(x,0) for 0<x<xni.e first row = @(x,y) (
x^2))
Enter value for ut(x,0)= 0
Enter the step of t,m= 3

the table for u is as under:

0 0 0 0
18.7500 18.7500 6.2500 -6.2500
25.0000 25.0000 12.5000 -12.5000
18.7500 18.7500 6.2500 -6.2500
0 0 0 0
%program for double integration: trapezoidal
clc;
clear all;
x0=input('enter lower limit of x, x0= ');
xn=input('enter upper limit of x, xn= ');
y0=input('enter lower limit of x, y0= ');
ym=input('enter upper limit of x, ym= ');
f=input('enter function f= ');
h=input('enter stepsize of x, h= ');
k=input('enter stepsize of y, k= ');
n=(xn-x0)/h;
m=(ym-y0)/k;
for i=1:n+1
x(i)=x0+(i-1)*h;
end;
for i=1:m+1
y(i)=y0+(i-1)*k;
end;
for i=1:n+1
for j=1:m+1
P(i,j)=f(x(i),y(j));
end;
end;
A1=0;
A2=0;
for i=2:m
A1=A1+P(1,i)+P(n+1,i);
end;
for i=2:n
A2=A2+P(i,1)+P(i,m+1);
end;
A1=2*A1;
A2=2*A2;
A3=0;
for i=2:n
for j=2:m
A3=A3+P(i,j);
end;
end;
A3=4*A3;
A4=P(1,1)+P(1,m+1)+P(n+1,1)+P(n+1,m+1);
A=(h*k/4)*(A1+A2+A3+A4);
disp(A);

O/p:
enter lower limit of x, x0= 0
enter upper limit of x, xn= 1
enter lower limit of x, y0= 0