1.1 - Circuitos CA Monofasicos

Prof. Roberto M.
Finzi Neto 4/5/17 1

1. FUNDAMENTOS DE ELETRICIDADE
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos e
Trifásicos
a. Formas de onda senoidais
b. Geração AC senoidal
Boylestad
c. A forma de onda SENO
Cap 13
d. Medições de fase, valores médio e RMS
e. Uso de ferramentas Computacionais
f. Resposta à excitação (I ou V) senoidal .
g. Resposta em frequência de R,L e C Boylestad
h. Potência Média e Fator de Potência Cap 14
i. Números complexos e fasores
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 2

1. FUNDAMENTOS DE ELETRICIDADE
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos e Trifásicos
j. Circuitos AC série e paralelo.
k. Potência em circuitos AC
l. Correção do Fator de Potência

13.1 INTRODUCTION
The analysis thus far has been limited to dc networks, netwo
which the currents or voltages are fixed in magnitude except fo
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada
sient effects. We willMonofásicos e Trifásicos
now turn our attention to the analysis of ne
a. Formas de ondainsenoidais
which the(Boylestad
magnitude –ofCap
the 13)
source varies in a set manner. Of
ular interest is the time-varying voltage that is commercially av
Em Física 2, o foco de estudo era baseado em circuitos excitados por fontes de
in large quantities and is commonly called the ac voltage. (The
tensão e/ou corrente invariantes no tempo e, em sua maioria, redes compostas
ac are (R).
apenas por resistências an abbreviation for alternating current.) To be absolutely
ous, the terminology ac voltage or ac current is not suffic
Agora, o foco muda para a análise de circuitos submetidos a excitações variantes
describe the type of signal we will be analyzing. Each waveform
no tempo e que empregam resistências, indutores (L) e capacitores (C).
13.1 is an alternating waveform available from commercial su
As fontes de excitação
The termalternada geram indicates
alternating correntes variantes
only thatnothe
tempo (AC) noalt
waveform
circuito excitado e podem assumir diversas formas de onda, sendo que a
between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence (Fig. 13.1)
senoidal é a mais comum.
v v v
0 t 0 t 0 t
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17

Sinusoidal Square wave Triangular 4wave
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos
a. Formas de onda senoidais (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
A forma de onda senoidal é a mais usada por diversas razões:

Ø Redução nas perdas, face às outras formas de ondas, no processo
de transporte e distribuição a partir da concessionária de energia
elétrica.
Ø Redução na geração de ruídos eletromagnéticos (EMI) e de rádio
frequência (RFI).
Ø Característica das cargas residenciais e industriais: motores,
sistemas de iluminação por descarga (lamp. fluorecente, etc).
Ø Fácil adequação entre os níveis de tensão usados na transmissão
(dezenas de kV) e distribuição (127V, 220V, ...) usando
transformadores elétricos.
a. Formas de onda senoidais (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
Ø A maioria dos teoremas aplicáveis a circuitos com excitação
contínua (DC) é também aplicável aos circuitos AC com excitação
senoidal (requer uso de números complexos, fasores, ...è
matemática mais avançada).

nology employed with pulse waveforms and the response of some fun-
damental configurations to the application of such signals. Chapter 24
will serve such a purpose.
13.2 SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE

CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS
Generation
Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources. The
most common source is the typical home outlet, which provides an ac
b. Geração AC senoidal (Boylestad – Cap at13)
voltage that originates a power plant; such a power plant is most
commonly fueled by water power, oil, gas, or nuclear fusion. In each
Geração: case an ac generator (also called an alternator), as shown in Fig.
13.2(a), is the primary component in the energy-conversion process.
u Pode ser obtida de diferentes tipos de fontes:
Inverter
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Alimentação de outros equipamentos FIG. 13.2 Sinais e

Various sources of ac power: (a) generating plant; (b) portable ac generator;
Média e alta potências. ( kW – station;
(c) wind-power MW)(d)com baixas
solar panel; (e) functionbaixa potência (μW – kW)
generator.
frequências (50Hz – 400Hz) altas frequências
The power to the shaft developed by one of the energy sources listed 7
will turn a rotor (constructed of alternating magnetic poles) inside a
b. Geração AC senoidal (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
u Medias e altas potências são obtidas por geradores (alternadores) rotativos.
A energia mecânica aplicada ao eixo girante da máquina (rotor), constituído
de polos magnéticos, gera uma variação no fluxo magnético enlaçado por
bobinas de condutores fixas no estator da máquina.
u De acordo com a LeiSYNCHRONOUS
de Faraday, uma tensão
GENERATORS 269
272
será induzida no terminais dos
enrolamentos do estator.
ELECTRIC M AC HINERY RJNDAMENTALS
e = N * dφ dt
Slip
rings
Rotor Estator
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto
(a) ,b, 4/5/17 "" GURE 5-6
8
A cutaway diagram of a large synchronous machine. Note the saliem·pole constructio
the knobs on the face of the instrument, one can make available sinu-
soidal voltages of different peak values and different repetition rates.
The function generator plays an integral role in the investigation of the
variety of theorems, methods of analysis, and topics to be introduced in
the chapters that follow.
Definitions
c. A forma de onda SENO (Boylestad
The sinusoidal–waveform
Cap 13) of Fig. 13.3 with its additional notation will now
be used as a model in defining a few basic terms. These terms, however, can
• Definições e
Forma de onda senoidal
Ø Valor instantâneo en em T1 T2
um determinado tempo tn Max
Ø Valor de pico - Em
Ø Valor pico a pico - Ep – p
e1 Em
Ø Período - T t2
t Ep–p
Ø Forma de onda periódica à 0 t1
T1=T2=...Tn Em e2
Max
T3
The vertical sensitivity defines the voltage associ- Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a fu
division of the display. Virtually all oscilloscope measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of F
the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since th
osshatch pattern of lines separated by 1 cm in the value of the function is zero volts.
directions. The horizontal sensitivity defines the Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the ful
between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, th
ith each horizontal division of the display. sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks.
g. 13.9 and the indicated sensitivities, determine Periodic
Vertical sensitivity waveform:
= 0.1 V/div. A waveform that continually repe
nd peak value of the waveform. Horizontal sensitivity = 50time
after the same ! interval. The waveform of Fig. 13.3 is a
!s/div.
waveform.
Period (T ): The time interval between successive repeti
FIG. 13.9
①4 Circuitos
spans divisions. Thede Corrente
period is thereforeAlternada Monofásicos periodic
Example
waveform (the period T1 ! T2 ! T3 in Fig. 13.3), a
13.3.
successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used
c.50 mAs forma de onda SENO (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
" #
mining T.
! 4 div. # ! 200 ms Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one perio
div. The cycles within T1, T2, and T3 of Fig. 13.3 may appear di
Fig. 13.4, but they are all bounded by one period of time a
• Definições (cont...) fore satisfy the definition of a cycle.
1 Ø Ciclo
# ! ##
1 à!
parcela
5 kHz
da forma 1 cycle 1 cycle 1 cycle
de10 onda contida em 1

"6
T 200 $ s
período
ve the horizontal axisde tempo. 2 divisions.
encompasses
T1 T2 T3
" #
0.1 V FIG. 13.4
m ! 2 div. # ! 0.2 V
div. Defining the cycle and period of a sinusoidal waveform.
Ø Polaridade e sentido e Frequency i( f ): The number of cycles that occur in 1 s
positivo de fontes de tensão
s and Direction + quency of the waveform of Fig. 13.5(a) is 1 cycle per se
t
for Fig. 13.5(b), 21⁄2 cycles
e corrente AC. t per second. If a waveform o
e shape had a period of 0.5i s [Fig. 13.5(c)], the frequency w
s, we will find it necessary to establish a set of cycles per second.
dal ac voltage and a direction for the sinusoidal –
T = 1s 1s 1s
the polarity and current direction will be for an Fonte de (a)
Tensão Fonte
(b) de Corrente
sitive portion of the sinusoidal waveform. This
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 10
with the symbols for the sinusoidal ac voltage 4/5/17 FIG. 13.10
tions in this text will use the p function as provided ont all The scientific cal- in the previous section can be applied to any type of
terms defined
culators. – periodic waveform, whether smooth or discontinuous. The sinusoidal
For 180° and 360°, the two units of measurement are relatedis as
waveform of particular importance, however, since it lends itself
shown in Fig. 13.14. The conversion FIG. 13.11
equations between the two are the
readily to the mathematics and the physical phenomena associated with
following: The sine wave is the only alternating electric circuits. Consider the power of the following statement:
waveform whose shape is not altered by the
response characteristics of a pure resistor, The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose
" #
p
Radians !inductor,
""or capacitor.
# (degrees) (13.6) by the response characteristics of R, L, and C
shape is unaffected
180°
elements.
Sine wave In other words, if the voltage across (or current through) a resistor,
d. A forma de onda SENO 180° 528(Boylestad
SIN U S O IDA L–A LT
Cap 13) (cont...)
" p # i senoidalage,derespectively)
E R N ATIN
⏐⏐⏐ G W AV E F O R M S
Degrees ! " # (radians) coil, or capacitor
(13.7) is sinusoidal in nature, the resulting current (or volt-
Características da excitação circuitos RLC
for each
Thewill
need
(cont...)
also have
for sinusoidal
defining characteristics,
polarities and currentas
shown in Fig. 13.11. Ifobvious a squarewhen waveweorconsider
a triangular wave were
multisource ac
Applying these equations, we find applied, such would not sentence
be the case. the absence of the term sinusoida
Em t works.
528 ⏐⏐⏐ SINphrase
This willALTERN
US OIDAL be used to GanWincrea
ATIN AVE F O
p p The unit of measurement for the horizontal axis of Fig. 13.12 otherw
is the
90°: Radians ! "(90°) ! " rad sinusoidal is to be understood unless
180° 2 degree. A second unit of measurement frequently used is the radian
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° α + i T
p p (rad). It is defined by a quadrant
13.3 of a
THE circle such
SINE as in
WAVE Fig. 13.13 where o
30°: Radians ! "(30°) ! " rad
180° 6 the vdistance subtended
R, L, or C
t on the circumference equals the radius
The terms defined in the previous section cs of the
t
circle.– periodic waveform, whether smooth or dis w
" #
p 180° p s
" rad: Degrees ! " " ! 60° waveform is of particular importance, ho
If we define x as the number
3 p 3 FIG. 13.11 readily of to intervals of r (the radius)
the mathematics and thearound the
physical
The sine wave is thecircumference
only alternatingof the circle, then circuits. Consider +the power of the
electric
Cosine wave
Degrees ! """# ! 270°
3p 180° 3p waveform whose shape is not altered by the
1
" rad: response characteristics of a pure resistor, The sinusoidal R,
waveform is the only altern
2 p 2 inductor, or capacitor. C ! 2pr ! x ⋅ rL, or C v
t
shape is unaffected by the response charac T
elements. – p
Using the radian as the unit of measurement forSine thewave
abscissa, wefind
and we would
v, i,
In etc.
other words, if the voltage across (or w
obtain a sine wave, as shown in Fig. 13.15. FIG. 13.11
coil, or capacitor is sinusoidal in nature, th re
x !sine Sine wave
2pwave isfor
It is of particular interest thatEm the sinusoidal waveform can be The
age, respectively) theeach
only alternating
will also have es
shownwaveform whose13.11.
in Fig. shape isIfnotaaltered
squareby the
wave
derived from the length of the vertical projection of a radius vector
func(α ) = E * seno(α )
rotating in amuniform circular
0° 90° (01)
motion
180° about α
a fixed point.
270° 360°
Therefore,
Em
Starting
13.14, and
there are 2papplied,
as
radresponse
around a would
360°
!
The unit inductor,
! ! 3!
5
4
3
circle,
!
characteristics
such
2
!aas
notofbe 7 shown
!
pure
the
4 2! in Fig.
resistor,
case.
or capacitor.for the horizon
of measurement
T
s
shown in Fig. 13.16(a) and plotting the amplitude 0 degree. " (rad)
90° (above and below α
0° 180° 270° 360° 4 2 4 A second unit of measurement e
fre
(rad). It is defined by a quadrant of a circle
zero) on the coordinates drawn to the right [Figs. 13.16(b) through (i)], the distance Sine wave
subtended on the11 circumferen
we will trace a complete sinusoidal waveform after the radius vector 2p rad ! 360° (13.4)c
circle.
has completed a 360° rotation about the center. If we define x as the number of intervals a
(c) (d) α = 135°
530 ⏐⏐⏐
0° SIN US
90°OIDAL ALTERN ATIN G W AVE
α FORMS
0° 45° 90° 135° α
α = 45°
(b)
0° 45° α
(a)
(d) α = 135° α = 180° α = 0° 0°
530 ⏐⏐⏐ SIN US OIDAL ALTERN ATIN G W AVE F O R M S (e)
0° 45° 90° 135° α
0° 180° α
Note equa
α = 90°
(c)
0° 90° α (a) α = 45°
α = 180°
α
ATIN Circuitos
G W AVE F O R M Sde Corrente Alternada Monofásicos
(b)
α = 0°α 0°
① (e) = 225°
0°
225° 45°
ERN 0° 180° (f) α
α
c. A forma de onda SENO (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)Note equality
0°
(d) α = 135°
Características
0° 45° 90°(a)
135° daα =excitação
225° α
senoidal
(b)
deαcircuitos
= 45°
α = 270° RLC (cont...)
α = 90°
0° 0°
225° α 45° (c) 270°
Em ∠αirá0°descrever
90° α
α = (f) 0°
Ø Usando coordenadas polares,
0° a projeção verticalαdo vetor
0° α
(g)
S
a forma de onda senoidal original.
α = 180° Note equality
(e)
α = 270° α = 315°
0° 180° α = (g) α 270° α = 90° (d) α = 135° 315°
45° (c)
(h)
(a) (b) α
0°α
0° 0°
0° 45° α α 90° α
0° 45° 90° 135°
α = 0° 0°
Sine wave
α = 225° α = 315° α = 360°
(f)
225°
Note equality 315° (i) α = 180°
225° 270° 315° 360°
(h) (e)
0° 0°α (d) α = 135° α 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° α
α = 90° 0° 180
α = 45° (c) 0° 45° 90° 135° T (period) α
(b) 0° 90° α
0° 45° Sine wave
α FIG. 13.16
α = 270° Ø A velocidade com(i)
270°
que o vetor Em ∠α225°gira
α = 360°
éGenerating
270° 315°chamada
360° dewaveform
a sinusoidal velocidade angular
through the vertical projection of a
α = 225°
rotating vector.
0° (ω) da forma de onda.
(g) 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° α = 180° α
α (e) (f)
(d) α = 135° T (period) 0° 180°
0°
α
0° 45° 90° 135°FIG. 13.16 α
α = 90°
(c)α =Roberto M. Finzi Neto
Prof. 315° Generating a sinusoidal waveform through the vertical projection of a
4/5/17 12
0° 90° 315° rotating vector.
α α = 270°
(h)
c. A forma de onda SENO (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
Ø Se ω for calculado para um ciclo por período T, então temos:
2π
ω= = 2π f [rad/s] (02)
T
Ø A posição angular α, em um instante qualquer, é obtida multiplicando-se Eq. 02 por
t, ou seja:
α = ω * t = 2π * f * t [rad] (03)
Ø Aplicando Eq. (03) em (02), temos a função que descreve a forma de onda senoidal,
a uma determinada frequência f e em qualquer instante t. As constantes θ e DC
descrevem, respectivamente o deslocamento horizontal e vertical da função SENO
em relação à origem.
f (t) = Am * seno(2π * f * t + θ ) + DC (04)

e. i ! #2 cos(qt # 60°)
v ! 3 sin(qt # 150°)
he phase relationship between two waveforms indicates which
eads or lags, and by how many degrees or radians.
Solutions:
a. See Fig. 13.27.
i leads v by 40°, or v lags i by 40°. The phase relationship betw
MPLE 13.12 What is the phase relationship between the sinu- PH ASE
one leads or lags, and RELATIO
by how ma N
l waveforms of each of the following sets?
! 10 sin(qt " 30°) The phase relationship between two waveforms indicates which
! 5 sin(qt " The
70°) phase relationship between two leads vor lags,
onewaveforms indicates
and by how which
many degrees or radians.
! 15 sin(qt " 60°)
one
! 10 sin(qt leads or lags, and by how many degrees 10or radians. 3
# 20°)
! EXAMPLE 13.12 What is the
c. A forma de onda SENO (Boylestad – Cap 13) (cont...)
5
! 2 cos(qt " 10°) ! 2
! 3 sin(qt # 10°) 40° 30°
0 ! 2 ! "t soidal waveforms of each of the
2
! #sin(qt " 30°) v ! 10 sin(qt
Exemplo 01:
! 2 sin(qt " 10°)
70°
EXAMPLE i
13.12 What is the phasea.relationship
i ! 5 sin(qt "
" 30°)
between
70°)
the sinu-
! #2 cos(qt # 60°) soidal waveforms of each of the following sets?
! 3 sin(qt Ø Trace as formas de ondas descritas pelas funções seno abaixo
EXAMPLE
# 150°) 13.12 What is the phase relationship
US v
538 ⏐⏐⏐ SINa. !
OIDAL 1013.27 between
sin(qt
FIG.ALTERN
30°)Fthe
"WAVE
ATIN G ORMS
sinu- b. i ! 15 sin(qt " 60°)
soidal waveforms of each of the following sets?
i !
Example leads v by"
5 isin(qt
13.12; 70°)
40°. v ! 10 sin(qt # 20°)
tions: a. v ! 10 sin(qt " 30°) b. i ! 15 sin(qt " 60°)c. See Fig. 13.29. c. i ! 2 cos(qt " 10°)
ee Fig. 13.27.
i ! 5 sin(qt " 70°) b. See Fig. 13.28. v ! 10 sin(qt # 20°) i # 2 cos(qtv"! 3#
10°) 2 sin(qt#
sin(qt " 10°)
10° " 90°)
eads v by 40°, or v lags i by 40°. i leads v by 80°, orc.v lags i by 80°.
b. i ! 15 sin(qt " 60°) i ! 2 cos(qt " 10°) d. i ! #sin(qt # 2 sin(qt"
" 30°)
100°)
v ! 3 sin(qt # 10°) i leads v by 110°, orvv ! lags2i by 110°. " 10°)
sin(qt
v ! 10 sin(qt # 20°)
d. i ! #sin(qt " 30°) e. i ! #2 cos(qt # 60°)
c. i ! 2 cos(qt v " 10°) v ! 2 sin(qt " 10°)
i i
v ! 3 sin(qt # 150°)
v ! 3 sin(qt # 10°) ve. i ! #2 cos(qt # 60°)
10 3
v
d. i ! 5 #sin(qt " 30°)
!
3!
2 v ! 3 sin(qt # 150°)
10 15 2 100°
v0 ! 2!sin(qt " 10°) 2 ! "t – !
0
40° 30° 2 60°
!
2
! 3
!
2! "t
–! Solutions:
0 ! ! 3
!
2! "t
2 2 2 10° 2 2
e. i ! #2 cos(qt # 60°)
70° a. See Fig. 13.27.
i
v ! 3 sin(qt # 150°) Solutions:
20°
80° 110° i leads v by 40°, or v lags i b
a. See Fig. 13.27.
FIG. 13.27 i leads v by 40°, or v lags i by 40°.
FIG. 13.28 FIG. 13.29
Example 13.12; i leads v by 40°. Example 13.12; i leads v by 80°. Example 13.12; i leads v by 110°.
Solutions: d. See Fig. 13.30.
Note
ee Fig. 13.28.
Prof. a. See M.
Roberto Fig.
Finzi13.27.
Neto
eads v by 80°, or v lags i by 80°. 4/5/17 14
!sin(qt " 30°) # sin(qt " 30° ! 180°)
i leads v by 40°, or v lags i by 40°. v # sin(qt ! 150°)
0 p Finding the average value of one-half the
positive pulse of a sinusoidal waveform.
rm of Fig. 13.45,
(2Am /2) 2Am (average the same
!$!$
p/ 2 p as for a full pulse) 1 cycle
3.15 Determine the average value of the sinusoidal Am

g. ① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos
13.46.
0 π 2π α
d. it
y inspection Medições de fase,
is fairly obvious thatvalores médio e RMS(Boylestad – Cap 13) Am
ue of aValor
médio waveform
pure sinusoidal –G over one full cycle is
FIG. 13.46
Ø Para formas de onda senoidais, este valor é representado pelo
Example 13.15.
parâmetro
#2 Am " 2 ADC
m
na Eq. (04). f (t) = Am * seno(2π * f *t ± θ ) + DC
G ! $$ ! 0 V v
Ø Valor médio de uma forma de
2p
+2 mV
T
onda f(t)the
qualquer:
∫0
3.16 Determine average value of fthe waveform of t
(t ) * dt 0
G= (06)
he peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal T function is
V ! 18 mV. The peak amplitude of the sinusoidal wave- – 16 mV
re, 18 mV/2 ! 9 mV. Counting down 9 mV from 2 mV
Ø Em barramentos de distribuição AC, o valor
om "16 mV) results in an average or dc level of "7 mV,
médio é altamente
prejudicial
dashed line of Fig. 13.47.para cargas como motores e transformadores
FIG. 13.47 è
Example 13.16.
saturação do núcleo magnético, redução da eficiência, etc.

d. Medições de fase, valores médio e RMS(Boylestad – Cap 13)
Valor Eficaz – RMS
Ø Quantifica uma forma de onda alternada usando as quantidades DC
e AC: T
∫ f (t)2 * dt (07)
RMS = 0
T
Ø Se f(t) seguir a forma da Eq. (04), então:
⎛ Am ⎞
2 Am
RMS = ⎜ ⎟ + DC 2
, RMSDC = DC , RMSAC = (08)
⎝ 2⎠ 2
Ø De acordo com Eq. (08) observamos que é possível relacionar
quantidades eficazes de fontes puramente AC ou DC de modo a
entregar a mesma potência a uma carga.
E I
PDC = E DC * I DC = PAC = ( m ) * ( m ) (09)
2 2 16
#3
Solution: For (b)
part (a), Irms ! 0.707(12
(c)
" 10 A) ! 8.484 mA.
For part (b), again Irms ! 8.484 mA. Note that frequency did not
FIG. 13.53
change the effective value in (b) above compared to (a). For part (c),
Example 13.19.
Vrms ! 0.707(169.73 V) ! 120 V, the same as available from a home
outlet.
Solution: For part (a), Irms ! 0.707(12 " 10#3 A) ! 8.484 mA.
For part (b), again Irms ! 8.484 mA. Note that frequency did not
EXAMPLE change the effective value in (b) above compared to (a). For part (c),
13.20 The 120-V dc source of Fig. 13.54(a) delivers
Vrms ! 0.707(169.73 V) ! 120 V, the same as available from a home
3.6 W d. Medições
tooutlet.
the de fase,
load. Determine thevalores médio
peak value e RMS(Boylestad
of the applied voltage – Cap 13)
Valor Eficaz – RMS (cont...)
(Em) and the current (Im) if the ac source [Fig. 13.54(b)] is to

deliver the same power
EXAMPLE to 120-V
13.20 The the load.
dc source of Fig. 13.54(a) delivers
Ø3.6Exemplo
W to the load.02: A fonte
Determine the peak DC dothe circuito
value of abaixo entrega 3,6W à carga
applied voltage
conectada. Qual deve ser a tensão de amplitude de uma fonte
(Em) and the current (Im) if the ac source [Fig. 13.54(b)] is to
deliver the same power to the load. Im
puramente AC para entregar a mesma potência?
Im Solution:
Idc iac
e Pdc ! VdcIdc
Idc Em iac
e + Pdc 3.6 W
Em
E 120 V P = 3.6 W
+ and P
Idc ! "
= 3.6 WV
! " ! 30 mA
120 VLoad dc 120 V
E P = 3.6 W P = 3.6 W Load
–
Load
–
Load
Im ! !2"Idc ! (1.414)(30 mA) ! 42.42 mA
Em ! !2"Edc ! (1.414)(120 V) ! 169.68 V
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
FIG. 13.54
FIG. 13.54
Example 13.20.
EXAMPLE 13.21 Find the effective or rms value of the w
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto Fig. 13.55.
4/5/17 17
Example 13.20.
RESOLVER TODOS OS EXERCÍCIOS

PROPOSTOS NO FINAL DO CAPÍTULO
13 DO LIVRO
BOYLESTAD, R. L. “Introdução à Análise de Circuitos”. 10a
Edição. Editora: Pearson Education Brasil. 2004.

ics of the derivative of a
sponse of the basic ele- 14.3 RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C
urrent. ELEMENTS TO A SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
OR CURRENT
i
Now that we are familiar with the characteristics of the derivative o
p to a few hundred kilo- sinusoidal function, we can investigate the response of the basic e
, unaffected by the fre-
ments R,+ L, and C to a sinusoidal voltage or current.
rrent. For this frequency
eated as a constant, and R v Monofásicos
–
f. Resposta
Vm sin qt, à excitaçãoResistor
(I ou V) senoidal – (Boylestad – Cap 14)
Resistência – R
" Im sin qt For power-line frequencies and frequencies up to a few hundred k
FIG. 14.4
Ø Para frequências de até algumas centenas de kHz, este elemento
hertz, response
Determining the sinusoidal resistance
for a is, for all practical purposes, unaffected by the f
resistivequency
element. of the applied sinusoidal voltage or current. For this freque
não (14.2)
é afetado e poderegion,
ser tratado como
the resistor R of uma constante.
Fig. 14.4 can be treated as a constant,
vROhm’s law can be applied as follows. For v " V sin qt,
i m
Vm iR
Im
v Vm sin qt Vm
t " Vm sin qt
+ i"$"$"$ sin qt " Im sin qt (10)
R v
R R R
– 0 p 2p qt
(14.3)
Vm
where Im " $$ (14
ØFIG.
ss and the Corrente
14.4
current e tensãoFIG.estão
14.5 em fase, ou seja, θ=0.
R Toda a energia
fornecida à voltage
resistência
and current of aéresistive
dissipada por efeito Joule – Potência Real
termining
eak valuesthe related
sinusoidal
byresponse The
for a
element
resistive element.
are inIn addition, for a given i,
phase.
(Watts).
vR v " iR " (Im sin qt)R " Im R sin qt " Vm sin qt
m iR
m
where Vm " Im R (14
+ velement – For the series configuration of Fig. 14.6, the voltage velemen
– e + i
boxed-in element opposes the source e and thereby reduces t
Opposition
nitude of the current i. The magnitude of the voltage across
ment is determined by the opposition of the element to the
FIG. 14.6 charge, or current i. For a resistive element, we have found
Defining the opposition of an element to the opposition is its resistance and that velement and i are determ
flow of charge through the element. velement ! iR.
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada We found Monofásicos
in Chapter 12 that the voltage across an ind
f. Resposta à excitação (I oudirectly related to–the
V) senoidal rate of change
(Boylestad of current
– Cap 14) through the coil
quently, the higher the frequency, the greater will be the rate o
Indutor – L of current through the coil, and the greater the magnitude of
age. In addition, we found in the same chapter that the inducta
Ø É um elemento passivo que armazena
coil will determine theenergia na forma
rate of change delinking
of the flux campo a coil f
magnético quando percorrido por uma
ticular change corrente.
in current through the coil. The higher the ind
Ø Pela Lei de Faraday, umathe greater the rate of change of the flux linkages, and the gre
tensão será induzida em seus terminais e,
resulting voltage across the coil.
pela lei de Lenz, essa tensão Theirá se opor
inductive à variação
voltage, therefore, isda corrente
directly que
related to the fr
o percorre. (or, more specifically, the angular velocity of the sinusoidal ac
through the coil) and the inductance of the coil. For increasin
+ vL – of f and Ldin φ Fig. 14.7, the magnitude vL will
Aplicaof(12) em increase as d
e L
VL = −N * (11) (11)
– + iL above. dt
Utilizing the similarities between Figs. 14.6 di and 14.7, we
Opposition a dφlevels of vL are directlyVrelated
= −L * L (13)
function of f and L L=N*
increasing [H] (12) L
to increasing levels
dt q (! 2pf
sition indiFig. 14.6. Since vL will increase with both
L
FIG. 14.7 the opposition of an inductive element is as defined in Fig. 14.
Defining the parameters that determine the We will now verify some of the preceding conclusions using
Prof. Roberto
opposition ofM.
anFinzi Neto element to the flow
inductive 4/5/17
mathematical approach and then define a few important 20 quantit
of charge.
sition in
etermine theFig. 14.6.
WeSince vL will
will now increase
verify with
somevoltage
resulting both
of the (!coil.
q the
preceding
across 2pf ) and L, using a more
conclusions
entthe
to the flow
opposition of an inductive
mathematical element
approach Theis inductive
and as voltage,
defined
then define therefore,
inaFig.
few 14.7. is directly
important related totothe
quantities befreq
We will now verify some
employed in the the (or,
of sections more specifically,
preceding conclusions
and chapters the angular
to using velocity
follow. a moreof the sinusoidal ac c
through the coil) and the inductance of the coil. For increasing v
mathematical +approach ForvL theand – then
inductor define
of
of Fig.a few
f and L in important
14.8, we14.7,
Fig. recallquantities
the from toofbe
Chapter
magnitude vL 12
willthat
increase as des
employed
–
e
+in
iL the sections
L and chaptersabove.to follow.
n qt diL 12between
For the inductor of Fig. 14.8, we recall from
Utilizing the Chapter
similarities
vL ! L $ that Figs. 14.6 and 14.7, we fin
① Circuitos de ofCorrente
Opposition a
function f and L Alternada Monofásicos
increasing levels of vLdtare directly related to increasing levels of
f. Resposta à excitaçãov (I!ou diLinsenoidal
V)
sition Fig. 14.6.–Since vL will increase
(Boylestad – Cap 14)
with both q (! 2pf ) a
+ FIG.and,
14.7applying differentiation,
L L $
the opposition of an inductive element is as defined in Fig. 14.7.
dt
L Indutor – L (cont...)
v Defining the parameters that determine the We will now verify some of the preceding conclusions using a
–
opposition of an inductive element to the flow
dimathematical
d approach and then define a few important quantities
and,Øapplying
Se iLofapresenta a mesma
differentiation,
charge. $
L
forma
! $(I
employed inde Eq.
sin qt)(04),qIentão,
! and cos qtaplicando em Eq.
mthe sections mchapters to follow.
(13), temos: dt For dt
the inductor of Fig. 14.8, we recall from Chapter 12 that
diL d
$
iL = Im ! $(Im sin qt)
sin qt di ! qIm cos qt diL
dt
Therefore, dt L
vL ! L $ ! L(qI Lω Immcos(
cosωqt)
t) =! LωqLI
vL Im m
! seno(
L $
cos ω t
qt + 90 o
)
dt dt
sponse of an
di
+L
Simplificando,
Therefore, v
orL ! L $
L vL ! L(qIm and,
cos vapplying differentiation,
qt)!!VqLI m cos "
sin(qt qt90°)
dt L m
–
vL = Vm * s eno(ω t + 90diLo ) d
$ ! $ (I sin qt) ! qI cos
(14)
qt
or where vL !onde
Vm sin(qt " 90°) V m ! qLI
dt m dt
m m
where FIG. 14.8

Note that the peak value of v is directly
Vm !Therefore,
qLIm diL related to q (! 2pf ) and L
vLL ! L $ ! L(qIm cos qt) ! qLI(15)
m cos qt
as predicted
Investigating the sinusoidal response in the discussion above.
of an dt
Ø
NoteOthatindutor
inductive A impõe
theelement.
peak of vum
value
plot vLdefasamento
of and
L isi directly 14.9de
in Fig. related
or
L
+90º
to
revealsq (! na
2pftensão
that ) and L induzida
vL ! Vm sin(qt " 90°)
em
em seus
as predicted terminais.
in the discussion above.
for an inductor, vL leads
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto wherei4/5/17 vmL!byqLI
L by 90°, or iL lags V 90°. 21
A plot of vL and iL in Fig. 14.9 reveals that m
f. Resposta à excitação (I ou V) senoidal – (Boylestad – Cap 14)
RESP O NSE O F BASIC R, L , A N D C ELE M E NTS TO A SIN US OIDAL VO LTAG E O R C URRE NT ⏐⏐⏐ 579
Indutor – L (cont...)
L: vL leads iL by 90° Ø A quantificação da oposição à
vL
Vm circulação da corrente no indutor é
iL
chamada de reatância indutiva (XL)
Im 3p
2
p
–p 0 p 2p qt
2 90° 2 VL [Ω] (16)
XL = =ω *L
IL
Ø Há umaFIG.troca
14.9 contínua de energia entre a fonte e o campo
re inductor, the voltage across the coil leads the current through the
magnético coil bydo
90°. indutor. Corrente e tensão
estão defasados de 90º e
não há dissipação térmica de energia no indutor (ideal).
pposition established by an inductor in a sinusoidal ac network

be Prof.
found Roberto M. Finzi Neto
by applying Eq. (4.1): 4/5/17 22
opposition, and i is proportional to q and C, the opposition
C
for a particular capacitance, the greater rate
the rate of change of change of voltage across the capa
of voltage
across the capacitor, the greater the capacitive current. current of the capacitor.
itor is inversely related to q (! 2pf ) and C.
The current of a capacitor is therefo
Certainly, an increase in frequency corresponds to an increase in the
quencyin(or,
rate of change of voltage across the capacitor and to an increase the again more specifically, the an
current of the capacitor. itance of the capacitor. An increase in ei
The current of a capacitor is therefore directly related +to the fre-
increase vC current of
in the – the capacitor.
quency (or, again more specifically, the angulare velocity) and
Fig.the14.10,
capac- however, we are interested in
+ iCwillthe
itance of the capacitor. An increase in–either quantity result in an
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos capacitor asCrelated to the resistance
increase in the current of the capacitor. For the basic configuration of
inductor. ofSince an increase in current
Fig. 14.10, however, we are interested in determining the opposition
f. Resposta
the à excitação
capacitor (I tooutheV)resistance
as related senoidal – (Boylestad
of a resistor and Opposition
opposition,
qL – and
for the Cap iC 14)
inversely
is proportional to q and
related
in to frelated
and C to q (! 2pf ) and
Capacitor – C inductor. Since an increase in current corresponds to aitor is inversely
decrease
opposition, and iC is proportional to q and C, the opposition of a capac-
Ø Elemento passivo que armazena energia na forma de campo
itor is inversely related to q (! 2pf ) and C.
FIG. 14.10 + vC
elétrico quando alimentado+ porv uma– fonte de tensão. – + C e i
Defining the parameters that determine the opposition
C of a capacit
– e + i C
C to the flow of the charge. Opposition
Opposition inversely related to
related to f and C
Ø O aumento na taxa de variação FIG. 14.10

na tensão aplicada no capacitor FIG. 14.10
representa umtheWe
Defining willthatnow
aumento
parameters direto
determineverify,
the na asof we
corrente
opposition did por
Defining
a capacitive forseus
thethe
element inductor,
terminais
parameters some
vezes
that determine theof
o
to the flow of the c
sua capacitância.
conclusionsto usingthe flow of the charge.
a more mathematical approach.
+= ?
C
We willFor the iCcapacitor
now verify,
= ?
as we did for theof Fig. some
inductor, 14.11, Wewe
of the willrecall
above from Chapter 1
vC = Vm sin qt conclusions using a more mathematical approach.
now verify, as we did for the
+ conclusions using a more mathematical a
–C vC = Vm sin qt
For the capacitor of Fig. 14.11,+ we recall from Chapter 10 that
vC
For thedcapacitor of Fig. 14.11, we rec
– C vC =dvVm sin qt
C
iC ! C # [A] (17)
iC !–C #
dt dt dvC
iC ! C #
dt
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto and, applying differentiation,
4/5/17 23
FIG. 14.11 and, applying differentiation,
dvC d and, applying differentiation,
Capacitor – C (cont...)
Ø Se vC apresenta a mesma forma de Eq. (04), então, aplicando em Eq.
(17), temos:
dvC (18)
iC = C * = C * ω *Vm cos(ω t)
dt
Simplificando
iC = I m seno(ω t + 90 o ) (19)
onde
Im = C * ω *Vm (20)
Ø O capacitor impõe um adiantamento de 90º na fase da corrente
que circula em seus terminais.
N US OIDAL VO LTAG E O R C URRE NT ⏐⏐⏐ 581

Capacitor – C (cont...)
C: iC leads vC by 90°.
Ø A quantificação da oposição à
Vm variação da tensão no capacitor é
iC vC chamada de reatância capacitiva (XC)
Im
–p 0 p p 3p 2p qt
2 90° 2 2 VC 1 [Ω] (21)
XC = =
IC ω * C
FIG. 14.12
Ø current
The Há uma trocacapacitive
of a purely contínua de energia
entre a fonte e o campo elétrico do capacitor.
element
Corrente e tensão estão defasados de 90º e não há dissipação térmica de
leads the voltage across the element by 90°.
energia (ideal).

$
①
1
iL ! # vL dt
Circuitos Lde Corrente! (14.8)
Alternada Monofásicos
f. Resposta à excitação (I ou V) senoidal $– (Boylestad – Cap 14)
ive circuit,
Outras relações importantes para L e C:
dvC
iC !1C #
!
iL ! # vdtL dt
L
(14.8) (22)
!
(23)
RESP O NSE O F BASIC R, L , A N D C ELE M E NTS TO A SIN US
ve circuit, 1
vC ! #
C ! iC dt (14.9)
dvC Table 14.1 reviews the preceding conclusions.
iC ! C #
Ø Essasmethod
hall consider a relações of levam em
dt analyzing consideração
ac circuits that will a existência de duas
solve for an constantes,
unknown quantity keiL with
k,vsinusoidal
que
C
representam
input with- as condições TABLE 14.1 iniciais de
use direct integration or differentiation.
corrente (no 1 a network with one or (no
indutor) e tensão capacitor).
Effect of high and low frequencies on the circuit model of an inductor and
ble to determine
ominantlyØ Efeito
whether
vC ! # iC dt
capacitiveda C !
frequência:
or
more
inductive by noting the phase rela-
ele-
(14.9) a capacitor.
L f = 0 Hz f = very high frequencies

een the input voltage and current.
hall consider a method of analyzing ac circuits that will
current
olve for leads the applied
an unknown voltage,
quantity withthesinusoidal
network isinput with-
ly
usecapacitive,
Prof. M. and
Robertointegration
direct if theorapplied
Finzi Neto voltage leads the
differentiation.
Csource
4/5/17 26
predominantly inductive.
qC (500 rad/s)(100 ' 10 F) m ' 10
5 m C 5
v " 800 sin(500t # 60° % 90°)1 6 2
1
XC " & " &&& EXAMPLE 14.7 VFor m%6"the C "
10
ImXfollowing
" & (40$ pairs
A)(20 10
of
4 " & " 20 $
$ 800 Vand currents,
$)voltages
" and we know that for a capacitor, v l
qC (500
v " 800 sin(500t !determinerad/s)(100
30°) ' 10 F) 5 ' 10 5
whether the element involved is a capacitor, an inductor, or a
resistor, and we know that for a capacitor, v lags i by 90°. Therefore, v " 800 sin(500t
Vm " ImXC " (40 A)(20and $)determine
" 800 Vthe value of C, L, or R if sufficient data are pro-
vided (Fig. 14.18): v " 800 sin(500t # 60°and% 90°) v
i
" 800 sin(500t
4.7 Forand thewefollowing
know that pairs "ofa100
a. vfor voltages
capacitor,
sin(qt # v40°)
and currents,
lags i by 90°. Therefore, +
her the element involved is ia" capacitor,
20 sin(qtan #andinductor,
40°) or a v " 800 sin(500t ! 30°) v ?
termine the value of C, L, b. or
v" v "
R if 800 sin(500t
sufficient data # 60°
are pro- % 90°) –
1000 sin(377t # 10°) EXAMPLE 14.7 For the following
18): and i"v" 5 sin(377t % 80°)! 30°)
800 sin(500t
i
determine whether the element involv
(qt ①# 40°) Circuitosc. de v " Corrente
500 sin(157t EXAMPLE Alternada
# 30°) 14.7 ForMonofásicos
+ following pairs
the
v ?
of voltages
resistor, and currents,
and determine FIG. 14.18of C
the value
qt # 40°) determine whether the element involved is vided a capacitor, an inductor, or a14.7.
f.
# 10°)
n(377t EXAMPLE
Resposta à excitação
i " 1 sin(157t #
d. vFor
" 50the #
(I
120°)
ou V) senoidal – – (Boylestad – Cap 14)
(Fig. 14.18): Example
14.7 cos(qt
following20°) pairs
resistor, and determine
of voltages theand
valuecurrents,
of C, L, or a. Rv if"sufficient
100 sin(qt data
# 40°)are pro-

77t % 80°) Exemplo
determine 03:
whether " 5Dadas
ithe 586 ⏐⏐⏐ #
sin(qt
element TH as (Fig.
E110°)
BASIC
vided
involved correntes
ELE
is M Ecapacitor,
NTS A N D PHan
a14.18): eASinductor,
Otensões
RS or a abaixo, i " 20 sin(qt identifique
# 40°) a
carga e seu valor.
(157t # 30°) a.ofvC, # 40°) dataFIG.
resistor, and Solutions:
determine
586 the TH
⏐⏐⏐ value
E BASIC
"L,
ELE
100
M or
sin(qt
R ifA Nsufficient
E NTS D PH AS O RS are 14.18
pro- b. v " 1000 sin(377t # 10°)
57t # 120°)
vided (Fig. 14.18): a. Since v and i are ini phase, " 20 the sin(qt # 40°)
element is a resistor, and 14.7. 200
Example i ""5 sin(377t200 i" % 80°)
qt # 20°) L ! $ !+$ ! 0.531 H
a. v " 100 sin(qt # 40°) b. v " 1000 sin(377t # 10°) c. v q" 500377 rad/s # 30°)
sin(157t
t # 110°) Vm 100 V 200 " 200 "
i " 20 sin(qt # 40°) i"
R "5 & sin(377t
"& %" 80°)
5" L!$ v$
i " 1!sin(157t #! 0.531?H
120°)
Im 20 A c. Since i leads v by 90°, q the element is a capacitor, and
377 rad/s
b. v " 1000 sin(377t # 10°) c. v " 500 sin(157t # 30°) d. v " 50–cos(qt # 20°)
i are in phase, b. Since
thesin(377t
element v leads and
is a80°)
resistor, i by 90°,
i " the element is
1 sin(157t # an c. Sinceand
inductor,
120°) i leads v by 90°, V5
i "the m element
500 V
sin(qt #is 110°)
a capacitor, and
i"5 % XC ! $ ! $ ! 500 "
ASIC ELE c.MvE NTS
"
Vm 500
AND sin(157t
PHV AS O RS# 30°) d. v "V50 1000#
cos(qt V 20°) % VImm
Solutions:
1 AV
500
XC ! $ ! $FIG. 14.18
100 XLi" &
m
"& " 200 $ ! 500 "
R"&"&"5" " 5 sin(qt # 110°)
i" 20 A # 120°)
Im 1 sin(157t Im 5A 1 a. Since Im v and 1AiExample
are in phase,
14.7. the ele
so that XC ! $ ! 500 " or
d. v " 50 cos(qt # 20°)
that XL "and
so inductor, qLSolutions:
" 200 200$" or 200 "
qC
1 Vm
ds i by 90°, the element is an L ! $ ! $ ! so thatHXC ! $ ! 500 " or
0.531 10
i " 5 sin(qt # 110°) a. Sinceqv and 377 i arerad/s
in phase, the element qC 1is a resistor, and R " & " &
1 Im mF 20
Vm 1000 V C ! $ ! $$ ! 12.74
XLSolutions:
" & " & " 200 $
Im 5A c. Since i leads v by 90°, the element isRa " Vm
capacitor, 100 Vq500
and 1b. "Since(157 v leads1 i by")
rad/s)(500
90°,!the elemen
mF
a. Since v and i are in phase, the element is a resistor, andd.& "C & "5"
!$ ! $$ 12.74
Imv ! 50 20 Aq500
cos(qt " ! (157
# 20°) 50 sin(qt # 20° ")
rad/s)(500 # 90°)
" qL " 200 $ or Vm 500 V Vm 100
Vm b. 100 XC V ! $ ! $ ! d. 500v "!5050cos(qt
!
sin(qt # 110°)
# 20°) ! 50 sin(qt # XL #
20° &"&
" 90°)
R"&"& Since v" Ileads
m 5 "i1by A 90°, the element is an inductor, and Im 5
Im 20 A ! 50
Since vsin(qt
and i #
are110°)
in phase, the element is a resistor, and
1 Vm 1000 V so that XL " qL " 200 $ or
so that XC ! $ ! 500 " or X " & Since" v& and i are" in 200
phase,$mthe element
V 50 V is a resistor, and
b. Since v leads i by 90°, the element qC is an inductor, and Im
L
5A R ! $ ! $ ! 10 !
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 VImm 5 AV
50 27
Vm 1000
so V XL " qL1" 200 $ or
1 that R ! $ ! $ ! 10 !
I 5A
tinue indefinitely on the same path? Since applied signals may have fre-
quencies extending from a few hertz to megahertz, it is important to be
aware of the effect of frequency on the opposition level.
R
Thus far we have assumed that the resistance of a resistor is indepen-
dent of the applied frequency. However, in the real world each resistive
element has stray capacitance levels and lead inductance that are sensi-
tive to the applied frequency. However, the capacitive and inductive lev-
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos els involved are usually so small that their real effect is not noticed until
the megahertz range. The resistance-versus-frequency curves for a num-
g. Resposta em frequência de R,L ber
e C– (Boylestad
of carbon composition –resistors
Cap are 14) provided in Fig. 14.20. Note
Resistência comercial
that the lower resistance levels seem to be less affected by the fre-
quency level. The 100-! resistor is essentially stable up to about
300 MHz, whereas the 100-k! resistor starts its radical decline at about
Ø A frequências muito altas, a 15 MHz.
capacitância entre terminais
passa a ser considerável. 100
100 !
Ø O circuito equivalente de um 90 2 k!
80
resistor comercial passa a
R
(% of 70 10 k!
nameplate
ser: value) 60
50
40 100 k!
30
20
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
f (log scale)
R
FIG. 14.20
Typical resistance-versus-frequency curves for carbon compound resistors.
ments. In other words, the terminal characteristics of an inductance
vary with several factors, such as frequency, temperature, and cur
A true equivalent for an inductor appears in Fig. 14.24. The series r
tance Rs represents the copper losses (resistance of the many tur
Cp
thin copper wire); the eddy current losses (which will be describ
Chapter 19 and which are losses due to small circular currents i
Rs L core when an ac voltage is applied); and the hysteresis losses (w
ZL will also be described in Chapter 19 and which are losses due to
① Circuitos de Corrente FIG. 14.24
losses created by the rapidly ásicos
reversing field in the core). The ca
tance Cp is the stray capacitance that exists between the windings o
g. Resposta em
Practical frequência
equivalent de R,L e
for an inductor. C– (Boylestad – Cap 14)
inductor. For most inductors, the construction is usually such tha
Indutores de 590núcleo de ar
⏐⏐⏐ TH E BASIC ELE M E NTS AN
larger D inductance,
the PH AS O RSthe lower the frequency at which the parasitic
ments become important. That is, for inductors in the millihenry r
Ø Novamente, o efeito da capacitância (which is se
veryfaz presente
typical), frequenciesaapproaching
altas
1
100 kHz can hav
inductors i1
frequências. effect on the ideal characteristics
! ""
microhenry range, a frequency2pof"15
of the element. For
! ""
NSE O F TH E BASIC ELE M E NTS ⏐⏐⏐ 589 ####
MHz1#0# # introduce
$10
may (2p)(2.23
neg
Ø Além deste efeito, o indutor ainda deve
effects. This is incluir a resistência
not to suggest that the
105 Hz dastheir effect at
inductors lose
frequencies but more thatf ! "
they can no!longer be considered
7.12 kHz
espiras metálicas que o compõe. (purely inductive elements). 14.05
ZL (")
XL (k!) One must also be aware that commerc
5 100 !
!H
ments. In other words, the terminal chara
4 vary with several factors, such as freque
Due to Cp
3 L = 100 mH A true equivalent for an inductor appears
2
tance
ZL ≅ 2# fL Rs represents10the !H copper losses (re
!
Increasing L Cp
L = 20 mH thin copper wire); the eddy current losse
1
Chapter 19 and which Due aretolosses
Cp due to
0 5 10 15 20
Rs L 1MHz core 2 MHz
when an 4 MHz 6 MHz 10isMHz
ac voltage applied);
f (log scale)an
f (kHz)
Prof. Roberto
XL = 0 !M.
at fFinzi Neto
= 0 Hz ZL 4/5/17 ZL ≅also
will 2# f L be described in Chapter 29 19 and
losses created by the rapidly reversing fi
a mesma intensidade da região linear e passa a ter uma permeabilidade da mesma
de grandeza ao do ar. Do mesmo modo, para campos de baixa intensidade o m
não responde imediatamente ao campo aplicado e esta região é chamada de reg
sensibilização.
I1
I1 I2
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos ifásicos V1
g. Resposta em frequência de R,L e C– (Boylestad – Cap 14)

V1 Carga
V2
O transformador real
Indutores de núcleo magnético I2
Carga
passa aØterNúcleos magnéticos sãoordem

usado para concentrar as linhas de campo e
V2
uma permeabilidade da mesma (a)
magnético
do, para campos de baixae,intensidade
por consequência,
o material obter maiores indutâncias com menores (b)
quantidades de espiras.
o aplicado e esta região é chamada de região deFigura 3.3: (a) Adição do núcleo magnético ao transformador; (b) Aproximaç
Ø Infelizmente, diversos efeitos enrolamentos.
comprometem a linearidade de resposta ou
geram perdas no indutor: I - Saturação
I1
V1
Carga
V2
I2
Carga
V2
Foucault)
Foucault) e perdas
e perdas por histerese.
por histerese.
As perdas
As perdas por correntes
por correntes parasitas
parasitas serãoserão explicadas
explicadas acompanhando-se
acompanhando-se a fig
a figura
O núcleo
O núcleo magnético
magnético está está submetido
submetido ao fluxo
ao fluxo magnético
magnético alternado
alternado principal,
principal, e estee
induzinduz tensões
tensões ao longo
ao longo do material
do material ferromagnético,
ferromagnético, que também
que também é umé material
um materia
con
(leiFaraday-Lenz).
(lei de de Faraday-Lenz).
ComoComo o circuito
o circuito é fechado
é fechado em toda
em toda área área do núcleo,
do núcleo, há,
a circulação de correntes no material que dissipam energia através do aque
a circulação de correntes no material que dissipam energia através do aquecime
núcleo (efeito Joule). É possı́vel reduzir estas perdas construindo o núcleo de lâ
núcleo (efeito Joule). É possı́vel reduzir estas perdas construindo o núcleo de lâmina
g. Resposta em frequência de R,L e C– (Boylestad – Cap 14)
isoladas eletricamente
entreentre si, como mostra a figura 3.5(b). Com a laminaçã
Indutores de núcleo magnético (cont.
isoladas eletricamente
..) si, como mostra a figura 3.5(b). Com a laminação, as
de indução
de indução ficamficam menores
menores e consequentemente
e consequentemente as correntes
as correntes serãoserão menores.
menores. É
É impo
Ø II – Correntes parasitas: Olembrar
núcleo está submetido ao fluxo magnético alternado.
lembrar que oque o núcleo
núcleo deve deve ser laminado
ser laminado no sentido
no sentido do fluxo
do fluxo magnético
magnético e perpe
e perpenticu
Isso induz tensões ao longo do material ferromagnético, que também é
correntes parasitas.
AlémAlém da laminação, são produzidas
ligas ligas compostas de f
condutor (lei de Faraday-Lenz).
correntes
Haverá
parasitas.
circulação
da laminação,
desãocorrentes
produzidas
no material
compostas
que
de ferro,
dissipam energia no núcleo (efeito

e carbono,
e carbono, Joule).
o chamado
o chamado aço silı́cio,
aço silı́cio, que éque
umé material
um material que possui
que possui uma uma resistêne
resistência
maismais elevada
que oque o ferro, e assim
reduzreduz a intensidade das correntes parasitas.
Ø É possível reduzir estas elevada
perdas ferro,
construindoe assim
coma intensidade
núcleo de das correntes
lâminasparasitas.
finas e
isoladas eletricamente entre si.

① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos 14)
Indutor de núcleo magnético (cont...)

Ø Em frequências abaixo da especificação do núcleo haverá saturação
e distorção do sinal.
Ø A frequências muito altas, o efeito capacitivo entre as espiras fica
mais pronunciado.
Ø Núcleos de aço-silício são mais indicados para frequências mais
baixas. (20 – 2kHz).
Ø Núcleos de ferrite. Apresentam uma faixa de histerese, curva BxH,
muito estreita. Indicados para frequências da ordem de dezenas a
centenas de kHz).

Forcolder
than any load in a sinusoidal
temperatures, but high-k ac network,
ceramics the up
can lose voltage
to 30%across
of the load and
FIG. 14.28 their
the capacitance level at 100°C
current through compared
the load ! vary
will Vmroom
to Im in
sin(qt " vv) With
temperature.
a sinusoidal sin(qt " vThe
nature. i) ques-
Determining the power delivered inexposure
a and experience, you will learn the type of capacitor employed
tions then Usingarise,and
How does the power to the load determined by the
for each application, the trigonometric
concern identity
will arise only when very high fre-
.5 AVERAGE POWERquencies,
sinusoidal ac network. ANDextreme
product POWER
v · i vary, andFACTOR
what
temperatures, fixed
or very highvalue
currentscan be assigned
or voltages are to the power
since it will vary with time?
encountered. cos(A # B) # cos(A " B)
any load in a sinusoidal ac network, the voltage across sin theAload B ! $$$
sin and
i If we take the general
current through the load will vary in a sinusoidal nature. The ques- case depicted 2
in Fig. 14.28 and use the fol-
+ arise, How does the power
s then lowing for vload
and determined
i:
14.5 toAVERAGE the
the function POWER "by
sin(qt AND vv)the
POWER
sin(qt " FACTOR
vi) becomes
duct v · i vary, and what fixed For
value can inbe assignedac to vthe! power
①v Circuitos
Load
ce it will vary with time?de Corrente
any loadsin(qt Alternada
a sinusoidal
" v v) sin(qt Monofásicos
network, Vm sin(qt
" vthe
i)
" vv)the load and
voltage across
the current through the load will vary in a sinusoidal nature. The ques-
f we takeh. thePotência Média
general case tions ethen
depicted Fator Fig.de
inarise, Potência(Boylestad
14.28
How does and
the use
cos[(qt
i ! to
" vthe
power Im the
sin(qt
v) #fol-
"– vi)Capby14)
" vdetermined
(qtload i)] # cos[(qt " vv) " (qt " vi)]
the
–
ingforSupondo v · i vary,! $$$$$$$
v and i: um fonteproduct
senoidal
then the excitando
power
and
defineduma carga RLC, 2 temos:
what fixed value can be assigned to the power
is
since it will vary with time?
by
i v ! Vm sin(qt
If we"take
vv)the general
!case
pcos(v depicted in Fig. 14.28 and use the fol-
viv !
# Vvm
i) sin(qt " vv"
# cos(2qt " vi) " vi)
)Imvvsin(qt
+ lowing for v and !
i: $$$$
FIG.
P 14.28 i ! Im sin(qt " vi) ! VmIm"sin(qt
2 " vv) sin(qt " vi)
v ! V sin(qt
m v)v
ing the power
v delivered
Load in a
n the power
nusoidal is defined by
ac network. Usingsothe trigonometric
that identity
i ! Im sin(qt
Fixed"value
vi) Time-varying (function of t)
⎫
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎭
⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭
–
p ! vi ! Vm sin(qtthen " the
vv)Ipower is defined by VmIm
! " ! "
m sin(qt ! " viA) sin cos(A # B) # cos(A VmIm " B)
p!
sin $
p ! vi ! Vm sin(qt
B! $$$
cos(v # v ) #
" vv)Imvsin(qt i" vi)2
$ (24) E
cos(2qt " vv " vi) AVERAG
! VmIm sin(qt " vv) sin(qt " vi) 2 2
Ø O FIG.primeiro
14.28 termo da Eq. (24) ! VmIm sin(qt " vv) sin(qt " vi)
é chamado
etermining the power delivered in a
Using the trigonometric de
identity the
Potência A
function plot of
sin(qt v,"i, vand
v) sin(qt " vsame
p on the set of axes is shown in Fig. 14.29.
i) becomes
sinusoidal ac network. Using the trigonometric identity
Note that the second factor in the preceding equation is a cosine
Media = Potência sin(qtReal
cos(A # B) #wave" v v) sin(qt
cos(A " B) " cos(A
vi) # B) #pcos(A " B)
with an
! amplitude
$$$ of Vm Im /2 and with a frequency
Vm Im twice that of
transferida
sin A sinàBcarga.
! $$$ sin A sin B
2
2 cos[(qt " vv) # (qt " vi)] # cos[(qt " vv) " (qt2 " vi)]
Ø O segundo termo !não
the function$$$$$$$
sin(qt " vv) sin(qt " vi) becomes Pav
function sin(qt " vv) sin(qt " vi) becomes 2
transfere energia à carga.
sin(qt " vv) sin(qt " vi)
Vm Im
2
cos(θv – θ i)
Ø vAv) sin(qt
qt " potência
" vi) real equivale ! à " vvv#
cos(v
$$$$
cos[(qt
vi) # cos(2qt " vv " vi)
) # (qt "0vi)] # cos[(qt " vv) " (qt " vi)] !t
mesma calculada para um
! $$$$$$$ 2
cos[(qt " vv) # (qt " vi)] # cos[(qt " vv) " (qt " vθ2ii)] i
sistema DC.
! $$$$$$$ so thatcos(vv # vi) # cos(2qt " vv " vi)
Fixed value Time-varying (function of t)
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 2! $$$$ θv 33
2 4/5/17 v
⎫
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎭
⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭
VmIm VmIm
nitude power
is important
as it and
is the sign is called,
sometimes immaterial,
is wepower
the have delivered to and dissi-
(150 pated
V)(3byA)
" && the cos(20°) " (225
load. It corresponds W)(0.9397)
to the power calculations performed
2 dc networks.
for
P # $
VmImangle (vv " vi ) is the phase angle between v and
The
$ cos (watts, W) (14.14)
i. Since cos("a) # 2cos a, v
" 211.43 W
the magnitude of average power delivered is independent of whether
where P is the average power in watts. This equation can also be
v leads i or i leads v.
written
Defining v as equal to |vv " vi|, where | | indicates that only the mag-
h. nitude
Potência Média eand Fator
Vm deImPotência(Boylestad – Cap 14)
is important
Se definirmos θ = |θ#2$– θ#2
$
! v "! i "
P # the sign$is cos
immaterial,
|,$então:
v we have
Vm VmIm Im
$ $
$ [W]
or, since Veff # P # $and Ieffv#
$ cos (watts, W) (14.14)(25)
#2$ 2 #2
Vm Equation
Im /2)cos the factor that has significant con-
v, becomes
(14.14)
Em where termos P isde
thevalor eficaz,
average power temos
in watts.também:
This equation can also be
power written
level is the cos v. No matter how large the
cos v " 0, the power P #is Ieff cos vif cos[W]
Veffzero; v " 1,(14.15)the (26)
Vm Im
P # !$"!$" cos v
maximum. Since it has such
Let us now apply Eqs. (14.14) and control,
#2 $ #2
(14.15) $to the expression
the basic R, L, and C
O Fator de Potência representa quanto de
elements. energia é efetivamente
ower
A N D PH
factor and
entregue
AS O RS
is defined
à carga. Vmby com Eq.Im(25) e (26),
De acordo % Im = 5
ele será uma
or, since Veff # $ and Ieff # $
função de θ: #2
$ #2
$ +
Resistor
Equation (14.14) becomes P Em (27) 100 V
Power factor " Fp " cos v F ! cos v ! $$
p
Veff I eff (14.18)
(14.19)
In a purely resistive circuit, since v and i are in phase, |vv " vi| # v # –
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto thatP # 4/5/17 cos v in conjunction with (14.15) 34
0°,
ω t – 20°)
and cosThev # cosleading
terms 0° # 1,
andsolagging areVoften
eff Ieff written
– FIG.If14.32
g are often written in ωconjunction with power factor. the current lag
i = 2 sin( t + 40°) 596 power factor. If the current
⏐⏐⏐ TH E BASIC ELE M E NTS A N D PH AS O RS
lags the voltage
Example P across
14.12(a). the lo
ed
n(ω t by The terms leading
the current through the load.
– 20°) and lagging If are often written in conjunction
has
Fp !a cos with
lagging
v!$ power
$ factor. In o
the the
power Fpfactor. + has a
P FIG. lagging
14.32 power factor. In other words,
Veff I eff
cross FIG. 14.32
a load, load hasThey
! cos v!a$ V
are$defined by the current
leading
I
Example
eff eff 14.12(a).
(14.19) through the load. If
capacitive networks have leadin
sExample
the voltage the current leads the voltage
capacitive
i = across
2 sin(ω a
networks
t + load, the
The termshave
40°) load has
leading apower
leading factors, and induc
Fp = ?across the
14.12(a). Load load,v = 50 the ω tload
sin( – 20°) leading and lagging are often written in conjunct
power factor. If the current lags the networks have lagging power
F fa
p !the
co
The terms leading and lagging are often written in thevoltage
power
conjunction across
factor.
with the
They load,
are the
defined load
by the current through
ther words, networks have lagging power factors.
+
the current leads the voltage across a load, the load has a
the power factor. has They
a laggingare definedpower
– by factor.
the current In other
through words,the load. If The importance of the power
power factor. If the current lags theterms
voltage acrossand thelaggin
load,
g the current
power leads the
factors, and voltage across a load, the load
inductive The importance
Load
has va =leading
50of
sin( the
ω t – power
20°) The
factor
examined to
in power
Chapterleading distributio
19. In fact,
①
power
ctors. Circuitos
factor. capacitive de
If the current Corrente
networks
lags thehave
FIG. 14.32
F p =
voltage?
Alternada
leading
examined
acrosspower
the
in Chapter
Monofásicos
a factors,
hasload, lagging
the load and inductive
power
19. In
factor. the In other
correction.
fact, one
words,
power factor. They are defin
section is devoted to ap
has a lagging networks
power factor. have In lagging
other power
words, factors.
h. Potência Média e Fator de Potência(Boylestad
Example 14.12(a). capacitive – networks have– Cap 14) the
leading current
power leads
factors, the
and voltage
inductive
factor
capacitiveto networks
power distribution
have leading power systemscorrection. networks have lagging powerpower
factors,isand inductive factors. factor. If the current lag
Exemplo
networks have lagging04:
The importance Calcule o Fp das
power factors.
of the power factor to powercargas distribution conectadas
EXAMPLE
systems
has a
is 14.33
FIG.
lagging14.12
abaixo
power factor.eInsy
Determine tho
one sectionexamined is devoted to power-factor
in Chapter 19. In fact, one The
FIG.section importance of
14.32 is devoted to power-factor the power factor to
Example power
14.12(b). distribution
596Theinforme
⏐⏐⏐importance
BASICofELE
TH E correction.
se
the Mpower elasA N D apresentam
E NTS factor to AS
PH power examined
O RSdistribution
Example características
in Chapter
systems
14.12(a). is 19.and In fact,
indicatecapacitivas
one
capacitive section
whether
networks have ou
is devoted
they to
are pow
%lea
leadin
EXAMPLE 14.12 Determine the power factors of the follo
indutivas
correction.
ou resistiva pura:
examined in Chapter 19. In fact, one section is devoted to power-factor correction.
a. Fig.networks14.32Ihave = 5 A
lagging power fa
andFIG. indicate
14.33 whether they areb.leading Fig.The or
14.33 lagging:of the power
eff
importance
i = 2 sin(ω t + 40°) Ploads,
EXAMPLE
e power factors of the following loads, 14.12 a.
Determine Fig.
Example 14.32
the EXAMPLE
power
14.12(b). factors 14.12
ofF p
the
! following
Determine
cos c. v !
Fig.$the
examined$ power
14.34 in factors
Chapter
+ of the (14.19)
19. followin
In fact,
V eff I eff or lagging:
ading FIG.
EXAMPLE
or 14.33
14.12
lagging:
+
and indicate whether they
Determine the power b. areFig.leading
factors of the
14.33 and indicate
or lagging:
following whether
loads, they are leading
correction.LOAD V = 20 V
and indicate whether
Example 14.12(b). they
a. Fig. 14.32 are leading or lagging: a. Fig. 14.32 Solutions:
Fp = ? eff
v =FIG. ω t – 20°) c. Fig.
14.33 The 14.34
terms leading
14.33and lagginga.areFoften written in conjunction with
– |40°
a. FFig.
p = ? 14.32
Load 50 sin(
I = 5 A b. Fig. ! cos v ! cos " ("2
b. Fig. 14.33
Example 14.12(b). eff power factor. They are defined by pthe current
the c. Fig. 14.34 through the load. If
b. Fig. 14.33
b. FEXAMPLE
! cos v 14.12
|80° " Determine
30°| ! coth
c. Fig. 14.34 c. Fig. 14.34
– Solutions:
the current
+
leads
Solutions:
the voltage across ap load, the load has
and indicate whether they are lea
P = 100
a
W
leading
I = 5 A
Solutions: Solutions:eff a. F power! factor.
cosa. vF !If
!
the
cos
cos v|40°
current
! cos
lags
" |40°
the
("20°)|
"
voltage
a. Fig.
("20°)| ! across
FIG.
cos
14.32
! cos
the load,
14.34
60°
60°
$!$
P!0.5
!
the lead
0.5 load1
leading
p ! cos
c. Fwords, v !14.12(c).
eff I = 5 A p p
has a lagging power factor. In other Example
a. Fp ! cos va. !FIG.
cos !
F p
|40°
14.32 cos" vF("20°)|
p!= ?cos
+
! b.
|40°
cos "F
60°p !
! 0.5
("20°)|
LOAD FIG.
cosb.
V v
leading
!
eff |80°
14.33 !
F=pcos20 cos
V "
60° v! |80°
30°| 0.5"! 30°| cos
leading !b.cos
50°Fig.50°! !0.6428
14.33 0.6428 Vefflagging
I eff
lagging (20
b. Fp! ! cos |80° "
cos vExample
+ 14.12(a).
30°| !leading
cos 50° ! 0.6428 Example
capacitive
lagging 14.12(b).
networks have leading P power c. factors,
Fig. and inductive
14.34
20°)| 60° !
b. Fp ! cos v |80° " 30°| !
0.5 cos 50°c. ! 0.6428
! cos P
Fplagging lagging
!$
vpower The
!100
$$
100
Wload W is !
100 W and F i
resistive,
100
$ W! 1 p
networks have
– V factors.
I (20 V)(5 A) 100 W
p ! 1v ! $ ! $$ Solutions:! $ ! 1
P 100 W c.!V F 100 W cos
s c.
50° Fp !! cos0.6428 p=$
vF! ? lagging !LOAD
$$ Veff = 20
P $ 100 !W 100 W
eff eff
LOAD Capacitiva FVpeff

c.Veff =! I20 V v(20
effcos !V)(5
$ A) !100 $$ W
The Indutiva P = 100
importance
Ieff = The
5A!
Vof
load$W isIresistive,
the
eff power
eff (20
! 1factor and V)(5
Fto
a. A) distribution
pResistiva
p ! cos v pura
ispower
F neither 100
leading
! cosW nor|40°
systems
lagging.
" ("2is
00
0VW The load 100
is $ W and Fp is neither
resistive, Veff I eff leading
– (20nor
examined V)(5 inA) Chapter100
lagging. 19. W In fact, one section Fp !
b. neither is cos
devotedv |80° to " power-factor
30°| ! co
$$ !
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto ! 1 P = 100 The
FIG.
W load
14.34 is
4/5/17 +
resistive, and F p is leading nor
35 laggi
V)(5 A) 100 correction.
TheWload is resistive, and F is neither leading nor lagging.
– p
Example 14.12(c). P 1
i. Números complexos e fasores(Boylestad – Cap 14)
Cargas complexas são compostas por diversos elementos RLC
em arranjos série/paralelo.
Para facilitar a análise de circuitos deste tipo é possível fazer o

emprego de fasores e números complexos para representar as
duas informações (amplitude e fase) que tensões e correntes
carregam.
Em suma, as duas representações podem ser resumidas a

representações vetoriais em planos cartesianos ou polares.

(b) (t = 0 s)
° v2 = 60° v1 = 30°
3
(b) 14.63(b);
idal waveforms of Fig. i2 = 6 sin(qt + 60°)
l14.63
waveforms
(a) of v1 and v2. (b)
sinusoidal waveforms of Fig. 14.63(b);
usoidal waveforms of v1 and v2.
maximum vertical projection as shown in Fig. FIG.14.63(a).
14.64
sprojection is
its maximumAdding a maximum,
vertical asthe
two sinusoidal
projection peak
shown value
currents
in Fig. of the
14.63(a). sinu-
with phase angles other than 90°.
①
generate Circuitos
is also
ertical projection is a attained de
maximum,at Corrente
! 0value
thetpeak s, as Alternada
shown
of612
the sinu- in Fig. Monofásicos
TH E BASIC ELE M E NTS A N D PH AS O RS
⏐⏐⏐ $
will
o that vi.
T ! vNúmeros
generate is also
1 at t ! 0 s since complexos
attained at t ! 0 vs, as
e fasores(Boylestad
shown in this
2 ! 0 V at
Fig. instant.
– Cap 14)
ote also that vT ! v1 at t ! 0 s since v2 ! 0 V at this instant. v
own [see Fig. 14.63(a)] using the vector algebra
be shown [see Fig. 14.63(a)] using the vector algebra 2.236 V
vT = v1 + v2
= 2.236 sin (! t + 63.43°)
on -14.10
Usando
sinusoidal
Section that
14.10 álgebra
functions
that vetorial:
having phase angles different
ppears
V " in
1 V !0°
!0° 2"V2 Fig.
V !90° 14.64.
!90° ! 2.236
! 2.236 Note
V !63.43°
V again
!63.43° that the vertical v1 = 2 sin (! t + 90°)
ons
words,in
, if-we Fig.
if we
O que 14.64(b)
convert
convert leva
v and v2 toat
v11aand v2 to the
concluir: "phasor
thetphasor 0form
s isusing
formdetermined
using by the
of vthe v!radius # v) ⇒ Vm in
Vm sin(qtvectors !#vFig. 14.64(a). v2 = 1 sin ! t
! Vm sin(qt # v) ⇒ Vm !#v 2V 2.236 V 2V
m
ather using complexthe
than number
peak,algebra, we can find
values are theused
phasor almost exclu-
ng withcomplex
very little number
difficulty. It can then we
algebra, be converted
can findto the the phasor 1V
snveryofØac
and circuits,
Trabalhamos
plotted
little
on the same
difficulty.
theItset
phasor
comcan
will
valores
of axes,
then
as shown
be
now be to
in Fig.
converted
redefined for
θ
= 90° θthe = 63.43°
gure 14.63(a), showing the magnitudes and relative posi-
1 T
ticality
plotted
various eficazes
andthe
on
phasors, pora phasor
isuniformity
same
called serem
set ofdiagram.mais
asaxes,
havingas a magnitude
It is shown
actually
1V
in Fig. equal !t
of the comuns
the
”14.63(a), sine wave
showing
rotating e genéricos.
radius it represents.
the
vectors magnitudes
at t ! 0 s. andThe angleposi-
relative associated
θ 2 = 0° θT=
63.43°
θ 2 (0°)
(t = 0 s)
us remain
first
Neste
ture,phasors,
Ø therefore, is
caso,
if the
called
as previously
be converted
o
addition
a fasor
phasor
to the phasor domain
passa
of two sinusoids
diagram.a
described—the
is required,
It is actually
and the sum found phase angle.
θ1 =
he ter The
rotating resultacan then beseguinte
radius ! 0 s. to the time
vectors at t converted 90°
lllex algebra.
of the analyses to follow, the phasor form of a
herefore, representação:
if the addition of two sinusoids is required,
r current
be convertedwill to the bephasor domain and the sum found
gebra. The result can then be converted to the time
V " V !v and I " I !v (28)
rms values and v is the phase angle. It 4/5/17
should be (a) (b)
sively in the analysis of ac circuits, the phasor will now be redefined for
the purposes of practicality and uniformity as having a magnitude equal
to the rms value of the sine wave it represents. The angle associated
with the phasor will remain as previously described—the phase angle.
In general, for all of the analyses to follow, the phasor form of a
sinusoidal voltage or current will be
V " V !v and I " I !v
where V and I are rms values and v is the phase angle. It should be
pointed out that in phasor notation, the sine wave is always the refer-
and
ence, O theuso deis not
frequency fasores
represented. e números complexos em análise AC só será
Phasorpossível se quantities
algebra for sinusoidal todasis applicable
as formas only for de onda apresentarem a mesma
frequência
waveforms f.
having the same frequency.
614 ⏐⏐⏐ THE BASIC ELE M ENTS AND PHASORS $

Deve-se sempre preferir valores RMS aos valores de pico.
EXAMPLE 14.29 Convert the following from the time to the phasor
EXAMPLE 14.30 Write the sinusoidal expression for the following
Exemplos de conversão entre os domínio
domain: do tempo e do fasor:
phasors if the frequency is 60 Hz:
Time Domain Phasor Domain Phasor Domain Time Domain
a. I ! 10 !30° i ! !2"(10) sin(2p60t " 30°)

a. !2"(50) sin qt 50 !0°
and i ! 14.14 sin(377t ! 30°)
b. 69.6 sin(qt # 72°) (0.707)(69.6) !72° " 49.21 !72° b. V ! 115 !#70° v ! !2"(115) sin(377t # 70°)
c. 45 cos qt (0.707)(45) !90° " 31.82 !90° and v ! 162.6 sin(377t " 70°)
omain Time Domain – –– – FIG. 14.65
! 50 sin(377t " 30°) ⎫ ein vb
Example 14.3
i !⎬!2"Time
! sin(2
f(10) 60 pHz
!30°
omain Solution:
! 30 sin(377t " 60°) ⎭ Applying
60t " 30°) Kirchhoff’s
Domain – voltage law, we
– have
and i ! 14.14 sin(377t ! 30°) FIG. 14.65
!30°
5 !#70° v! !2
i !!2 "(10)sin(377t
"(115) sin(2p60t " 30°)
# 70°) ein ! va " FIG.
vFIG. 14.6514.31.
Example
b 14.65
and v!
and i !162.6
14.14sin(377t "!
sin(377t 70°)
30°) Solution: 14.31.Applying Kirchhoff’s volta
Example14.31.
Example
!#70° v ! !2"(115) sin(377t # 70°) FIG. 14.65
Converting from the time to the phasor domain yields
and v ! 162.6 sin(377t "Solution:
70°) Example 14.31. e ! va "
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we have in
① Circuitos de Corrente va !Solution:
50Solution:
Alternada
sin(377tApplying
Applying ⇒
"Monofásicos
30°) Va !voltage
Kirchhoff’s
Kirchhoff’s 35.35
voltage
Converting Vthe
law,
law,
from !30°
we have
we have
time to the phasor
14.31 Find the input voltage of the circuit of Fig. 14.65 if ein ! va " vb
i. Números
+ va – complexos vbSolution:
!e 30
fasores(Boylestad
Applying
sin(377t 60°) ⇒
"Kirchhoff’s – Cap
eV
voltage
ein!!!
in b v
valaw,
14) " vwe
21.21
a " v
b have
V !60°
va ! 50 sin(377t " 30°) ⎫ + Converting from the etime ! vto " vb !
thev phasora domain yields " 30°) ⇒ V
50 sin(377t
14.31
vb !Exemplo
Find the input05: calcule
voltage 60 a from
Hz tensão
⎬ of the circuit
f ! ein to
de
ofConverting
Fig. 14.65 entrada
iffrom
Converting fromthe
thetimeno
time
in tocircuito
phasorAC
thephasor
a b
abaixo:
domain yields
Converting
30 sin(377t " 60°) ⎭ polar rectangular
vb Converting from the v time
! 50
toform
the
sin(377t
domain
for addition
v ! sin(377t " 60°) ⇒ V
30yields
yields
30°) ⇒yields
"domain b V ! 35.35 V !30°
va ! 50 sin(377t " 30°) ⎫ vaa! 50 to the phasor
sin(377t " 30°) ⇒ Va !a35.35 V !30°
⎬ f ! 60–Hz V ! 35.35 va v! 50 ! sin(377t " 30°)" ⇒V ⇒ a ! 35.35
! V !30°
vb ! 30 sin(377t " 60°) ⎭ a va ! 50V !30° 30
vb sin(377t
b !
sin(377t
30.61
Converting
" 30°)"
! 30 sin(377t ⇒60°) V
Va ! "
60°) j
from
⇒35.35 V
17.68
Vb !V21.21
b 21.21
V
polar
!30°Vto Vrectangular
!60° !60° for
vb ! 30 sin(377t " 60°) ⇒ Vb ! 21.21 V !60°
Vb ! vConvertendo
Converting ! 30from
sin(377t
polar!para
" 60°) ⇒ VV
representação
b !" 21.21 V de
!60° números
21.21 V
b
Converting !60°
from polar toto rectangular
10.61
rectangular formjform
18.37
Vfor
a
for
! V addition
35.35
addition yields ! 30.
V !30°
yields
Converting from polar to rectangular form for addition yields
complexos:
Converting from polarVto! rectangular
35.35 V form for
!30° ! addition
30.61 V yields
" j 17.68 V
+ va Then– V a !
a 35.35 V !30° ! 30.61 VV "! 21.21
b j 17.68 VV !60° ! 10.
V
Va ! 35.35! 35.35 V !30° ! 30.61 V " j 17.68 V
V !30° V! 30.61 !"10.61
!V10.61 j 17.68
V "VV
a
+ + VVb b!! 21.21
21.21 V!60°!60° j" j 18.37
18.37 V V
FIG. 14.65E ! V " V ! (30.61 V
Vb ! V !
b "V
21.21 21.21 V
j 17.68Then
!60° !V)!60° 10.61! 10.61
"V(10.61 V " j 18.37
" j 18.37VV" j 18.37 V V)
ein in vb a b
Example + v14.31. – Then
Then
! 41.22 Lembre-se
V " j 36.05 que: VEin ! Va " Vb ! (30.61 V " j 17.68
a
+– –+ Then
Then
Einin !
E !VVaa""VV b!b! (30.61
(30.61VV "" j 17.68
j 17.68V) V)" (10.61
"! V "Vj 18.37
(10.61
41.22 V V) V)
""j 18.37
j 36.05 V
ein vb !inV!
Ein E "V V " !V !
(30.61 V
(30.61" jV "
17.68 j V)
17.68" (10.61
V) " V "
(10.61 j "
18.37
V V)
j 18.37 V)
Converting from rectangular a a b
to
! 41.22
polar
! form,
b ! 41.22 V " j 36.05 V
41.22
V " jV
V"
36.05 V
we have
j 36.05 V
– – ! 41.22 " j 36.05 V
ng Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we have Converting from rectangular Converting
to to
polar from
form, werectangular
havehave to polar for
AplicandoFIG.a lei
14.65de Kirchoff Converting
! 41.22 V
Ein Converting
Converting fromVoltafrom para forma
rectangular
" rectangular
j 36.05 V to
rectangular
from to polar polar:
!polar
54.76
form, polar
we form,
V !41.17°
form,have we
we have
ein ! va " vb
Example 14.31.
Ein ! E Ein !
41.22 ! 41.22
V 41.22 VV
" j 36.05"" jV36.05
j! 36.05 V!
54.76 V E
V54.76
!
in ! 41.22
V
54.76
!41.17° !41.17°
V V " j 36.05 V !
!41.17°
in
E ! 41.22 V " j 36.05 V ! 54.76 V !41.17°
Converting from the phasorin to the time domain, we obtain
Converting Domínio
from thedo tempo:
phasor to thedomain,
Converting time domain,
from thewephasor
obtain to the time
e timeConvertendo FIG. para
to the phasor fasores: yields
14.65domain Converting from
Converting the phasor
from the tophasor
the time
to the time
Converting from the phasor to the time domain, we obtain
we obtain
domain, we obtain
Example
Applying Kirchhoff’s 14.31.E
voltage law, ! have
in we 54.76 V Ein !41.17°
!E in ! V
⇒Ve!41.17°
54.76 in ⇒! e!2 "(54.76)
⇒
in ! !2
! !2
ein"(54.76)"sin(377t
(54.76) "" 41.17°)
sin(377t " 41.17°)
"(54.76) sin(377t "⇒ ! !2 "
E54.76! !41.17°
54.76 V !41.17° ⇒E e !! !2sin(377t
54.76" V 41.17°)
!41.17°
(54.76) sin(377t "ein41.17°)
in 54.76 V !41.17° ⇒ e in
⇒ Ein ! in ! !2 41.17°)
in
sin(377t "M.30°)
Prof. Roberto Finzi Neto V
ein ! va " vb a ! 35.35 V !30° 4/5/17
and andein ! 77.43 ein ! sin(377t
77.43! sin(377t ! 41.17°)
39
and and
ein !sin(377t
77.43
e ! 77.43 41.17°)
! 41.17°)
sin(377t ! 41.17°)
① Circuitos de Corrente
! Alternada Monofásicos
Exemplo: (cont...)
ein = va + vb
77.43
vb
va
30 50
0
–p 30° p p 3 2p qt
2 2 2p
41.17°
60°


PROPOSTOS NO FINAL DO CAPÍTULO 14
DO LIVRO E CONFIRMAR OS RESULTADOS
USANDO O SIMULADOR OrCAD PsPice

examples are considered. Once this association is
In phasor form, ZR ! R !0°
f the rules (current divider rule, voltage divider rule,
ircuits can be readily applied to ac circuits. The v ! roman
boldface qt ⇒ Z
Vm sinquantity VR,!having
V !0° both magnitude a
associated angle, is referred to as the impedance of a resistive ele
It is measured
where V ! 0.707V in ohms and is a measure of how much the elemen
m.
“impede” the flow of charge through the network. The above f
SERIES ac CIRCUITS Applyingwill
Ohm’s law and using phasor algebra, we have
prove to be a useful “tool” when the networks become more
plex and phase relationships become less obvious. It is import
V Z!0°
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos realize, however, #
I !that !a#
R is not
V
phasor, /" vthough
0° even R
the format
is very similar to theR phasor
!vR notationR for sinusoidal currents and
ANCEj.AND
Circuitos AC série e DIAGRAM
THE PHASOR paralelo (Boylestad – Cap 15)
ages. The term phasor is reserved for quantities that vary with tim
Since i and v areitsinassociated
phase, theangleangle associated with iquantities.
also mu
Esta seção usará a álgebra fasorial para calcular circuitos AC
R and
To satisfy this condition, v must equal 0°. Substituting v
of 0° are fixed, nonvarying
!
ments
série ou paralelo.
R R
find EXAMPLE 15.1 Using complex algebra, find the current i for th
found, for the purely resistive circuit of Fig. 15.1,
cuit of Fig. 15.2. Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
V !0°
# /0° " 0° !
i V V
Para
n phase, facilitar
and the magnitudeeste processo
+ de
análise,
I ! # os
Solution: Note
R !0°
elementos
Fig.!15.3:
R
do# circuito
R
!0°
passarão
Vm a ser representados
5! v = 100 sin qt
– por fasores. a
I ! "" or Vm ! ImR so that in the time domain, c
LLEL m
ac CIRC
RUITS ac
Impedância resistiva - ZR:
EL ac CIRC UITS vV
# $
100 V
FIG. 15.2 i ! !2
" # sin qt
In phasor form, Example 15.1. R
i 3"
20 A 2"
In phasor form, ⇒ V fact
v ! Vm sin qt The ! V !0°
that vR ! 0° will now be employed in
"
the
2
0 " #t follow
#
2
i = Im sin qtwhere V ! 0.707V . format to ensure the proper phase relationship between the vo
+ m v ! Vm sin qt ⇒ V ! V !0°
Applying Ohm’s law and usingcurrent
phasorofalgebra,
a resistor:
we have
where
R v !
V = V m sin qt
0.707V m.
V !0° V
–
Applying Ohm’s law I!# and using
R !vR R
/
! #phasor
0° " valgebra,
R we have WaveformsFIG.
ZR ! R for
15.3
(29)
Example 15.1.
!0°
V !0° V
Prof. Roberto M. Since
Finzi Neto v are in phase,
i and I !the
To satisfy this condition, v R
# /
! 4/5/17
angle associated
!vThe
# 0° with
" vRi also must be 0°.
R0°. Substituting
42
must equal
R boldface roman quantity
v ! 0°, we Z , having both magnitude
determined by qL. ZL ! XL !90°
20 V
(
v ! Vm sin qt ⇒ phasor form V ! V !0° The boldface roman quantity ZL, having both magnitudeυ an
associated angle, is referred to as the impedance of an inductive
By Ohm’s law, ment. It is measured in ohms and is a measure 5Aof how much ithe in
tive element will “control or impede” the level of current throug "
V !0° V network (always ac keep in mind that "
inductive "
elements are st
PARALLEL ac CIRC UITS
I! $
XL !vL
!$
XL / 0° " vL devices and do not
ac
–
dissipate like resistors).
90°
0
2 The above format,
2 like
defined for the resistive element, will prove to be a useful “tool” i
c CIRC UITS ac
of "90° Monofásicos
analysis of ac networks. Again, be aware 30°that ZL is not a phasor q
LEL acv CIRC
Since leadsUITS
i by Inductive
90°, i mustReactance
have an angle associated with it.
tity, for the same reasons indicated for a resistive element.
j. Inductive
To satisfy thisCircuitos
condition,AC série
vL must e
equal #90°. Substituting
paralelo (Boylestad vL–!Cap90°,15)
we
obtain
Reactance
It was learned in Chapter 13 that for the pure inductor of Fig. 15.7, the
EXAMPLE 15.3 Using complex algebra, find
Inductive Reactance a the current i for th
+
⏐⏐⏐ Reatância
SERIES It Awas
N D learned
PARALLEL indutiva
ac by
CIRC 13–that
qL.UITS
in Chapter
determined ZLfor the pure inductor of
voltage leads the current by 90° and that the reactance of the coil XL is
cuit of Fig. 15.8. Sketch the v and i curves.
Fig. 15.7, the
c FIG.
Waveforms fo
by/ 0°
i
v = V sin qt
voltage V !0°
leads the currentV 90°13and that V Solution: Note Fig. 15.9:
– Ø determined
m
Lembrando-se
I! It was
$ learned !in$ vque
Chapter
!V o
sin"
that
qt90°
⇒ !the
+
indutor
for reactance
theform
$
phasor causa
pure of theofcoil
inductor
!"90° Fig.X15.7,
is the
V ! V !0°um atraso de 90º em sua L
XL !90°
voltage qL. the X
byleads current
m XL = 3 !
by 90° and that
v = 24 sin qt
XL the reactance of the coil X is
corrente By circulante,
Ohm’s law,
L
Inductive
temos: Reactance
– L
determined byVqL.
o that in the time v
domain, ! m sin qtIt⇒ phasor
was !0° form
V learned in V ! V !0°
V Chapter 13 that for 24 V
the pure
v
inductor
The phasor diagrams for the two
of Fig. 15.7, the
m sin qt I ! $ ! $ / 0° " vL
5.7 i
By Ohm’s law, v ! V sin qt ⇒
XLFIG.
m voltage !v phasor
leads
15.8
L XLcurrent by 90° and that the reactance ofshown
the form V ! V !0° ples are in Fig. 15.12. Both
the coil XL is
age leads the current by 90°.
# $
c circuit. + V determined
Example 15.3.
by
8A i
Sincei v!
Byv Ohm’s !2
leads
law, "i by
$ V
90°, sin(qt
!0° "V 90°)
i must have qL.
an angle of "90° associated with it.
XL = qL
–
= Vm sin qt I !X$ ! $ 0° " vL
To satisfy this condition,
L !vv
X L V
LL must
!0° X equal
L v
/
#90°.
!
V m V Substituting
sin qt ⇒ v
phasor
L ! 0
90°,
form V
"
we2! V
"
!0°
3"
2
2" 5"
2
#t
obtain I ! $ ! $ 0°
X !v X / " vL 90°
The fact thatv vleads
Since L ! i90° willi now
by 90°, mustBybe employed
have
Ohm’s
L an angle
Llaw, ofLin"90°
the Vfollowing
associated polar
with it.
.
ormat forToinductive
satisfy
Sincethis leads i Iby
v reactance $
V !0°
! 90°,
condition, vL must
to ensure
i must $
V
! have
equal
the / 0°
#90°."angle
proper
an ! $ V !0°
Substituting
90° phase
of "90°!"90°L ! 90°,
V we
vassociated
relationship with it.
j
FIG.
obtain 15.7
XL !90° XL I ! X$L
XL !vL
! $
X / 0° " v L FIG. 15.9
between the voltage
To andthis
satisfy current of an
condition, vL inductor.
must equal #90°. Substituting vLL ! 90°,Waveforms
we for Example 15.3.
Inductive ac circuit.
so that in the time domain,
obtain
I ! $ ! $ / 0° V
V !0° V v leads i by 90°,
Since V i must have an angle of "90° associated with it.
" 90° ! $ !"90°
XL !90°
I!$ Z L
V!!0°
X
To
iX!satisfy
L !2"V$
!90°
obtain # $
this sin(qt
condition,
L ! $XL/ 0° " 90°
"
(30)
vLVmust equal #90°. Substituting vL ! 90°, we
XL90°)
! $ !"90° (15.2) 16.968 A
so that in the time domain, XL !90° XL XL +

V
The boldface roman
so that
The fact that vL ! 90° will now be employed
in thequantity
for time Z
domain,, having I ! $
both
V !0° in the
magnitude
! $ and
proper Xphase0° /
V following polar V 5.656 A
an ! $ !"90°
" 90°
# $
format inductive reactance
LV to ensure
XL the
!90° relationship XL
Prof. Roberto M.
ssociated angle, isFinzi Neto
referred
between i ! !2 "
to asand
the voltage $
the sin(qt
impedance
current of "
an 90°)
4/5/17
of an
inductor.
L
inductive ele-
I Leading 43
XL V
polar format for
andcapacitivei !
reactance
!2 to ensure
"(5.303) sin(qtthe
"proper
90°) !phase
7.5
the current leads the voltage by 90° and that the reactancetionship
of the capac-
between the voltage and current of a capacitor.
itor XC is determined by 1/qC. EXAMPLEZC15.6 ! XCUsing complex algebra, find(
!"90°
cuit of Fig. 15.16. Sketch the v and i curves.
v ! Vm sin qt ⇒ phasor form V ! V !0° The boldface roman quantity ZC, having both magnitude an
Solution: Note Fig. 15.17:
associated angle, is referred to as the impedance of a capacitive
Applying Ohm’s law and using phasor algebra, we find ment. It is measured i !in6 ohms
sin(qtand # 60°) ⇒ phasor
is a measure of how ! 4c
muchI the
notation
a cwillV!
itive element “control
IZC ! or (Iimpede”
!v)(XCthe
ac
level of!current
!#90°) (4.242throug
A!
RIES A N D PARALLEL ac CIRC UITS
EL ac CIRC UITS I ! $
V !0°
! $
V
0° " vC /
network (always keep in mind
! 2.121 V !#150° that capacitive
ac
elements
devices and do not dissipate like resistors). The above format, lik
are st

RALLEL ac CIRC UITS
XC !v C X
Capacitive Reactance
C defined for the and v ! !2
resistive element, "(2.121) sin(qt
will prove # useful
a very ! 3.0 i
150°) “tool”
analysis of ac networks. Again, be aware that ZC is not a phasor q
j.
Since i leads CircuitosIt AC
v by 90°, i
Capacitive Reactance série e paralelo (Boylestad – Cap 15)
must have an angle of #90° associated
tity, for the with it. indicated for a resistive element.
same reasons
was learned in Chapter 13 that for the pure capacitor of Fig. 15.13, 6A
To satisfy this condition, C must
vleads equalby "90°. Substituting C!
ofvthe "90°
Reatância
+
SERIES
⏐⏐⏐ yields
It was capacitiva
Capacitive
A N D PARALLEL
the currentReactance
learned in
itor Xac
Chapter
C isCIRC
13 –
thatZ
the voltage
for
UITS by 1/qC.
determined C
90° and that
the pure
the reactance
capacitor EXAMPLE
of Fig.
capac-
15.5
15.13, Using complex algebra, find
3 V v and i curves.
aithec current i for th
cuit of Fig. 15.14. Sketch the v
= 1/qC v = Vmthe current
sin qt It wasleads the in
learned voltage byi 90°
Chapter 13 and that
that for the reactance of theof
pure capacitor capac-
Fig. 15.13,
Ø Lembrando-se que o capacitor causa um avanço de 90º em sua
–
V !0° v ! Vm sin qt ⇒ phasor
V form V ! V !0° Solution:
V reactance Notecapac-
Fig. 15.15:
/
itor Xthe
C iscurrent
determined
leadsby
the1/qC.
voltage by 90° +and that the of the
! $$
I itor !$ XC0° 2"! ("90°) qt $
sin! !90° "
correnteXCcirculante, XCtemos:
sin qt 0 " 3" 2"
X Applying
!"90°
v ! V sin qt
C
Ohm’s
is determined
m
Capacitive
law
by and =using
1/qC.
⇒ phasor .form V ! V X
!0°
C
Reactance
v = 15
phasor algebra,
–
we find
60°
2 2
= Vm sin qt
FIG. 15.13 v ! V sin
It !qt$
Iwas
V !0°
⇒ phasor
learned
V
$form
! in / 0° "VvC!13
Chapter V !0°
that for the
15 V
pure capacitor 90°
of Fig. 15.13,
so,
Capacitive
in the time domain,
Applying Ohm’s law and using
m phasor
XC !v algebra,
C X C we find v
i ac circuit. the current leads the voltage by 90° and
withthat
it. the reactance of the capac-
7.5 A
Applying Ohm’s
Since i leadslaw
v byVand
90°, usingFIG.
i must phasor
15.14
have algebra,
an angle weassociated
of #90° find
!0° V
/
# $X
+ V XCv!
To satisfy
i ! !2 $ itor
!"condition,
Ithis $ is $
determined
Example
C must
sin(qt 15.5.
equal
# "
0°90°) vCbySubstituting
"90°. 1/qC. vC ! "90° i FIG. 15.17
v ! /Vm sin qt ⇒ phasor form

XC = 1/qC v = Vmyields
sin qt XC !vV !0° X V
3 IX C C
!C $ ! $ 0° " vC Waveforms for Example 15.
– –" V ! 0 V "!0° "
an CangleXofC
C !v
3" 2" #t
Since i leads v by 90°, i must have
V !0° V #90° associated
V with it. 2 2 2
rcuit.
The fact that this
To satisfy
Since ! v"90°
vi Cleads I ! $$
condition,
by 90°,XvCwill
CApplying
must
i must
!"90° now!$
equal
have
Xbe
C
/
Ohm’s
"90°.
an
" ("90°) ! $
0°employed
law
angle and
of in
using
#90°
Substituting
XC
the
!90°
v ! following
phasor "90°
associated
C
90° phasor diagrams for the two circuits of t
The
algebra,
with it.we find
ples are shown in Fig. 15.18. Both indicate quit
polar format
yieldsTofor capacitive
satisfy this timereactance
the condition,
domain,vC must to ensure
equal "90°. the proper
Substitutingphase vVC i!rela-
"90°
/
so, in V !0° leads the voltage v by 90°.
tionshipFIG.between
yields the voltage I ! $ ! $ 0° " vj C
15.13 V !0° and current Vof a capacitor.
V !0° XC / V# XC $
V
i ! !2 V X !v X
I ! $$ ! $
Capacitive ac circuit. 0°" "
$("90°)sin(qt # !90°)
$ !90°C C C
FIG. 15.15
XIC!!"90° XC ! $ V
$$ Since $ / 0°
!i leads v " 90°,
by ("90°)i must have an
!90° angle of #90°
Waveforms associated with it.
for Example 15.5.
so, in the time
The fact
domain,
polar
X C
that
format for
v
!"90°
ZC ! C ! "90°
ToXsatisfy
capacitive
X
C !"90°
will
C
now be
this condition,
reactance
employed
to ensure the
(31)
in
X C
must
vCproper
the following
(15.3)
"90°. Substituting
equalrela-
phase I vC ! "90°
so, in the timebetween
tionship domain, yields
the voltage and current of a capacitor. Leading
# $
V 5.303 A
The boldface roman quantity i ! !2 " $ ZCC, sin(qt
having # 90°)
Vboth magnitude and an
# $
X V !0° V V V
associated The angle, is referred to

i ! !2
as
"ZC$
the X! sin(qt
I X!C $$
impedance
#
!"90° of a 90°) $ / 0° "
! capacitive ("90°)
(15.3) ele- ! $ !90° +
fact that vC ! "90° will now be4/5/17 C X !"90°
employed
C X
in theC following X 10.605
C V 44
ment. It polar
is measured
The fact
format incapacitive
The
for ohms
that vC and
boldface !roman is quantity
"90° a measure
reactance to Z
will now
ensure ofthe
C, having
be how
both
employedmuch
proper in the
magnitude
phase and
the capac-
an
following
rela-
simply an associated
angle operatingwith“tool” thatimpedance
the total is extremely
is theuseful inwhich
angle by determining
the the
applied and
magnitude voltage leads
angle ofthe source current.
quantities For inductive
in a sinusoidal acnetworks,
network.vT
will be positive, whereas for capacitive networks, vT will be
Once the total impedance of a network is determined, its magnitude
negative.
will define the resulting current level (through Ohm’s law), whereas its
angle will reveal whether the network is primarily inductive or capaci-
15.3
tive or simplySERIES CONFIGURATION
resistive.
The overall properties of series ac circuits (Fig. 15.20) are the same as
For any configuration (series, parallel, series-parallel, etc.), the
① Circuitos de
angle Corrente
associated
sum withAlternada
of the individual Monofásicos
those for dc circuits. For instance, the total impedance of a system is the
the total impedance
impedances: is the angle by which the
j. Circuitos ACvoltage
applied série leads
e paralelo (Boylestad
the source current. –ForCap 15) networks, vT
inductive
will be positive, whereas for capacitive networks, vT will be
Associação série de impedâncias
negative.
ZT # Z1 " Z2 " Z3 " ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ " ZN (15.4)
Ø Segue as mesmas regras da análise de circuitos DC.

15.3 SERIES
I
Z
CONFIGURATION
I
Z
I
Z
I
ZN
1 2 3
The overall properties of series ac circuits (Fig. 15.20) are the same as
those for
ZT dc circuits. For instance, the total impedance of a system is the
sum of the individual impedances: I
FIG. 15.20
ZT # " Zimpedances.
Z1Series 2 " Z3 " ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ " ZN (32)
(15.4)
! XL = 8 !
EXAMPLE 15.7 Draw the impedance diagram for the circuit of Fig.
I I I I
15.21, and find
Z1 the total impedance.
Z2 Z3 ZN
FIG. 15.21 Solution: As indicated by Fig. 15.22, the input impedance can be
Prof.15.7.
xample Roberto M. Finzi Neto found graphically from the impedance
4/5/17 diagram by properly scaling the 45
ZT
raw the impedance diagram. vT
r ZT j
R = 4! +
" Z3 FIG. 15.22
2
Impedance diagram for Example 15.7.
" XL !90° " XC !$90°
L $ j XC
Z1 Z2 Z3
L $ XC) ! 6 # " j (10 # $ 12 #) ! 6 # $ j 2 #
! !"18.43°XL = 8 !
ZT
ce adiagram appears in Fig. 15.24. Note that in this
work
c
inductive and capacitive reactances are in direct oppo- R = 6! SERIES
XL = 10CO!N FIG
XCURATIO
= 12 !N ⏐⏐⏐
circuit ofj. Fig.

Circuitos
15.23,vTifAC thesérie e paralelo
inductive (Boylestad
reactance were Z–
T
Cap 15)

acitive
real Associação
reactance, thesérie
and imaginary
input de
axes and impedâncias
impedance
finding the
would be purely
length of the resultant
R = 4 ! +
l have more to say about this particular condition in a vector ZT j
and Ø Exemplo
angle 06:
vT. Or, by calcule
using
FIG. 15.22 vectoraalgebra,
impedância total ZT, trace o diagrama FIG.
we obtain de fase
15.23e faça a
simulação
Impedance usando
diagram
ZT ! Z1 " Z2 OrCAD
for Example com V =220V, f = 60 Hz, L = 26,5
15.7.
RMS mH e15.8
Example C = 221μF.
sentative series! Rac!0° " XL !90° of Fig. 15.25 having
configuration
j
, the current Z ! " jsame
1 Rthe
is Z2 4through
XL ! # " j 8Z#
3each element (as it
ZT !
s dc circuits) and8.944 ! !63.43° by Ohm’s law:
is determined XL = 8 ! X = 10 Ω
L
ZT
this ZT ! Z1 " Z2
ppo-EXAMPLE R = 6! XL = 10 ! XC = 12 !
15.8 Determine the input impedance to the series network
were ZT E impedance diagram.
of Fig. 15.23. IDraw
! %the
% (15.5) vT
rely ZT R=6Ω
in aSolution: XC – XL = 2 Ω R = 4! + +
θT
ss each element can then
FIG. be found by another applica-
15.23 FIG.Z15.22
w: ZT ! Z1 " Z 2 " Z3 T
Example 15.8 Impedance diagram for Example 15.7
! R !0° " XL !90° " XC !$90°
ving ! R "V $ jIZ
j XL ! XC (15.6a)
1 1j XC = 12 Ω
as it ! R " j (XL $ XC) ! 6 # " j (10 # $ 12 #) ! 6 # $ j 2 # Z1 Z2 Z3
ZT ! 6.325 ! !"18.43°
! IZ2
V2 Neto XL = 10 Ω (15.6b)
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi 4/5/17 46
The impedance diagram appears in Fig. 15.24. Note that in this FIG. 15.24
10. The larger the resistive element of a circuit compared to the net
15.7 ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE
reactive impedance, the closer the power factor is to unity.
The discussion for parallel ac circuits will be very similar to that for
dc circuits. In dc circuits, conductance (G) was defined as being equal
to 1/R. The total conductance of a parallel circuit PARALLEL
was then foundaby c CIRCUITS
adding the conductance of each branch. The total resistance RT is sim-
ply 1/GT.
In ac circuits, we define admittance (Y) as being equal to 1/Z. The
①ofCircuitos
unit de 15.7
measure for admittanceCorrente ADMITTANCE
as defined by Alternada AND
the SI system isMonofásicos
siemens,
SUSCEPTANCE
which has the symbol S. Admittance is a measure
for of how wellacan circuits
ac cir- will be very similar to that for
j. Circuitos ACThesérie e paralelo
discussion (Boylestad
parallel
cuit will admit, or allow, current to flow in the circuit. The larger its
– Cap 15)
dc circuits. In dc circuits, conductance (G) was defined as being equal
• Associação
value, therefore, the em paralelo
heavier detotal
the current impedâncias
flow for the same applied
potential. The total admittance of a circuit can also be found by of
to 1/R. The conductance a parallel circuit was then found by
finding
Ø Admitância e Impedância
adding the
the sum of the parallel admittances. The conductance
total impedanceofZeach branch. The total resistance RT is sim-
T of the cir-
cuit is then o1/YEm análise ply
T; that is, for
DC,
the1/G a condutância
T.
network of Fig. 15.54: (G) equivale ao inverso da resistência. Já em
análise AC, definimos a admitância
In ac circuits, (Y) como o (Y)
we define admittance inverso da impedância
as being equal to 1/Z.(Z)
Thee sua
unidade
YT ! Yé1 unit
"o siemens
Y3 "[S].
Y2of"measure ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ for
" Yadmittance as defined by the SI system is siemens,
(15.16)
N
o Circuitos em whichparalelo podem S.simplesmente
has the symbol Admittance is asomarmeasure suas admitâncias
of how para se
well an ac cir-
calcular a cuit
impedância
will admit,deor entrada
allow, final.
current to flow in the circuit. The larger its
value, therefore, the heavier the current flow for the same applied
potential. The total admittance of a circuit can 1 also be found by finding
YT
Y1 =
1
Z1
Y2the
1
= sum of Ythe
Z2 3
1
= parallel admittances.
Z3
YN =
Z
1
Y
TheN =
total
[S]
impedance Z
(35)
T of the cir-
ZT
N
Z
cuit is then 1/YT; that is, for the network of Fig.N 15.54:
FIG. 15.54
Parallel ac network. YT ! Y1 " Y2 " Y3 " ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ " YN (36)
(15.16)

or, since Z ! 1/Y,
a
c Monofásicos A D MIT
j. ac
Circuitos AC série e paralelo (Boylestad – Cap 15) A D MIT TA
ac Associação em paraleloa cde impedâncias

EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network of Fig. 15.56:
a. Find the admittance of each parallel branch. A D MIT TA N C E A N DYST
A D MIT TA N C E A N D SUSC EPTA N C E ⏐⏐⏐ 657
Ø Reatância e Suceptância EXAMPLE
a. Find c. the
15.12 the
b. Determine
Calculate
Forinput
the input
admittance
admittance.
the network
impedance.
of each
of Fig. 15.56:
parallel branch. YT
ZT
EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network of Fig. 15.56:

EXAMPLE o A For
15.12 suceptância
the network of Fig.(B) equivale
15.56: Find the admittance of each parallelreatância
d.
b.a. Determine ao
Draw inverso
the
the admittance
input da
diagram.
admittance. branch. (X) e sua Yunidade
T ZT
c.b. Calculate the Y
também é o siemens
a. Find the admittance of each parallel branch.
[S]. Solutions
Determine :inputadmittance.
the input T impedance. R
Db.MIT TA N C E A N D SUSC EPTA
Determine the input admittance. N C E ⏐⏐⏐ 657d.c. Draw thethe
admittance R 20 ! XL 10 ! ZT
Calculate ZT diagram.
input impedance.
1 1
! % !0° ! % !0°
o Exemplo
c. Calculate the input impedance.
d. Draw the admittance diagram.
08: Calcule a Y
d. Draw
So luT te
ionsZ
a. the
:
T:! G !0° diagram.
YR admittance
R 20 $
Solutions:
! 0.05 S1 !0° ! 0.051 S ! j 0 FIG
Solutions: a. YR ! G !0° !1 % !0° !1 % !0°
a. YR ! G !0° ! % R !0° ! % 20 FIG.
$
!0° 15.56 Exam
YT 1 1 R 20 1$ 1
a. YR ! G !0° ! % !0° ! % !0° YL ! BL !"90° ! %Example ! % !"90°
!"90°15.12.
RR 20 !20 $ X 10 ! ! 0.05
! 0.05SS!0° !0° !! 0.05 S !X
0.05 SjL !
0 j0 10 $
L
ZT ! 0.05 S !0° ! 0.05 S ! j 0
1 1 !0"1
! 0.1 S !"90° j 0.1 1S
YLL !
Y ! BBLL!"90°
!"90° !!%% !%
!"90°
!"90° ! %!"90°!"90°
1 1 X 10 $
b. YT ! YR # YL !L (0.05 S # j 0) #$(0 " j 0.1 S)
L X 10
YL ! BL !"90° ! % !"90° ! % !"90°
XL 10 $ ! 0.1 S
! 0.1!S!"90°
0.05
!"90°S!"0!j"0.1
0j "
0.1 S G " jB
S j!
0.1 S L
! 0.1 S !"90° ! 0 " j 0.1 S b. YT ! YR # YL ! (0.05 S # j 0) # (0 " j 0.1 S)
FIG. 15.56 b. YT ! YR # Y 1 L ! (0.05 S1# j 0) # (0 " j 0.11S)
b. YT ! YR # YL Example
! (0.05 S 15.12.
# j 0) # (0 " j 0.1 S) c.! Z
0.05
T !S %
" ! %%
j 0.1 S ! G " j BL ! %%
! 0.05 S " j 0.1 S ! G " j BL ! 0.05 SY" 0.05
T j 0.1 S S!"Gj "
0.1j SB
L
0.112 S !"63.43°
1 1 1
c. ZT ! % ! %%
! 8.93 # !63.43° ! %%
1 1 1 Y1T 0.05 S " j10.1 S 1
0.112 S !"63.43°
c. Prof.
ZT ! Roberto
% ! M.%% Finzi Neto ! %% c. ZT ! % ! %% ! %% 48
YT 0.05 S " j 0.1 S 0.112 S !"63.43° YT4/5/17
or
! 8.93Eq. 0.05 S " j 0.1 S
# (15.17):
!63.43° 0.112 S !"63.43°
1 !%S !j%S 10 3.9
Y ! % ! %% 100 1 100! %% " j %%
2 2 2
Z #$ 10 j#4 $
# j$3.9 # 0.1 (10)
#) !$ 10(3.9) (10) $ (3.9)2
b. Z ! 10 ("j #15.8 PARALLEL ac NETWORKS
$ j 3.9 #
10 3.9
Eq. % " j % ! 0.087 S " jFor
!(15.27): 0.034theSrepresentative parallel ac network of Fig. 15.61, the total im
115.21 115.21
1 1 10 ance or admittance 3.9 is determined as described in the previous sec
Y ! % ! %% ! %% 2 2
" j %% 2
Z 10 # $ j 3.9 # (10) $ (3.9)and the source (3.9)2 is determined by Ohm’s law as follows:
(10) $current
15.8 PARALLEL
10 ac NETWORKS
3.9
! % " j % ! 0.087 S " j 0.034 S
115.21 115.21
ac
SERIES A N D PARALLEL ac CIRC UITS For the representative parallel ac network of Fig. 15.61, the total imped- E I1 I
I ! %% I! EYT (15
2. Circuitos and
detheCorrente Alternada by Ohm’sMonofásicos e Trifásicos Z
ance or admittance is determined as described in the previous section,
source current is determined law as follows:
ZT
15.8 PARALLEL ac NETWORKS Z2
j. Circuitos AC série e paralelo (Boylestad – Cap 15)
1
E
Kirchhoff’s current Since
law the
can voltage
then be is the
appliedsame
in the ZT, YT a
across
same parallel
mannerelements,
as the cu
660 SERIES A N D PARALLEL
For the ac CIRC UITS parallel of through each
the branch can in
then be found c I
⏐⏐⏐ representative
employed forac dc
network
E networks. Fig. 15.61,
However, total keep
imped- mind that through
we areanother
now applicatio
I2
Associação em paralelo de impedâncias I 1
I ! % % ! EY
ance or admittance is determined as described in the
T Ohm’s (15.28)
previous section,
law:
dealing with the ZT algebraic manipulation of quantities that have both
and the source current is determined by Ohm’s law as follows: Z Z
magnitude and direction.
Ø Generalizando: Kirchhoff’s current law can then be applied in
E the same manner as
1 2
Since the voltage is the same across parallel elements, the current I ! %E% Z , YT
!TweEYare (15.
employed for dc networks. However, keep in mind
1 that FIG.
1 15.61
now
through each branch can then beEfound through Ianother
! application
I1 ! I2 (15.28)
" of of Z
0 quantities thatParallel
1
! %%the
dealingI with ! EY
algebraic
T manipulation have ac network.
both
- I1Ohm’s law: I2 ZT
,
I magnitude and direction.
Since the voltage is the same across
E parallel elements, the current E
Z1 Z2 or I1 ! %% ! EY1 I I!"I1 Ie
1 #
! I2
I2 0
"
(15.29a) I2 ! %% ! EYFIG.
2 (15.30)
15.61 (15.
E through each branch can then beZfound
1
through another application of Z2 Parallel ac network.
ZT, YT
Ohm’s law:
) The
or
power to the network can be determined by
I " I1 # I2 (15.30)
E
I21 ! %E% ! EY12 (15.29a)
(15.29b)
Z21
t The power to the network
P" canEI
becos
determined
vT by (15.31)
FIG. 15.61
f Parallel ac network.
E
where vT isI2the
! %phase
% ! EYangle
2 P " EI cos
between vT I.
E(15.29b)
and (15.31)
Z2
Let us now look at a few examples carried out in great detail for the
)
first where vT is the phase angle between E and I.
exposure.
Let us now look at a few examples carried out in great detail for the
first exposure.
) R-L
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto R-L
Refer to Fig. 15.62.
4/5/17 49
Refer to Fig. 15.62.
j. Circuitos AC série e paralelo (Boylestad – Cap 15)


of power: apparent and reactive.
For any system such as in Fig. 19.1, the power delivered to a load at
any instant is defined by the product of the applied voltage and the
resulting current; that is,
19.1 INTRODUCTION
p ! vi
The discussion of power in Chapter 14 included
① Circuitos decase,
In this since v Alternada
Corrente Monofásicos
and i are sinusoidal quantities, let us establish a
general case where delivered to an ac network. We will now examin
k. Potência em Circuitos AC (Boylestad – Cap 19)
tion in a slightly different form and will introdu
Até o momento discutimos v! apenas a" potência
of Vm sin(qt
power: v)
apparent andmédia
reactive. em redes
AC. and i !ForIm sin
anyqtsystem such as in Fig. 19.1, the pow
The chosen v and19.1 i includeINTRODUCTION
any all instant is defined
possibilities because, ifbythethe
loadproduct
is purelyof the a
Em função
resistive, vdos
! 0°. elementos resulting
If the load reativos,
current;
is purely inductive existem
that
oris,
capacitive,outras
v ! 90° duas
componentes
or v ! #90°,de The discussion
potência
respectively. quea of
For
power ser
devem
network
in Chapter
avaliadas:
that is primarily
14 included
Reativa
inductive, v
only
e
Aparente. delivered
is positive (v leads to an
i), and for ac network.
a network We will
that is primarily now p!
capacitive, vv iis
examine the
tion
negative (i leads v).in a slightly different form and will introduce tw
In this case, since v and i are sinusoidal quan
Recapitulando, uma cargaapparent
of power: sendo percorrida
general case where
and reactive. por uma corrente
senoidal: For any system i such as in Fig. 19.1, the power del
any instant is defined by the product v ! Vm of the "
sin(qt v)
applied
current;v+ thatLoad
resultingand is, i ! Im sin qt
p
–
The4/5/17 ! vpossibilities
chosen v and i includep all i becau
resistive, v ! 0°. If the load is purely inductive
If we now apply a number of trigonometric identities, theqfollowing
form for the power equation will result: Ps
p !the
Substituting VIabove
cos v(1 # cosfor2qt)
equations "i VI
v and intosin power2qt)
thev(sin equation (19.1)
will result in
where V and I are the rms values. The conversion from peak values Vm
① Circuitos
and Im to rms de Corrente p ! V mAlternada
values resulted
Im
from theMonofásicos
sin qt sin(qt " v)
operations performed using the
k. trigonometric
Potência
If em
we now apply Circuitos
a number AC
identities. (Boylestad –identities,
of trigonometric Cap 19)the following
A função de appear
potência, nothattempo,
nothingpara
form for the power equation will result:
It would initially estagained
has been carga,byserá:
putting the
equation in this form. However, the usefulness of the form of Eq. (19.1)
p ! VI cos v(1
will be demonstrated in #
thecos 2qt) " VIsections.
following sin v(sin 2qt) (19.1) of
The derivation (55)
Eq.
(19.1)
wherefrom
V andthe initial
I are the rmsform willThe
values. appear as anfrom
conversion assignment at Vthe end of
peak values
A função
theand Im to rms values resulted from the operations performed using theidentificar três
descrita
chapter. pela Eq. (55) é simplificada para
m
componentes:
If Equationidentities.
trigonometric (19.1) is expanded to the form
It would appear initially that nothing has been gained by putting the
equation pin !
thisVI v # VI cos
cosHowever,
form. v cos 2$tof"theVIform
the usefulness v sin
sin of $t
Eq. 2(19.1) (56)
will be demonstrated
Averagein the following
Peak sections.
2x The Peak
derivation of2xEq.
(19.1) from the initial form will appear as an assignment at the end of
there are two obvious points that can be made. First, the average power
the chapter.
still If Equation
appears as(19.1) is expanded
an isolated termtothat
the form
is time independent. Second, both
terms thatpfollow vary
! VI cos v #atVIacos
frequency twice
v cos 2$t " that
VI sin v sinof2$
thet applied voltage
or current, withAveragepeak valuesPeakhaving 2xa veryPeak
similar format.
2x
Prof. Roberto M.In anNetoeffort to ensure completeness
Finzi 4/5/17 and order in presentation, each 52
there are two obvious points that can be made. First, the average power
rage Peak 2x Peak
element 2x
will be demonstrated in the following sections. The derivat
ous points that can be made. First, the average(19.1)
powerfrom theAPPARE
initial NT
form
P O Wwill appear
ER ⏐⏐⏐ 851 as an assignment at
the chapter.
isolated term that is time independent. Second, both FIG. 19.3
If Equation (19.1) is expanded to the form
vary at a frequency
T2 twice that of the applied voltage
Power versus time for a purely resistive load.
eak values having a very similar format. p ! VI cos v # VI cos v cos 2$t " VI sin v sin 2$t
pR
p1
ensure completeness and order in presentation,
VI each Average Peak 2x Peak 2x
wer The power returned to the source is represented by the portion of the
① Circuitos
to and C)Energy
de Corrente Alternada areMonofásicos
Energy
L,
d
t by
will
dissipated
be treated separately.
curve below
dissipated
(Average)
there
the axis, which two obvious
is zero points
in this that
case. Thecan be made.
power First, the
dissipated by aver
urce
k. Potência em Circuitos
the resistorVIAC (Boylestad
at any still
instant – as
qappears Cap
of time an 19)be found
isolated
t1 can term that is time substituting
by simply independent. Sec
0 As análises serão feitas, P

the time t1 into Eq.terms that
(19.2) to follow
primeiramente,
s find p1,vary at a frequency
as indicated
para in Fig.twice
cada 19.3.that
elemento Theofaver-
the appli
e
TIVE CIRCUIT
t 1 i age (real) powert or current,
from with peak
Eq. (19.2), values
or Fig. having
19.3, is VI;a very
or, assimilar format.
a summary,
wer
tive
d to
depois parav circuitos mistos.
circuit (such asT1 that in Fig. 19.2), v andbasic
i areelement
in
In an effort to ensure completeness and order in presenta
by (R, L,
T2 and C) will be treated separately.
°, as appearing in Fig. 19.3. Substituting v ! 0° into
ment
Vm Im V 2
ain Potência Real à resistênciaP.! VI ! ""pR! I 2R ! "p1 " (watts, W) (19.3)

2 R VI
Ø Usando Eq.
FIG. 19.3(56), teremos: 19.2 PowerRESISTIVE CIRCUIT
Energy Energy
! VI cos(0°)(1
Power versus #
timecos purely "
for a2qt) VI sin(0°)
resistive load. sin 2qtdelivered to
element by dissipated
(Average)
+ v – as derived in Chapter For 14.
asource
dissipated
purely resistive circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.2), v an
i
! VI(1 # cos 2qt) " 0 The energy dissipated
phase, and by the
v !resistor (WR) overinone
0°, as appearing Fig.full cycle
19.3. VIof the
Substituting v
wer returned to the source is represented
R by the portion of the
pR
elow the axis, which is zero
applied voltage (Fig.
in this case. The power dissipated Eq.
19.3) can be found using the following equation:
by (19.1), we obtain
0 t1 i t
stor at any
pRinstant
! VIof # timeVI
t1 can
cosbe found by simply substituting (19.2)
2qt
FIG. 19.2
e t1 into Eq. (19.2) to find p1, as indicated in Fig. 19.3. The(57) Power
aver-returned to
pR ! VI
W Pt cos(0°)(1
v
T1
# cos 2qt) " VI sin(0°) sin
Determining the power
or Fig. delivered
is VI;toor,
a purely
and t!
is VI(1 # cos 2qt) " 0applied voltage;
al) power from Eq. (19.2), 19.3, as athe
summary, source by
erage or dc term and #VI load.
resistive where P is element
cos 2qt is a negative cosine average value the period of the
that is,
he frequencyVmof either input
2 quantity (v or i) and a
Im 2
P ! VI ! "" ! I R ! ""
V
(watts, W) (58) or Energia consumida
(19.3) pela
! VI
pRFIG. 19.3carga,
# VI cos num2qt ciclo:
2 R
Power versus time for a purely resistive load.
veform for pR (Fig. 19.3), we see that W ! VITor
where VI is the Raverage 1 dc term (joules,
and #VI (59)
J) cos 2qt(19.4)
is a negat
ved in Chapter 14.
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17with twice the frequency of either input quantity
wave 53 (v o
energy dissipated by the resistor (WR) over one full cycle of the
T1 ! period of input quantities or, since T ! 1/f , The power returned to the source is represented by the portion of the
the maximum rating of a number of electrical components and systems.
fulness in the description It
andis called theofapparent
analysis sinusoidalpower and is represented
ac networks and in symbolically by S.*
Since it of
the maximum rating of a number is simply thecomponents
electrical product of voltage and current, its q
and systems. units are volt-
O
ItWisERcalled
(ac) amperes,
the apparent power foriswhich
and the abbreviation
represented is VA.
symbolically byItsS.magnitude
* P
s is determined
by of voltage and current, its units are q
Since it is simply the product volt-
fulness in theisdescription
amperes, for which the abbreviation VA. Its magnitude s
and analysis ofissinusoidal
determined P
ac networks and in
q
by
It is called the apparent
fulness in the description
Sinceand
it isanalysis
! VI and is represented
S power
Monofásicos
of sinusoidal
simply the product of ac
(volt-amperes,
networks
voltage
P VA) by S.*
s are volt-
symbolically
and in its units
and current,
(19.6)
k. the Potência em Circuitos

maximum rating of asince
amperes, forAC
number of (Boylestad
electrical
which – Cap
components
the abbreviation 19)
and
is VA. systems.
Its V is determined
magnitude
or,
! VIby power(volt-amperes, V ! IZ and I ! "
It is called theSapparent VA)symbolically by(19.6)
S.* Z
Potência
fulnessAparente (S) and analysis of sinusoidal ac networks and in
in the description and is represented
Since it is simply the product of voltage and current, its units are volt-
V
Ø
or, since O fator
amperes, forde
which
It is called potência
Vthe
the IZ and
apparent de
!abbreviation uma
is
powerI VA. "
!Sand
! carga
ItsVImagnitudecomplexa
is represented
2
is determined
(volt-amperes, (Cap.
VA)
symbolically 14)
by S. apresenta
* (19.6)
by
profunda then
influência Z
naof voltage
potência S ! I real
Z (VA)
consumida. Mas (19.7)
se
Since it is simply the product and current, its units are volt-
V
desconsiderarmos
amperes, for which este
or, since
the fator teremos
abbreviation is!
V IZ Its
VA. uma
and I!" quantidade
magnitude
Z
is determinedmuito útil em
by S ! VI (volt-amperes, VA) (19.6)
then diversos cálculos.
S ! I 2Z (VA) V2 (19.7)
and S
V S ! I 2Z! "" (VA) (19.8)
or, since thenV ! IZ and I ! " Z (VA) (19.7)
+ S ! VI (volt-amperes,
Z VA) (19.6) (60)
I 2
The Vaverage power to the 2load of Fig. 19.4 is
and S ! "" V2 ! IZ (VA) VV (19.8)
then or, since and S Z!I Z ;and S
(VA) I
! !""" (VA)(19.7) (19.8) (61)
V Z P ! VI cos v
ZZ
However,
The average power to the loadaverage
of Fig. 19.4 S! Fig.VI
aisPotência Real e o Fator de Potência:
The power to the load of 19.4 is
Relacionando
2 com
V 2
and then S ! ""S ! I Z(VA) P ! (VA)
VI cos v (19.8) (19.7)
– P ! VI cos v
Z
Therefore,
However, P ! S cos v
S ! VI (W) (62) (19.9)
However, !load
The average power toSthe VI of Fig. 19.4
2 is
FIG.and
19.4
and the Ppower
Therefore,
S ! "
V 4/5/17
v" of aPsystem
factor
! VI cos (VA)
! S cos F
v p is (W)
(19.8) (19.9)
54
q
Ps IN D U C

The reason for rating some electrical equipment in kilovolt-ampe
k. Potência em Circuitos AC (Boylestadrather
– Cap
than in19)
kilowatts can be described using the configuration of F
Potência Aparente (cont...) 19.5. The load has an apparent power rating of 10 kVA and a curr
rating of 50 A at the applied voltage, 200 V. As indicated, the curr
Ø De maneira geral, a potência nominal de equipamentos demand of 70 A is above the rated value and could damage the load e
ment, yet the reading on the wattmeter is relatively low since the lo
eletroeletrônicos é expressa em VA ou kVA. is highly reactive. In other words, the wattmeter reading is an indicat
of the watts dissipated and may not reflect the magnitude of the curr
Ø Através dessa grandeza, e da tensão nominal, podemos dimensionar
drawn. Theoretically, if the load were purely reactive, the wattme
os cabos de alimentação.
reading would be zero even if the load was being damaged by a h
current level.
Ø O fator de potência do equipamento pode

ser variável, o que torna P inútil para P = VI cos θ
dimensionar o cabeamento de alimentação. [10 kVA = (200 V)(50 A)]

S = VI
ØAlém disso, cargas altamente indutivas ou 0 Wattmeter 10
(kW)
Load
capacitivas apresentarão leituras errôneas

±
para o cálculo da corrente nominal:
R
I = 70 A > 50 A I
+
±
200 V V XL
–
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 (XL >>55
R)
1 1
! " ! "
± t1 canvaluebeoffound
the curve simply
VI is
2VI
by substituting t1Tinto
2 power Eq. associated
(19.11).
– Wdefined
L ! #as the reactive
" #
V XL value of the
a pure curve VI is defined
inductor. as
p (Xthe reactive
2 power associ
L >> R )
a pure In inductor.
general, the reactive power associated with any circuit is de
Into general,
be VI sin the reactive
v, a factor
FIG. 19.5
powerinassociated
appearing the second withterm of anyEq.circuit
(19.1).i
(XL >> R)
that it is the
v, apeak value of that term VI T
of2 thesecond
total powertermequation
of Eq. that
andto beduces
Demonstrating VI
thesin
reason
no net
factor
for
transfer
ratingappearing
aWload
L ! in #in#
kVA the
rather than (J)
kW. (19
FIG. 19.5 that it is the peak valueofofenergy.
that term Thepsymbol for reactive
of the total power*
power is Q
equation
its unit of measure is the volt-ampere reactive (VAR). The Q is de
trating the reason for rating a load in kVA rather than kW. duces no net transfer of energy. The symbol for reactive power
from the quadrature (90°) relationship betweenof thethe
various powe
① Circuitos de Corrente 19.4 INDUCTIVEAlternada
or, since
its unit Tof
2 ! Monofásicos
1/f
CIRCUIT
measure
be discussed
, where
in detail inAND
2 is the f is the
volt-ampere
2 frequency
reactive
a later section. Therefore,
(VAR). p* curve,
LThe Qi
DUCTIVE k. CIRCUIT
Potência ANDem Circuitos REACTIVE ACfrom POWER
(Boylestad
the quadrature – Cap(90°) 19)relationship between the various p
E POWER be discussed in detail in a later section. Therefore,
Potência ReativaFor(Q) e circuitos
a purely inductive circuitpuramente
Q !
(such as that
VI sin vWLindutivos:
V
in Fig.
!
I
## 19.6), v(J)
(volt-ampere leads i by
reactive, VAR) (1
inductive circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.6),90°, vasleads i by in Fig. 19.7.
shown i + v –
Therefore, in Eq. (19.1), p f2 v ! 90°. Substitut-
n in Fig. Ø19.7.Aplicando Eq. (55)
Therefore, in Eq. (19.1), v num
! 90°.
ving ! circuito
Substitut-
90° into where
Eq. (19.1)vdesse
isQthe !phase
yields VItipo,
sin v temos:
angle between (volt-ampere
V and I. reactive, VAR)
nto Eq. (19.1)i yields + v – pL
Since For
the the inductor, f of the power curve is twice that of
frequency
pL ! VI cos(90°)(1 " cos 2qt)2 # VI sin(90°)(sin 2qt)
! VI cos(90°)(1 " cos 2qt) # VI sin(90°)(sin 2qt) where vifiswe
quantity, FIG. 19.6
thesubstitute
phase angle the between
frequency V and
f1 ofI.the input voltage
Defin
! 0 # VI sin 2qt
pL ! 0For
# VI
Definingsin
the 2qt
power level (63)
for a purely inductive
Equation the inductor,
(19.17) becomes
load.
QL ! VI (VAR) (1
Ø QL é definida
FIG. 19.6 como o valor de pico de Eq. (63), então:
Defining the power level for a purely inductive or, since V ! IXL or I ! V/XL, VI VI
T
load. 2 W ! #
QLL !T2VI(2f )# ! #
(VAR)
Power Power p 1 q1
delivered to
element by
pL delivered to pL2 [VAR] (64)
source or, since
However, V ! by
element IXL or I ! V/X QVL !! I
L, IXL
XL ! Iq L(VAR) (1
Energy Energy 1
v i VI source
absorbed absorbed Energy Energy
v (Iq
i 1L)I absorbed V
so that !
!t è Energia
absorbed
WL ! armazenada pelo
2 ##
indutor VX um
2
VIθ = 90° or ! I"em
QQL L! semicíclo:
" L q1 (VAR)
(VAR) (1
Energy Energy XL
Power –VI returned θ = 90°
returned
returned to Energy
source by !
!t Power 2
–VI
element and The WL ! LI
apparent power associated
returned to
returned (J) is
2with an inductor
[J] S ! VI, anr
(65)
average by is P ! 0,
power V 19.7. The 56
Prof.Energy
Roberto M. Finzi Neto T1
or 4/5/17
source QLas!noted
"" in Fig.(VAR) power fact
returned element
therefore XL
T1T2!!period of peither
period of input quantity
C curve
P 0
F ! cos
! period
T2situation v ! " " !
of Sphere " "!0
C curve
p
Note that the same exists for
V I the pC curve as e
pL curve. The power delivered by the source to the capaci
Note
Thethat the
energy same
stored situation
by the qexists
source here
capacitor by thefor
during thepositive
the pC over
curve
por
equal
pcycle
L curve.
to that
(Fig.The
returned
19.9)power
to the
Psthat returned
delivered
is equal to
capacitor
by the source
during to q
thethe
on
cap
negati
W ER (ac)
c) The
and can
equal net
tobe flow of power
determined
that returnedusingto the
to thethe pure (ideal)
equation
source
Ps
capacitor
W !capacitor
by the Pt. is zero
ove
cycle,
Proceeding in a manner similar to that used for the induct
19.5 CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada The
show net
that Monofásicos
flow of power to the
the pure (ideal) capacitor isq z
For a purely capacitive circuit (such as thatenergy
and no is lost in v bytransaction. The power absorbe
⏐⏐⏐
+ v –
P Ok.
W ER Potência
(ac) em19.5
90°,
CAPACITIVE
asCircuitos AC Therefore,
shown in Fig. 19.9. (Boylestad
cycle,
by theCIRCUIT
in Fig. 19.8),
– Cap
capacitor
in Eq. (19.1), 19)
v !at
i leads
anySubsti-
"90°. instant of time t1 can be found by s Ps
tuting v ! "90° into Eq. (19.1), we obtain
Potência Reativa (Q) e circuitos puramente capacitivos:
pC
v – C
For a purely capacitive into Eq. (19.19).
circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.8), i leads v by abso
and no energy is lost in the VIT
transaction.
2 The power
FIG. 19.8 The
p ! VI cos("90°)(1 " cos 2qt) # VIreactive power
sin("90°)(sin 2qt)associated with the capacitor is equ
90°,Cas shown in Fig. 19.9. Therefore, in Eq.W(19.1), C ! "v "! "90°.(J)Substi-
Ø Aplicando Eq. (55)
! 0 "num 19.5 CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
v ! "90°circuito desse ptipo,
the power level for a purely VI sin 2qt by the valuecapacitor
of thewe anytemos:
atcurve, instant p
of time t1 can be found
as follows:
Ccapacitive load. tuting into Eq. (19.1), C obtain
+ v – into Eq.
For a purely (19.19).
capacitive circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.8), i leads v b
i pC ! 90°, or,
! since
"VI
VI cos("90°)(1 T" ! 1/f , where
# VI f2sin("90°)(sin
is the frequency ofcapacitor
the pC curve
or p sin
The in 2 cos 2qt)
2qt
reactive power (19.19)
associated with 2qt)
the is
G. 19.8 2
C
as shown Fig. 19.9. Therefore, Qin
C
Eq.
! VI(19.1), v ! "90°. Substi
(VAR)
wer level forpC a purely
C where "VI sin 2qt! istuting
0 a" VIvalue
v sin
negative 2qt
!sine of
wavethe
"90° withpEq.
into twice (66)
C curve,
(19.1), as
wefollows:
the frequency obtain
of
itive load. either input (v or i) and a peak value of VI.
But, Again,
since V note
! the absence
IX I of
and2qt) !#V/X , the reactive 2qt)
power to
Ø QCFIG.é definida como o valor de picop !deVI Eq. (66),
cos("90°)(1 então:" Ccos V
VII Csin("90°)(sin
19.8 an average or constant term. C
can also be written WC ! "" (J)
Defining the power level for aorpurely !0" pCVI!sin "VI2qtsin 2qt pf2 (19.19)
QC ! VI (VAR)
T2
capacitive load. [VAR] (67)
Power
In terms of sine
the frequency f1Ctwice
of 2 input quantities v and
the
delivered to where "VI sin 2qt is a negative wave with
Q ! I Xthe frequency
(VAR)of
element by
pC or But, since V ! IX pCC!and
"VII sin V/XCC, the reactive power
! 2qt (19.19
source either input v
( v or i) and a peak value of VI. Again,
VI note
VI the absence
V(Vq1C ) of
i VI
Energy
an average orwhere
absorbed can
constant also
Energy
term.
absorbed be writtenWCè ! Energia
" !armazenada" ! "" pelo
θ = –90° "VI sin 2qt is a negative sine wave with twice
p(2f1) emqum
capacitor 1 q1 frequency o
the
semicíclo:
either input (v or i) and a peak
!!t value of VI. Again, note the absence o
Power
Energy T–VI
2
an average or constant term.
Energy
QC ! I2X (VAR)
[J](J) (68)
returned returned 2C
returned to
Power
source by
and WC ! CV
ivered to
element
pC
Prof.by
ement Roberto M. Finzi Neto T1
T2 4/5/17 57
source Power providing an equation for the energy stored or released by the
and C !
providing an equation forWthe CV stored(J)
energy or released by the(19.26)
capacitor
in one half-cycle of the applied voltage in terms of the capacitance and
providing anof
rms value equation for the
the voltage energy stored or released by the capacitor
squared.
in one half-cycle of the applied voltage in terms of the capacitance and
THE POWER TRIANGLE
rms value of the voltage squared.
19.6 THE POWER TRIANGLE

ee quantities average power, apparent power, and reactive
① Circuitos de Corrente
The three quantities averageAlternada Monofásicos
power, apparent power, and reactive
an be19.6
related
k.power THE
in
Potência POWER
the vector
em Circuitos
can be related
TRIANGLE
domain
AC858
by
domainPby
⏐⏐⏐ O W–ER
(Boylestad
in the vector (ac)19)
Cap
O
TheTriângulo de Potência
three quantities average power, apparent power, and reactive
power can be related in the vector
S !domain
P $ Qby (19.27) as shown
Ø As grandezas S, S P!ePQ$ se Q
relacionam vetorialmente.(19.27) The 90
S
with S!P$Q QL
(19.27) (69) power: qu
P O W ER (ac)
onde P ! P !0° QL ! QL !90° QC !v QC !#90°
For a c
with P
For
P ! P !0°P ! P Qan inductive
! load,
Q the
!90°phasoraspower
Q
shown!S, as
Q
in it is often
!#90°
Fig. called, is
19.10.
!0°L QL ! QL !90°
L QC ! QC !#90°
C C
Ø De acordo com a característicaThe
defined by da 90°
carga:
FIG.
shift19.10
in QL from P is the as showno
source
O W ERFor
n Pinductive S an load,
inductive
theload, the phasor
phasor powerpower
QS,S, diagram
as it
it is often called, is
L as
jPower is often called, is
⏐ (ac) S! P$ for inductive loads. If a net
defined by Indutiva Q L power: quadrature Capacitiva
power.
by For a capacitive load, the phasor componen
power S
v S !asP shown
$ j QL in Fig. 19.10.P between t
P S!P$jQ The 90° shift in Q from P is the source S! P" power
jQ
of another triaf
term
L v L C
S
QL power: quadrature power. QC power tria
FIG. 19.10 Foras shown inload,
Fig. 19.11.
v a capacitive S the That
phasor power S is defined by th
erProf.
diagram for inductive loads.
Roberto M. Finzi Neto If a network has both capacitive and
4/5/17 58 induc
powers of
P S ! P " j QC
P between the reactive power delivered to each. If QL > QC, the resultant
v power triangle will be similar to Fig. 19.10. If QC > QL, the resultant
QC power triangle will be similar to Fig. 19.11.
S That the total reactive power is the difference between the reactive
powers of the inductive and capacitive elements can be demonstrated by
considering Eqs. (19.11) and (19.19). Using these equations, the reac-
FIG. 19.11 tive power delivered to each reactive element has been plotted for a
diagram for capacitive loads.
series L-C circuit on the same set of axes in Fig. 19.12. The reactive
elements were chosen such that XL > XC. Note that the power curve for
k. Potência em Circuitos AC (Boylestad
each is exactly – Cap
180° out of phase. The19)
curve for the resultant reactive
O Triângulo de Potência (cont...)
power is therefore determined by the algebraic resultant of the two at
each instant of time. Since the reactive power is defined as the peak
Ø A potência reativa total
value, the Q
reactiveT será
component aof diferença entre
the power triangle is as as potências
indicated in
the figure: I 2(XL " XC).
reativas indutivas e capacitivas da carga. Isso é corroborado pelas
Eq. (63) e (66).
PL = VL I sin 2qt
QT = QL – QC = VL I – VC I = I(VL – VC) = I(IXL – IXC)

VL I = I 2XL – I 2XC = I 2 (XL – XC)
VC I qt
pC = –VC I sin 2qt QT

Demonstrating why the net reactive
QT = Qpower is the difference between that
L – QC = VL I – VC I = I(VL – V
delivered to inductive and capacitive 2elements.
VL I 2
= I XL – I XC = I (XL2
j
XL
An additional verification can be derived by first considering
impedance diagram VC Iof a series R-L-C circuit (Fig.qt19.13). If we mu
ply each radius vector by the current squared (I2), we obtain the resu
shown in pFig.= 19.14, which
2qt is Qthe
T power triangle for a predominan
① Circuitos
Z de Corrente
XL – XC
Alternada C Monofásicos
–VC I sin
inductive circuit.
k. Potência em Circuitos AC (Boylestad
Since the reactive– power
Cap 19)and average power are always angled 90°
O Triângulo
R de Potência
+
each(cont...)
other, the three powers are related by the Pythagorean theore
that is, q
XC
Ø Ilustrando o diagrama vetorial Ps das componentes FIG. 19.12
de cargas e
Demonstrating why the net reactive power is the difference
multiplicando
FIG. 19.13 por I2, temos: delivered
S2 ! P # Q2 and capacitive(70)
to2 inductive elements
(19.2
edance diagram for a series R-L-C circuit.
j j
XL
An additional verification can be derived by first
2
I XL = QL diagram of a series R-L-C circuit (Fig. 19.1
impedance
ply each radius vector by the current squared (I2), we o
shown in Fig.2Z
I 19.14, which is the power triangle for a
Z
XL – XC inductiveS =circuit. Q (resultant) = QL – QC = I2(XL – XC)
Since the reactive power and average power are alwa
each other, the three powers are related by the Pythag
R + PR = I 2R
that
2
is,
XC I XC = QC
Prof. Roberto M. FinziFIG.

19.13
Neto 4/5/17 60
S2 ! P2 # Q2
Impedance diagram for a series R-L-C circuit.
Since !V
E =ST100 ! 1000 VA, I ! 1000 VA/100 V ! 10 A; c.
VI∠0° andFind
sincethev
R XL XC 15 ! energy dissipated by the resistor over one full c
of cos v ! Fp is the angle between the input voltage and current: input voltage if the frequency of the QT =input quantities
800 VAR (C) is 60
–
I I ! 106 !A !!53.13°7 ! d. Find the 862 energy stored in,
⏐⏐⏐ST P=O1000
W ERVAor returned by, the capacitor o
(ac)
+ FIG. 19.19 over one half-cycle of the power curve for each if the fre
The Eplus signVis∠0°
= 100 associated with Example 19.2.angle since X
the phase the circuit
the
15 is input
! pre- quantities is 60 Hz.
dominantly capacitive. FIG. 19.19 C
FIG. 19.18
– Solutions:
Example 19.2. Power triangle for Example 19.1.
b. Sketch the power triangle. E 100 V !0° 100 V !0°
a. I ! " ! """ ! ""
c. Find the energy dissipated by the resistor over one full cycle ofZthe 6 # % j 7 # $ j 15 # 10 # !$53.13°
b.EXAMPLE 19.2
input Circuitos deofCorrente Alternada Monofásicos
T
a.①
Sketch the power triangle.
voltage if the frequency FIG. 19.19
of the input quantities is 60 Hz. ! 10 A !53.13°
Find the total number watts,
Example volt-amperes
19.2. reactive, and volt-
c. Find the energy dissipated by the resistor over one full cycle(10of the
d. Find k.
amperes,
input
Potência
the energy
and
voltage
powerem
thestored
if theof
in, orCircuitos
factor
frequency
returned
Fp for theby,ACthe(Boylestad
network capacitor or –!Cap
VRinductor
of Fig. 19.19. A19)
!53.13°)(6 # !0°) ! 60 V !53.13°
over one half-cycle the powerofcurve
the input quantities
for each isV60
if the frequency Hz. A !53.13°)(7 # !90°) ! 70 V !143.13°
L ! (10of
d. the Exemplo

Find
. Sketch the
input energy
the quantities 22:
is 60Encontre
stored
power triangle. Hz.or returnedS,
in, by,P,the
Qcapacitor
e FP VCor! inductor
(10 A !53.13°)(15 # !$90°) ! 150 V !$36.87°
. Findoverthe oneenergyhalf-cycle
dissipated of thebyRpower curveXover
the resistor Lfor each if the
one full Pfrequency
cycle
T !ofEIthecos vof! (100PT V)(10 Wcos 53.13° ! 600 W
= 600A)
Solutions: 2 2
the input
input voltage quantities is 60 Hz.
if the frequency of the input7 quantities is 60 Hz.! I R ! (10 A) (6 #) ! 600 W
E 100I V !60° ! !100 V !0° 53.13°
.a. Find I! the" energy
! """ stored
+ in, or returned!by, "" the capacitor or inductor V 2
(60 V) 2
Solutions: E Z
= T
100 V 6
∠0°# % j 7 # $ j 15 # 10 # !$53.13° ! "
R
! " ! 600 W
over one half-cycle of the power curve for each XifC the frequencyRof 15 !
6
! 10 EA !53.13° –
100 V !0° 100 V !0° QT = 800 VAR (C)
a. the input quantities
I ! " ! """ ! "" is 60 Hz.
VR ! (10 6 # % j 7##!$
ZT A !53.13°)(6 ! 60
0°)j 15 # V !10 # !$53.13°T
53.13° S ! EI ! (100 V)(10 A) ! 1000 VA
2 2
Solutions:
VL ! ! (1010 A ! 53.13° # !90°) ! 70 V !143.13°
!53.13°)(7
! I ZT S! (10 A) (10 #) ! 1000 VA
T = 1000 VA
V ! E(10 862
A ! ⏐⏐⏐ P O WVER
100
53.13°)(15 !# (ac)
0°
FIG.
! 19.19
$90°) ! 150100V V! !0°
$36.87° E 2
(100 V) 2
. I CR!!" (10!A""" !53.13°)(6 # !0°) !!60
Example
""V !53.13°
19.2. 10 # !$53.13° ! " ! " ! 1000 VA
VTL !
P Z
! EI (10cos
T 6
A v!!# % j
53.13°)(7 7 #
(100 V)(10 $
#! j 15 #
cos !
A)90°) 70 V!!600
53.13° 143.13°
W ZT 10 #
VC!! !10 2 A !53.13° 2
I(10 R! A (10
!53.13°)(15
A) (6 #) ! #600 !$90°)
W ! 150 V !$36.87° QT ! EI VC2sin v V!L2(100(150 FIG.
V)(10 2 sin 53.13° 2! 800 VAR
V)A) 19.20
(70 V)
b.VRSketch
! (10the A power
! triangle.
53.13°)(6 # ! 0°) ! 60 V ! 53.13° Q ! #
T ! QC $ QL " # ! # " #
T ! the
c.VPLFind V R2 energy
EI v!
cos (60 V) 2
(100
dissipated V)(10
by A)resistor
the cos 53.13°
over ! 600
one full W
cycle of the X
2C
Power
XL triangle
15 $2 for Example
7$ 19.2.
!!(10 " A ! 53.13°)(7
2 ! "2 ! 600 W # ! 90°) ! 70 V ! 143.13° ! I (X C $ XL) ! (10 A) (15 # $ 7 #) ! 800 VAR
VCinput !
! (10 I R ! (10
R A !53.13°)(15
voltage A) (6
6 frequency
if the #) !
# !$90°) 600 W
of the input
! 150 quantities is 60 Hz. ! 1500 VAR " 700 VAR ! 800 VAR
V !$36.87°
2
d. SFind
T!
PTover !EIthe
EIVcos energy
R! (100
v !(60 V)2V)(10
stored
V)(10
(100
in, or
A) ! A)
returned
1000
cos VA by, the capacitor or inductorP
53.13° ! 600 W frequency T 600 W
!one " 2 ! "
half-cycle of
2 !
the 600
power W curve for each if the F p ! of# ! # ! 0.6 leading (C)
! 2I R
! input
I R! Z ! (10 A)
6 2 (10 #) ! 1000 VA
S
the 2
T (10 A) (6
quantities is2 #) ! 600 W
60 Hz. T 1000 VA
ST !V" ER2 ! (60
EI (100
(100 V) V)
2P = 600 W
V)(10 T A) ! 1000 VA
Solutions:
Prof.! !"2 !
Roberto !"
M. "
Finzi Neto !2! 1000
600 W VA b. The power triangle is as shown in Fig. 19.20. 61
! RIZTEZT ! (10 #) ! 4/5/17
6 #
10 A) (10
53.13°
100 V !0° 1000 VA 100 V !0° V I (60 V)(10 A)
R
h = 82% VR I (60 V)(10 A)
R 9! c. W R ! # ! ## ! 10 J
f1 60 Hz
kW 5 Hp QT = 800 VAR (C)
VL I (70 V)(10 A) 700 J
Fa.
ST = 1000
p =Find
0.72
VA the average
XC power,
12 ! apparentd.power,
W L !reactive
# ! power,
## and F p for
! # ! 1.86 J
lagging
each branch. q 1 (2p)(60 Hz) 377
b. Find the total number of watts, volt-amperes VC I reactive, and A)
(150 V)(10 volt- 1500 J
amperes, and the power factor of W
the C ! #
system. ! ##
Sketch the power ! # ! 3.98 J
tri-
FIG. 19.20 q 1 377 rad/s 377
angle. for Example 19.2.
①c. Circuitos
Power triangle
Find the source decurrent
Corrente
I. Alternada Monofásicos
Solutions: EXAMPLE 19.3 For the system of Fig. 19.21,
a.Exemplo
power, apparent
Bulbs: 23: Encontre S, P,
power, reactive power, and Fp Qfor e F para cada braço do circuito
P e
os totais:
Total dissipation of applied power
umber of watts, volt-amperes reactive, and volt-
1 ! 12(60
power factor of the system.PSketch theW) ! 720
power W
tri-
Heating Motor h = 82% Capacitive load
Q 1 ! 0 VAR q
elements
current I. E = 208 V ∠0°
+
P1 ! 720 VA s q
12
S1 ! 60-W P 6.4 kW 5 Hp
R 9!
– bulbs
Fp1 ! 1 sP Fp = 0.72 XC 12 !
Motor: lagging
Heating elements:
Lâmpadas
on of applied power
Total dissipation ofHeating elem.
applied power Motor:
h ! &
Po
P ! &
Po
!
5(746 W)
&& ! 4548.78 W ! P3
FIG. 19.21
Pi i
h 0.82
P1 ! 12(60 W) ! 720 W Exampleh19.3. Po Po 5(746 W)
P2 ! 6.4 kW Fp ! 0.72!& laggingPi ! & ! && ! 4548.78 W ! P3
Pi h 0.82
Q1 ! 0 VAR Q2 ! 0 VAR P3 4548.78 W
P3 !FSp 3!cos
0.72v lagging
S3 ! & ! && ! 6317.75 VA
S1 ! P1 ! 720 VA S2 ! P2 ! 6.4 kVA cos v 0.72
P3 4548.78 W
P ! S"1cos v
v ! cos power, S
0.72 ! apparent ! & ! && ! 6317.75 VAF
Fp1 ! 1 Fp2 ! 1 a. FindAlso,
the average
3 3 43.95°, cos
3 so power,
that
v reactive
0.72 power, and
each branch.
Also, vQ! 3 ! S3"1
cos v !!
sin0.72 (6317.75
43.95°,VA)(sin
so that 43.95°)
s: b. Find the total number ofVA)(0.694)
watts, volt-amperes reactive,
! (6317.75 ! 4384.71 VAR (L) 62 and v
onProf. Roberto M. Finzi Neto
of applied power 4/5/17
amperes, and the powerQ 3 ! S sin v ! (6317.75 VA)(sin 43.95°)
3 factor of the system. Sketch the power
VL I (70 V)(10 A) 700hJ!S&
d. WL ! # ! ## ! # !Pi1.86 J
Po
T ! ! "
PiP
!"
T "
2 Po
$
& "
Q
! "
&&
T
0.82
!
25(746 W)
! "
(1"
3
! "
,4"
0 "
0 "
.1
4548.78"
7"
WW"
)
!
2
P"
$
3
1000 VA h
q1 (2p)(60 Hz) 377
Fp ! 0.72!lagging
13,560.06 VA
q VC I (150 V)(10 A) 1500 J P3 4548.78 W
Ps FIG. 19.20 WC ! # ! ## ! #
q1 377 rad/s
P3 ! S3!
377F ! &
cos3.98
vP J S3 ! &
THTE !TOTAL
&&
13.4
cos kW
! && ! 6317.75
P, Qv , A N D 0.72
S ⏐⏐⏐ 863
! 0.988 lagg
er triangle for Example 19.2. Also, v !pcos"1 0.72 ! 43.95°, so that
ST 13,560.06 VA
Motor: Q3 ! S3 "1
sin v ! (6317.75 VA)(sin 43.95°)
v ! cos 0.988 ! 8.89°
① hCircuitos de
P Corrente Alternada Monofásicos
! (6317.75 VA)(0.694) ! 4384.71 VAR (L)
!&
P o EXAMPLE
5(746 W) 19.3 For the system
o
P ! & ! && ! 4548.78 W ! P
of Fig. 19.21,
Capacitive load:
k. PiPotênciah em Circuitos AC (Boylestad – CapNote
19)Fig. 19.22.
i 3
0.82
Fp ! 0.72 lagging E 208 V !0° 208 V !0°
Exemplo 23: cont...
P 4548.78 W 3
I ! & ! && ! && ! 13.87 A !53
Z 9 # " j 12 # 15 # !"53.13°
P3 ! S3 cos v S3 ! & ! && ! 6317.75 VA P4 ! I2R ! (13.87 A)2 • 9 # ! 1731.39 W
cos v Heating
0.72 Motor h = 82% 2 Capacitive 2load
elements Q4 ! I XC ! (13.87 A) • 12 # ! 2308.52 VAR (C)
Also, v ! cos+"1 0.72 ! 43.95°,
12 so that S 4 ! !P
R2 9 !2
"" ""Q"4 ! !(1
"7"3"1
".3
"9
""W"
)2"
$"(2
"3"00
".08
"6.5
"V"A
" "R
"")2
4 $ 2 VA
E = 208 V ∠0° 60-W 6.4 kW 5 Hp 13,56
Q3 ! S3 sin vbulbs
! (6317.75 VA)(sin 43.95°) ! 2885.65 VA ST = QT =
– Fp = 0.72 XC 12 ! W 8.89°
! (6317.75 VA)(0.694) ! 4384.71 VAR (L) P4 1731.39
Fp ! & ! && ! 0.6 leading
lagging
S4 2885.65 VA PT = 13.4 kW
Capacitive load:
b. PT ! P1 $ P2 $ P3 $ P4
FIG. 19.21
E 208 V !0°
I ! & ! && ! &&
208 V !0°
Example!19.3.
13.87 A !53.13°
! 720 W $ 6400 W $ 4548.78 W $ 1731.39 FIG. 19.22
W
Z 9 # " j 12 # 15 # !"53.13° ! 13,400.17 W
2 2 •
Power triangle for Examp
P4 ! I R ! (13.87 A) 9 # ! 1731.39 W Q T ! %Q 1 % Q 2 % Q 3 % Q 4
Q4 ! I2XC ! (13.87 A)2 • 12 # ! 2308.52 VAR (C) ! 0 $ 0 $ 4384.71 VAR (L) " 2308.52 VAR (C)
S 4 ! !P ""
2
""
4 $ Q"24 ! !(1
"7"3"1".3
"9""
a.W"2
"$"(the
)Find "3"0"average
2 ".5
8 "2""
VA "R"")2
power, apparent ! 2076.19 VAR (L)
power, reactive power, and Fp for
ST ! !" PT"
2
$"
" QT2" ! !" (1"
3",4"0"
0".1"
7"W"
)2"$"("
2"0"
7"6"
.1"
9"V"
A"
R")2
! 2885.65 VA each branch.
! 13,560.06 VA S 13,559.89 VA
P4 1731.39 W b. Find the total number of watts, volt-amperes reactive, andT volt-
c. S ! EI I ! & ! && !
Fp ! & ! && ! 0.6 leading PT T 13.4 kW
S4 2885.65 VA amperes, and the power factor Fof
p the
! &
ST
system.
! &&
13,560.06 VA
E
Sketch the!power 208 V
0.988 tri-
lagging
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto angle. 4/5/17 Lagging
v ! cos 0.988 !power
"1
8.89° factor: E leads I
63by 8.89°
b. PT ! P1 $ P2 $ P3 $ P4
c. Find the source current I.
1.2 !
ZT XL 1.6 !
FIG. 19.23
Example 19.4.
A componente de potência QT, é responsável por elevar os níveis
totais de corrente, e perdas por dissipação térmica, pelo conjunto
cabos+carga.
Para manter os níveis de corrente a um mínimo, satisfazendo as
necessidades da carga, deve-se tentar minimizar QT para obter P
≅ S.
• A minimização de QT visa reduzir I

sem, no entanto, alterar a potência S
real requisitada pela carga. QT
S%< S Q%T < QT

v%< θ
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 v 64
l. Correção do Fator de Potência (Boylestad – Cap 19)
Para se obter a redução de QT deve-se inserir elementos reativos
na rede de forma a reduzir o angulo de fase θ equivalente.
A este processo, dá-se o nome de correção do Fator de
Potência.
A correção do fator de potência para cargas lineares e indutivas
requerem a inclusão de capacitores (em paralelo) e para cargas
lineares capacitivas são usados indutores.
Carga não lineares (circuitos chaveados em estado sólido)
requerem métodos de correção mais sofisticados (filtros ativos)
os quais serão estudados posteriormente.
srent
! Iis
ource current in Fig. 19.25(b): LL(Rthe
ee) "same, the
j [IL(Imag ) "system
LIC (Iemag)]appears “resistive” at the input terminals,
efficiency
efficiency
for a generating of
of 92%
utility. 92% is
is connected to aa 208-V
208-V
isThe
chosen result! ICis
Is such " aILsource
that IC(Imagand) ! allI of
current thewhosepowermagnitude
supplied isisabsorbed,
simply creating
equal to themaximum efficiency
the
L(Imag), then a.a. Establish
Establish the power
power triangle for for the
the loaloa
! j IC (Imag) " for IL(Ra e) "generating
j IL(Imag) utility.
eal part of the load current, Iwhich can be considerably less
b.b. Determine than the
! ILI(Rs ! e) "
IL(R "mag
j [Ie)L(I ) "!
j (0) IC (I (R)]
Lmag e) !0° EXAMPLE 19.5 A 5-hpthe
Determine the power-factor
power-factor
motor capacitor
capacitor
with a 0.6 lagging powerth tf
magnitude of the load current of Fig. 19.25(a). In addition,
efficiency with
ofwith
92% since
the
the
is the to
load
load
connected to raise
raise the power
to a 208-V, power factor
factor
60-Hz supply.
he result is a source
h that IC(Imag) ! IL(Imag), then current whose magnitude is simply equal to the
haseofangle
part the load associated
current,EXAMPLE withcan
which both the
be 19.5 applied
A 5-hpless
considerably voltage
motor andc.c.athe
a. with
than Establish
the 0.6 source
Determine
Determine
the powercur-
lagging the
the change
triangle
power change
for the in
factor supply
supply
load.
and curren
an curren
Ient ! I (R
is ofthe) " j (0) ! I (R ) ! 0°
s
nitude L e
thesame,
load currentL theefficiency
e system appears
of Fig. 19.25(a).of 92%In“resistive”
isaddition,
connected at
b.tothe
since the input
Determine
a 208-V, thethe
the terminals,
power-factor
supply.capacitor
compensated
compensated
60-Hz system.that must be place
system.
nd
eurce all of the
current
angle whose
associated powermagnitude
with both supplied
is
thesimply isequal
applied absorbed,
to theand creating
voltage with the loadefficiency
maximum to raise the power factor to unity.
a. Establish the power the source for
triangle cur- thed. load.
d. Findthe
Find the network
network equivalent
equivalent of the abov
in supply current from the abov
①
discurrent,
the same,Circuitos
which
or a generating utility. the can
system de
be considerably
appears
b.
Corrente less than atthe
“resistive”
Determine
Alternada
the the
the input
power-factor
c. Monofásicos
terminals,Determine the change
capacitor that must be placed in parallel
the uncom
oad current of Fig.
the l.power 19.25(a).
Correção do In addition,creating
Fator since
de cur-
Potência Solutions:
the compensated system.
to raise the(Boylestad Solutions:– toCap 19)
all of supplied is absorbed, maximum efficiency
ed with both utility.
generating the applied voltage with
and thethesource
load power
d. Find factor
the network unity.
equivalent of the above, and verify the
a.a.hp Since 11 hp hp ! ! 746
746 W, W,
Exemplo
e system appears “resistive” 24: c. atUm motor
the input
Determine thede
terminals, indução
change in supplyde 5
current
Solutions:
Since possui
from the um F p=0,6 em
uncompensated to
XAMPLE 19.5 A 5-hp motor with a 0.6 lagging power factor and an
atraso,5-hp
MPLE 19.5ofA92%
fficiency
ity.
tem eficiência
supplied is absorbed, creating maximum efficiency
the compensated
is connected
motor with a 0.6 to
de 92%
a 208-V,
lagging
system.e
power 60-Hz
é conectado
a.supply.
factor and Since
an 1 hp ! a 746
umW,barramento P !5
Poo ! hp AC
5 hp ! de W)
! 5(746
5(746 W)
.ency of208V
Establish 92% isthe – 60Hz.
connected d. Find
powertotriangle a 208-V,the network
60-Hz
for
equivalent of the above, and verify the conclusions.
thesupply.
load. Po ! 5 hp ! 5(746 W) ! 3730 W P Poo !
thea.power and P (drawn from the line) !!$! $
withApresente othetriângulo anddean potência.
Astablish
. 5-hp
Determine
motor the triangle
a 0.6 forpower
Solutions:
power-factor
lagging load.
capacitor
factor that must be placed andin parallel
Pii (drawn from Pthe line) 3730 W hh
o
etermine the power-factor capacitor that must be placed in parallel and Pi (drawn from the line) ! $ ! $ ! 40
connected
ith with
the b.
to a
thetoload
load Determine
208-V,
raise tothe
60-Hza.
raise
power o
supply.
Since
the capacitor
factor
1
power hp
to
!
unity. a
746 ser
W, usado
factor to unity. para corrigir
Also, o fator de potência hF ! de
0.92
cos vv ! 0
wer triangle for the load.
forma a termos Fin = 1. Also, F P
P ! cos !
.etermine
Determine
ower-factor the
capacitor thethat
change change
in must bein
supply supply
current
placed pfrom current from
thePuncompensated
parallel ! 5 hp !
the uncompensated
Also,
to
5(746 W) and ! 3730 W
toFP ! cos vv ! ! 0.6 #1
cos #1 0.6 ! 5
e the
compensated
raise the power c. factor
compensated Calcule
system. system.
to unity.
o
a mudança na corrente suprida ao novo arranjo. and and v ! cos #1
0.6v !
! cos
53.13° 0.6 ! 5
Po conclusions.
3730 W QL
.ndFind
hange theinnetwork
supply equivalent
current
the network from ofthethe
equivalent above,
uncompensated
of and
the verify
to the conclusions.
above,
and Pi (drawn from the line)Applying and verify ! the
$ Applying
! $ ! 4054.35 Q W
L tan v ! $ QL
Potência real do motor
system. Potência
h Applying reativa
0.92 do motor Pi tan v ! $ tan v ! $
Pi
utions: Pi
Solutions:
equivalent of the above, and verify the conclusions.
!(4054.35 !tan
nce 1 hp ! 746 W, Also, FP ! cos v !we
we obtain 0.6Qobtain
L ! Pi tan QvL ! Pi tan vW) (4054.35
53.13°
. Since 1 hp ! 746 W, we obtain Q
! 5405.8LVAR ! P i
(L) tan v ! (4054.35
P ! 5 hp ! 5(746
and W) ! 3730 W #1
v ! cos 0.6 ! 53.13° ! 5405.8 VAR (L)
6 W, o
and ! 5405.8 VAR (L)
P ! 5 hp ! 5(746 W) ! 3730 W and
PPotência consumida da
o Po fonte 3730 W Q
nd o ! 5 hp !
(drawn 5(746 fromW) !
the 3730
line) W ! $ ! $ ! 4054.35 W L
i Applyingh 0.92Po 3730 tan
W v!$ S and
! !P "2"
i "" QL"2 ! !2(4 "0"5"4".3
" ""
5 W")2"""(5"4"0"5".8
"" "
VA
Po 3730 W
W $ ! $ ! 4054.35
P S ! ! "
P " " "
Q "
2
! ! "
(4 "
0 "
5 "
4 "
.3 "
5"W
and Pi ! (drawn from the 0.6 !
line) W VA 2i
i
! " " " L ! !"
" (4"0"5"4" .3"5"
from the line) $ !F $ !v 4054.35 L
2
lso, ! cos ! ! 6757.25
S ! P " Q W
we obtain QL h! Pi tan0.92
h P0.92 i
#1 v ! (4054.35 W) tan!53.13° 6757.25 VA
nd Prof. FRoberto !v 0.6! cos 0.6 ! 53.13° 66
Also,P ! cosM.vFinzi Neto
FP ! cos v ! 0.6 4/5/17
! 5405.8 VAR (L) ! 6757.25 VA
v ! cos#1 0.6 ! 53.13° QL
utions:
ince 1 hp ! 746 W,
Po ! 5 hp ! 5(746 W) ! 3730 W
Po 3730 W
nd Pi (drawn from the line) ! $ ! $ ! 4054.35 W
h 0.92
Also, FP ! cos v ! 0.6
nd v ! cos#1 0.6 ! 53.13°
① Circuitos de Corrente QL
$
Applying tan v !
l.866 Correção
⏐⏐⏐ P O W ER do
(ac) Fator
Pi de Potência (Boylestad – Cap 19)
we866 ⏐⏐⏐ PQOLW
Exemplo
obtain
!ER
Pi (ac)
24: cont...
tan v ! (4054.35 W) tan 53.13° q
! 5405.8 VAR (L) Ps
The power triangle appears in Fig. 19.26.
nd VAR da máquina The power triangle Correção do in
appears fator
Fig.de potência
19.26.
2 b. A net unity power-factor level is established by in
S ! !SP " "
2
i " "QL"2 ! VA
! "
(4 "
0 "
5 "
4"
.3"
5 "
W "
)2
"
" "("
5 "
4"
0"
5 "
.8"V "
A "
R"
)
866 ⏐⏐⏐ P O W ER (ac)The power triangleb.appears
= 6757.25 A net in Deve-se
unity
capacitive introduzir
Fig. power-factor
19.26.reactive 5404,45VA
level
power is established
level of 5405.8de VARpotência
by introduc
to balan
! 6757.25
S = 6757.25 VA VA QL = 5404.45 VAR (L)
b. A net unity capacitive
power-factor reativa
level reactive
is em avanço
power
established level (capacitor)
byof 5405.8 VAR
introducingV 2pratobalancear
a balance QL.
QL = 5404.45 VAR (L) QC ! %
capacitive reactive power level
v = 53.13° QLof
The .power
5405.8 VAR to
triangle appears V 2in
balance Q L.XSince
Fig. C19.26.
QL = 5404.45 VAR (L) QC ! %
v = 53.13° 2
V2 XC
P = 4054.35 W
b. A net Vunity power-factor (208 is
level V)2established by
C ! %
Qthen VX2C ! % ! %% 2 !8"
S = P6757.25
= 4054.35
VA W X Q (208 V)
5405.8 VAR (C)
FIG. 19.26 then capacitive XC !
C reactive
% ! power%% C level of 5405.8
! 8 "VAR to ba
QL = for
5404.45 VAR Q C 1 5405.8 VAR (C)
1 2
FIG.
Initial 19.26
power triangle the load of (L)V 2 (208 V) 2
then XC ! % ! %% and C1 ! % !X8
2pf
! %%
" (2p)(60
1 V ") ! 331.6 mF
Hz)(8
Initial power triangle Example
for the 19.5.
load of Qand
C C!%
5405.8 VAR (C) ! %% C QC ! % ! 331.6 mF
9.26 v = 53.13°
Example 19.5. 2pf X C (2p)(60 Hz)(8 ") X C
gle for the load of
1 c. At 1
0.6F p ,
and C!% %%
! 0.6F ! 331.6 2 mF 2
P = 4054.35 W c. At , As reatâncias V
indutiva (208 V)
e capacitivas
e 19.5. 2pf X C (2p)(60
p
then Hz)(8 ")XC ! % S !!VI%% ! 6757.25 VA ! 8se"
anulam, em Qcircuito 5405.8 VAR (C)
FIG.
c. 19.26
At 0.6Fp, S !um VI ! C 6757.25paralelo,
S VA
6757.25 VA
quando
Initial power triangle for the load of and |X | = |X | 1 I ! % ! %% 1 ! 32.49 A
and c C! %
L S ! %%
6757.25
V VA 208 V ! 331.6
and
S ! VI ! 6757.25 VA !X
I2pf %C ! %% ! 32.49 A
Example 19.5.
Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 V 208 V Hz)(8 ") 67
(2p)(60
S At unity 6757.25 Fp, VA
V! % S 208 4054.35
VQC ! VA%
and I ! %% ! 19.49 A
triangle appears vin=Fig. 53.13°
! VI ! 4054.35 VA
S 19.26. V 208 V XC
producing a 40% reduction in2 supply current. 2
P = 4054.35
S W 4054.35 VA producing a 40% V in supply (208 V)
y and
power-factor Ilevel! % is ! %% established ! by 19.49
introducing
d. For
A the then a the
motor, XCreduction
angle !by% ! %%
which current.
the applied !leads
voltage 8 " the cur-
V 208 V Q 5405.8 VAR (C)
eactive power level FIG. 19.26VAR to balancerent
of 5405.8 Qd.L.isFor the motor, the angle Cby which the applied voltage leads the cur-
Since
Initial power triangle forsupply
the load of rent is 1 1
producing a 40% reduction
2 in current. and C ! % !X
v2pf !
#1
cos 0.6 %% ! 53.13° ! 331.6 mF
V 19.5.
Example (2p)(60
#1 Hz)(8 ")
d. For the motor, the ! %by which the applied voltage leads the cur-
QC angle v ! cos 0.6 ! 53.13°
C
rent is XC and P ! EIm cos v ! 4054.35 W, from above, so that

2
c. and At P0.6F p, m cos v ! 4054.35 W, from above, so that
! EI
2
V (208
v !V) cos#1 0.6 P 4054.35 W
XC ! % ! %% !!8 53.13°
" I ! % P! %% S ! VI!
4054.35 W!32.49
6757.25
A VA(as above)
QC 5405.8 VAR (C) m
and 1P l.
! EImCorreção do Fator
W, fromde Potência
so that (Boylestad –(208
Cap S19) 6757.25 VA
ImE ! %
cos v ! %%
(208 V)(0.6) ! 32.49 A (as above)
cos v !14054.35 above, E cos v V)(0.6)
! % ! %% ! 331.6 mF resulting andin I ! % ! %% ! 32.49 A
Exemplo 24: cont...
2pf XC (2p)(60
P Hz)(8
Im ! % ! %% ! 32.49 A
4054.35 ")W resulting in
(as above)
V 208 V
Corrente drenada sem o capacitor
E cos v (208 V)(0.6) AtCorrente m ! 32.49 A !#53.13°
unity Fp, Idrenada com
Im ! 32.49 Ao q
capacitor à FP=1
!#53.13°
resulting in Therefore,
Ps
S ! VI ! 6757.25 VA Therefore, Pi= S ! VI ! 4054.35 VA
Eq E 208 V !0°
S Im ! 32.49
6757.25
I ! % ! %% ! 32.49 A
VAA !#53.13° Zm ! % !%
s
Zand
I
m
P!
I
%% !
32.49 %%A
32.49I
208
!
VS !0° 4054.35
!#53.13°
A
% !
#53.13°
! 6.4
%% ! " VA
6.4 !"
!
!
The equivalent parallel load is
53.13°53.13°
19.49 A
Therefore, V 208 V m
m !V 208 V 1 1
! 3.84 ! "
3.84$ " j 5.12
$ j "
5.12 " Y ! & ! &&
Converte ao40% circuito original do motor Zpara6.4paralelo
$ !53.13° já
p, E 208 V !0° producing
The equivalent reduction
parallel in is
load supply current.
determined from
Zm ! % ! %% ! 6.4 " !53.13° asincluindo
as shown in Fig.
shown o capacitor:
in 19.27(a).
Fig. 19.27(a). ! 0.156 S ! "53.13° !
Im 32.49 A !#53.13° d. For the 1
motor, the angle by which the applied voltage leads the c
1 1 1
S! ! 3.84
VI !"4054.35
$ j 5.12VA " rent
Y! is & ! && !&#&
Z 6.4 $ !53.13° 10.64 $ j8$
S in Fig.
4054.35 VA ! 0.156 S !v ! cos#1
"53.13° ! 0.6
asI shown
!%! %% 19.27(a). ! 19.49 A 0.094 as"shown
!S53.13° j 0.125in S
Fig. 19.27(b).
V I208
s = IV m Is= =32.49
Im =A32.49 A Is = 119.49 A
Is = 19.49 A1 Im = Im32.49 A A
= 32.49 It is now clear that the effect
and P ! EI ! m& cos v ! # 4054.35
& W, from above,
be compensated so thatfor by a parallel
a 40% reduction in supply current. 10.64 $ j 8 $
+ + + + IC = IC26=A 26 power-factor
A correction capacitor
XL X
5.12
tor, the angle by which the applied voltage leads the cur-
L !5.12 ! as shown P
in Fig. 19.27(b). 4054.35 W SinceA
208 V ∠0°
E = 208EV=∠0° Is = 19.49 A Im = 32.49 A E = 208E =VIIt
∠0°
m
208!V % ∠0° ! X%% X 8 ! 8 ! ! 32.49
R R10.6410.64
! X
(as above)!
!L XL 8 ! 8 can
E cos
is now v that(208
clear CV)(0.6)
Cthe effect of Zthe
m Z8-$
m inductive
1 reactance
1 1 1
– – R R !3.84 !
3.84 – –
be compensated YT !
for by a parallel capacitive & # of
reactance & 8#$& using!a&
#1
resulting in correction capacitor of 332 mF. "j X R #j XL R
! v ! cos
+ 0.6 ! 53.13° IC = 26 A power-factor C
1 68
E = 208 V ∠0°
Im cos C 8 ! Motor
v ! 4054.35 W, from Xabove, R
Z Motor
(a) so thatm
(a)
! Since
10.644/5/17
XL
1
8!
1
Im ! 32.49 A !(b)
1 1 (b)
I
#53.13°
s ! EY T ! E &
Motor
Motor R ! "
! (208 V) &
1 !


1.1 - Circuitos CA Monofasicos

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1.1 - Circuitos CA Monofasicos

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Prof. Roberto M.

Finzi Neto 4/5/17 1

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 2

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 3

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17

 A forma de onda senoidal é a mais usada por diversas razões:

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 6

13.2 SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Alimentação de outros equipamentos FIG. 13.2 Sinais e

de10 onda contida em 1

f (t) = Am * seno(2π * f * t + θ ) + DC (04)

3.15 Determine the average value of the sinusoidal Am

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 15

RESOLVER TODOS OS EXERCÍCIOS

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 18

where FIG. 14.8

pposition established by an inductor in a sinusoidal ac network

Ø O aumento na taxa de variação FIG. 14.10

① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 25

L f = 0 Hz f = very high frequencies

1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz

① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos ifásicos V1

g. Resposta em frequência de R,L e C– (Boylestad – Cap 14)

passa aØterNúcleos magnéticos sãoordem

dissipam energia no núcleo (efeito

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 31

 Indutor de núcleo magnético (cont...)

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 32

LOAD Capacitiva FVpeff

 Para facilitar a análise de circuitos deste tipo é possível fazer o

 Em suma, as duas representações podem ser resumidas a

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 36

614 ⏐⏐⏐ THE BASIC ELE M ENTS AND PHASORS $

Time Domain Phasor Domain Phasor Domain Time Domain

a. I ! 10 !30° i ! !2"(10) sin(2p60t " 30°)

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 40

RESOLVER TODOS OS EXERCÍCIOS

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 41

so that in the time domain, XL !90° XL XL +

① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos

v ! /Vm sin qt ⇒ phasor form

associated The angle, is referred to

Ø Segue as mesmas regras da análise de circuitos DC.

circuit ofj. Fig.

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 47

ac  Associação em paraleloa cde impedâncias

EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network of Fig. 15.56:

RESOLVER TODOS OS EXERCÍCIOS

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 50

 0 As análises serão feitas, P

ain  Potência Real à resistênciaP.! VI ! ""pR! I 2R ! "p1 " (watts, W) (19.3)

k. the Potência em Circuitos

① Circuitos de Corrente Alternada Monofásicos

Ø O fator de potência do equipamento pode

dimensionar o cabeamento de alimentação. [10 kVA = (200 V)(50 A)]

capacitivas apresentarão leituras errôneas

19.6 THE POWER TRIANGLE

QT = QL – QC = VL I – VC I = I(VL – VC) = I(IXL – IXC)

pC = –VC I sin 2qt QT

Prof. Roberto M. Finzi Neto 4/5/17 59

Prof. Roberto M. FinziFIG.

A forma de onda senoidal é a mais usada por diversas razões:

Indutor de núcleo magnético (cont...)

Para facilitar a análise de circuitos deste tipo é possível fazer o

Em suma, as duas representações podem ser resumidas a

ac Associação em paraleloa cde impedâncias

0 As análises serão feitas, P

ain Potência Real à resistênciaP.! VI ! ""pR! I 2R ! "p1 " (watts, W) (19.3)