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UCALP

Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud

Inglés Técnico I
Lic. en Terapia Ocupacional

Cuadernillo de Trabajos Prácticos

Profesora Titular: Deleglise, Manuela B.


Profesora Asociada: Tolcach, Bárbara
Año: 2018
TEXT 1

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this
exchange of gases as we breathe.

Red blood cells collect the oxygen from the lungs


5 and carry it to the parts of the body where it is
needed. During the process, the red blood cells
collect the carbon dioxide and transport it back to
the lungs, where it leaves the body when we
exhale.

10 The human body needs oxygen to sustain itself. A


decrease in oxygen is known as hypoxia and a
complete lack of oxygen is known as anoxia.
These conditions can be fatal; after about four minutes without oxygen, brain cells begin dying
which can lead to brain damage and ultimately death.

1. What words can you understand without using the dictionary? Classify them.

Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Others

2. Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false):


a. Lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. ____
b. Red blood cells collect the carbon dioxide from the lungs. ____
c. Red blood cells collect the carbon dioxide to the lungs. ____
d. Oxygen leaves the body when we exhale. ____

3. Underline all the verbs in the Simple Present Tense. Can you find their subjects?
4. Translate the text into Spanish
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TEXT 2

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

Although you may not typically think


5 of the skin as an organ, it is in fact
made of tissues that work together
as a single structure to perform
unique and critical functions. The
skin and its accessory structures
10 make up the integumentary system,
which provides the body with overall
protection. The skin is made of
multiple layers of cells and tissues,
which are held to underlying
15 structures by connective tissue. The deeper layer of skin iswell vascularized (has numerous blood
vessels). It also has numerous sensory, and autonomic and sympathetic nerve fibers ensuring
communication to and from the brain.

The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and
the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles,
20 sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis, which is composed
mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the following questions.

a. What is the integumentary system?


b. How many layers does the skin have? Name them.

2. Look at these sentences. How are they linked in the text?

The skin and its accessory structures make up the integumentary system. The integumentary
system provides the body with overall protection.

Now find other similar examples in the text.

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3. VERBS: Find the subjects of these verbs and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TRANSLATION


perform

provides

is

has

houses

lies

4. WORD FORMATION: Find in the text a word related to the one given below, indicate its
category and underline its suffix/prefix.

PROTECT:________________________________________________________________
CONNECT:_______________________________________________________________
SENSE:__________________________________________________________________
COMMUNICATE:__________________________________________________________

5. ERROR CORRECTION: Read the sentences, find the grammar mistakes and correct them.
a. The epidermis are made of four or five layers.
b. Skin that have four layers of cells is referred to as “thin skin.”
c. Melanin gives hair and skin its color, and also help protect the living cells of the
epidermis from ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage.
d. The hypodermis is a layers directly below the dermis.
e. Too much sun exposure can leads to wrinkling.

6. TRANSLATION: translate the first paragraph.

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TEXT 3

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LUNGS: PULMONARYVENTILATION

Our lungs receive air from the external environment through the process of negative pressure
breathing. Negative pressure breathing requires a pressure differential between the air inside the
5 alveoli and atmospheric air. Muscles surrounding the lungs, such as the diaphragm, intercostal
muscles, and abdominal muscles, expand and
contract to change the volume of the thoracic
cavity. Muscles expand the thoracic cavity and
decrease the pressure inside the alveoli to
10 draw atmospheric air into the lungs. This
process of drawing air into the lungs is known
as inhalation or inspiration. Muscles can also
contract the size of the thoracic cavity to
increase the pressure inside of the alveoli and
15 force air out of the lungs. This process of
pushing air out of the lungs is known as
exhalation or expiration.

Normal breathing involves several different


mechanisms:

20  Shallow breathingis accomplished by


the contraction of the diaphragm and
the external intercostal muscles for
inhalation. During exhalation, the muscles relaxing and the elasticity of the lungs returning
to their resting volume expels air out of the lungs.
25  Our bodies accomplish deep breathing by a pronounced inferior movement of the
diaphragm towards the abdomen. The external intercostal muscles along with the
sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles in the neck expand the space between the ribs,
increasing the volume of the chest. During deep exhalation, the internal intercostal muscles
and abdominal muscles contract to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, forcing air
30 out of the lungs.
 Eupnea is the quiet breathing that happens when the body is at rest. During eupnea, the
body mostly depends on shallow breathing with occasional deep breaths as the body needs
slightly higher levels of gas exchange.

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the following questions in
Spanish.

a. Describe the processes of inhalation and exhalation.


b. Describe the different normal breathing mechanisms.

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2. VERBS: Find the subjects of these verbs and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TRANSLATION


receive

requieres

expand

involves

accomplish

depends

3. Find examples of nouns, adjectives and adverbs in the text.

Nouns: ______________________________________________________________
Adjectives: __________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________

4. ERROR CORRECTION: Read the sentences, find mistakes and correct them.

a. The passage of air into the lungs is called inhale.


b. The passage of air out of the lungs to expels carbon dioxide is known as exhalation.
c. The anatomical features of the respiratory system in mammals includes trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and diaphragm.
d. The anatomical structure of the lungs does is less complex in reptiles.
e. The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange between the external
environment and an organism’s circulatory system.

5. TRANSLATION: translate the first paragraph.

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TEXT 4

HOW DOES YOUR HEART WORK?

The blood enters the right atrium, one of the


upper receiving chambers of the heart.
Blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve
into the ventricle. The right and left
5 ventricles are larger than the right and left
atria because they are responsible for the
pumping action of the heart. The right
ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood away
from the heart through the T-shaped
10 pulmonary artery. By the time blood arrives
in the lungs the body has taken out most of
the oxygen and made use of it for tissue
function. In a healthy heart, the blood flows
efficiently through the heart to the lungs, which re-oxygenate the blood and return it to the heart
15 through the pulmonary vein. Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium and is
pumped to the left ventricle. The left ventricle is encased in thicker cardiac muscle than the right
side because it has to pump oxygenated blood around the entire body via the aorta, the largest
artery of the body. The cardiac cycle relies on the efficiency of the four valves between the atria,
the ventricles and the pulmonary blood vessels. These valves open to let in sufficient blood flow to
20 fill each heart chamber and then shut to prevent the backflow of blood. Irregularities in blood flow
because of blockages in the blood vessels can lead to heart disease.

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and explain what the following parts of the
heart do.

the atria – the valves – the ventricles – the pulmonary vein


the pulmonary artery – the aorta

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2. GRAMMAR:Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

a. The heart __________(be) a muscular organ in humans and other animals.


b. Blood ______________ (provide) the body with oxygen and nutrients.
c. Veins _______________(transport) blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated
blood.
d. Systolic failure is when the heart __________________ (can not) pump with enough
force to push enough blood into circulation.
e. Heart failure often ______________(develop) after other conditions have damaged
or weakened your heart. However, the heart ______________(not need) to be
weakened to cause heart failure.

3. ENGLISH IN USE: Write the Spanish equivalent of the following words.

the right atrium: cardiac muscle:

tricuspid valve : heart disease:

the right and left ventricles: blood flow:

de-oxygenated blood: the pulmonary blood vessels:

pulmonary artery:

4. VERBS: Find the subjects of these verbs and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TRANSLATION


enters

are

flows

has

relies

5. TRANSLATION: Write the text in Spanish.

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TEXT 5

THROAT CANCER

There are numerous research studies focusing on throat cancer. One area of research involves the
body's immune system and how it reacts to cancer cells. Understanding this relationship will help to
identify new treatments. Cancer researchers are also developing new screening methods, including
a blood test to determine whether a tumor has returned or is in remission. Another topic of study is
5 treatment options for more advanced stages of cancer.

How common is throat cancer?

Like all cancers, throat cancer is considered a serious disease. Treatments such as surgery, radiation
and chemotherapy can eliminate tumors, and follow up care helps to check for recurrence and
spread of cancer to other parts of the body. Throat and oral cancer affects about 10 in 100,000
10 people each year, while voice box cancer affects about 3 in 100,000. Approximately 60 percent of
people diagnosed with throat cancer survive the disease. Survival rates are similar for cancer of the
voice box and other parts of the throat. Survival is more likely when the cancer is in an earlier stage
and has not spread to other parts of the body.

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the following questions in Spanish.

a. What kind of screening methods are cancer researchers developing? Why?


_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. What treatments are used to eliminate tumors?
____________________________________________________________________

c. How many people are affected by throat cancer and voice box cancer?
____________________________________________________________________

d. How many people diagnosed with throat cancer survive?


____________________________________________________________________

e. When is survival more likely?


____________________________________________________________________

2. GRAMMAR: Look at the following sentence and write it in Spanish.

One area of research involves the body's immune system and how it reacts to cancer cells.
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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What is “‘s”, possession or the verb to be? Write the sentences in Spanish.

a. There are billions of cells in each person's body.


__________________________________________________________________________
b. It’s possible to be born with certain genetic mutations.
__________________________________________________________________________
c. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibits the body's ability to fight infections.
__________________________________________________________________________
d. Chemotherapy’s generally used to treat cancer that has spread.
__________________________________________________________________________
e. A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells that can destroy the normal cells around
the tumor and damage the body's healthy tissues.
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
f. it’s rare to know exactly what caused any one person’s cancer.
__________________________________________________________________________

3. VERBS: Complete the chart and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TENSE TRANSLATION


involves (line 1)
reacts (line 2)
are alsodeveloping (L 3)

can eliminate (L8)


survive (L 11)
Are (L 11)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

a. Our scientists __________________ (work) together on new discoveries these days.


b. Chemotherapy literally ________________(mean) drug treatment.
c. Doctors ______________(have) a lot of experience using radiotherapy in medicine.
d. We ___________________ (fight) over 200 cancers at the moment.

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e. The treatment ______________(aim) to give a high dose to the cancer, but as low a dose as
possible to the surrounding healthy cells.

4. ENGLISH IN USE: Write the Spanish equivalent of the following words.

Research studies:_______________________ Throat cancer: _________________________


Treatment: ____________________________ Voice box cancer: ______________________
Immune system: _______________________ Surgery: ______________________________
Develop: ______________________________ Radiation and chemotherapy:
Blood tests: ___________________________ _____________________________________
Advanced stages: _______________________ Recurrence and spread of cancer:
Serious disease: ________________________ _____________________________________

5. WORD FORMATION: Read the text and complete the chart below.

WORD FROM THE TEXT CATEGORY SUFFIX

TREAT

SURVIVE

LIKE

6. TRANSLATION: Write the text in Spanish.

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TEXT 6

SKELETAL SYSTEM: FACTS & FUNCTION

The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments
and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support,
movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that
enable us to move through our daily lives.

5 Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are actually the minority, as 98
percent of all animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have internal skeletons or backbones.
Human infants are born with 300 to 350 bones, some of which fuse together as the body develops.
By the time most children reach the age of 9 they have 206 bones.

The skeletal system has two distinctive parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

10 The axial skeleton, with a total of 80 bones, consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage and the
skull. The axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk and the upper extremities
down to the lower extremities at the hip joints, which help humans maintain our upright posture.

The appendicular skeleton has a total of 126 bones, and is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper
limbs, the pelvic girdle and the lower limbs. Their functions are to make walking, running and other
15 movement possible and to protect the major organs responsible for digestion, excretion and
reproduction.

THE SKULL

A collection of 22 bones, the skull protects the all-important brain and supports the other soft
20 tissues of the head. During fetal development, the bones of the skull form within tough, fibrous
membranes in a fetus’ head. As these bones grow throughout fetal and childhood development,
they begin to fuse together, forming a single skull. The only bone that remains separate from the
rest of the skull is the mandible, or jaw bone. Early separation of the bones provides the fetal skull
with the flexibility necessary to pass through the tight confines of the birth canal. During childhood
25 development, the skull bones remain somewhat separated, allowing for growth of the brain and
skull. Upon reaching maturity, our skull bones fuse to produce a rigid protective shell for the soft
nervous tissue of our brain

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and write T (true) or F (false). Correct the
false sentences.

a) The skeletal system performs functions that enable us to move. ____


b) Invertebrates are the minority. ____
c) Adults have 350 bones. ____
d) The axial skeleton helps humans to move. ____
e) The appendicular skeleton helps to breathe. ____
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f) When we grow the bones begin to fuse together. ____
g) The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. ____
h) During childhood development, the skull bones are together. ____
i) During adulthood, the bones fuse to produce a rigid protective shell for the brain. ___

2. Write the sentences into your native language.

a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________________________
f. __________________________________________________________________
g. __________________________________________________________________
h. __________________________________________________________________
i. __________________________________________________________________

3. ENGLISH IN USE: Write the Spanish equivalent of the following words.

Skeletal system Skull


Blood cell production Trunk
Calcium storage Upper extremities
Endocrine regulation Lower limbs
Vertebral column Hip joints
Rib cage Jaw bone

4. Adjectives. Find adjectives in the text and identify the nouns they are modifying.

ADJECTIVE NOUN

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5. GRAMMAR: Complete the chart and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TRANSLATION


performs (line 2)
enable (line 4)
are born (L7)
help (L 12)

6. ERROR CORRECTION. Read the sentences, find grammar mistakes and correct them.

a. Arthritis are a group of more than 100 inflammatory diseases that damage joints and their
surrounding structures.

b. The skeletal system is also susceptibles to breaks, strains and fractures.

c. Bursitis is a disorder that causes pain in the bodys joints.

7. TRANSLATION: Write from L1 to L9 in your native language.

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TEXT 7

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, on


August 6, 1881, and studied medicine, serving as a
physician during World War I. Through research and
experimentation, Fleming discovered a bacteria-
5 destroying mold which he would call penicillin in 1928,
paving the way for the use of antibiotics in modern
healthcare. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945
and died on March 11, 1955.
BIOGRAPHY
10 Alexander Fleming was born in rural Lochfield, in East Ayrshire, Scotland, on August 6, 1881. His parents, Hugh
and Grace were farmers, and Alexander was one of their four children. He also had four half-siblings who were
the surviving children from his father Hugh's first marriage. He attended the Louden Moor School, the Darvel
School and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London in 1895, where he lived with his older brother,
Thomas Fleming. In London, Fleming finished his basic education at the Regent Street Polytechnic (now the
15 University of Westminster).

Fleming was a member of the Territorial Army, and served from 1900 to 1914 in the London Scottish
Regiment. He entered the medical field in 1901, studying at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School at the
University of London. While at St. Mary's, he won the 1908 gold medal as the top medical student.

In November 1921, while nursing a cold, Fleming discovered lysozyme, a mildly antiseptic enzyme present in
20 body fluids, when a drop of mucus dripped from his nose onto a culture of bacteria. Thinking that his mucus
might have some kind of effect on bacterial growth, he mixed it with the culture. A few weeks later, he
observed that the bacteria had been dissolved. This marked Fleming's first great discovery, as well as a
significant contribution to human immune system research.

"When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by
25 discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did."

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the questions.

a) Was Alexander Fleming born in Ireland?


____________________________________________________________________
b) Were his parents farmers?
____________________________________________________________________
c) Was he an only child?
____________________________________________________________________
d) Was he a member of the Navy?
____________________________________________________________________

2. VERBS. Find regular verbs in the text.

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3. GRAMMAR: Write the negative form of the following sentences:

a. He attended the Louden Moor School.


__________________________________________________________________________
b. In London, Fleming finished his basic education at the Regent Street Polytechnic (now the University of
Westminster).
____________________________________________________________________
c. He entered the medical field in 1901.
________________________________________________________________________________
d. In November 1921, while nursing a cold, Fleming discovered lysozyme.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. This marked Fleming's first great discovery, as well as a significant contribution to human immune
system research.
_________________________________________________________________________________

4. GRAMMAR: Auxiliary verb “DID”. Answer the following questions.

g. What did Alexander Fleming study?


__________________________________________________________________________
h. Where did he finish his basic education?
__________________________________________________________________________
i. What did he discover?
__________________________________________________________________________

5. VERBS: Fill in the chart for the following verbs/verb phrases from the text.

TRANSLATION OF THE
SUBJECT VERB/VERB PHRASE TENSE
VERB/VERB PHRASE

studied (L 2)

finished (L 14)

dripped (L20)

didn’t plan (L 24)

suppose (L25)

6. TRANSLATION: Write from L1 to L15 in your native language.

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TEXT 8

X-RAYS

X-rays are used to first röntgenogram. He discovered that when


analyze problems with emitted in complete darkness, X-rays passed
bones, teeth and 30 through objects of varying
organs in the human density, rendering the flesh and
5 body; to detect cracks muscle of his wife's hand mostly
in metal in industry; transparent. The denser bones
and even at airports and the ring left behind a
for luggage inspection. 35 shadow on a special
Yet, despite their photographic plate covered in
10 versatility, the barium platinocyanide. The
invention of the X-ray wasn't intentional. The term X-radiation or X-ray stuck
scientific and medical community will forever be although it is still sometimes referred to as the
indebted to an accidental discovery made by 40 Röntgen ray in German-speaking countries.
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895.
Röntgen's discovery garnered much attention in the
scientific community and with the public. He gave
15 While experimenting with electrical currents
his first public lecture on X-rays in January 1896 and
through glass cathode-ray tubes, Röntgen
showed the rays' ability to photograph the bones
discovered that a piece of barium platinocyanide
45 within living flesh. A few weeks later in Canada, an
glowed even though the tube was encased in thick
X-ray was used to find a bullet in a patient's leg.
black cardboard and was across the room. He
20 theorized that some kind of radiation must be Honorary degrees, medals, streets named in his
traveling in the space. Röntgendidn't fully honor and memberships to academic societies all
understand his discovery so he dubbed it X- followed. The recognition peaked with the awarding
radiation for its unexplained nature. 50 of the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901. Röntgen
deliberately didn't patent his discovery, feeling that
To test his newfound theory, Röntgen enlisted the
scientific advances belonged to the world and
25 help of his wife for his first X-ray photos and
should not be for profit.
captured images of the bones in her hand and her
wedding ring in what would become known as the

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the questions in Spanish.

a. What are X-rays used for?


____________________________________________________________________
b. Was the invention of the X-ray intentional?
____________________________________________________________________
c. Why did Röntgen need his wife’s help?
____________________________________________________________________
d. What did he discover when the X-rays were emitted in complete darkness?
____________________________________________________________________
e. Why did they use X-ray in Canada?
____________________________________________________________________
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f. Did Röntgen patent his discovery? Why? Why not?
____________________________________________________________________

2. VERBS. Find regular and irregular verbs in the text.

Regular Irregular

3. Write two sentences in the affirmative and two in the negative form using the verbs in
exercise 2.

1- ______________________________________________________________
2- ______________________________________________________________
3- ______________________________________________________________
4- ______________________________________________________________

4. Find the subjects of these verbs and translate the verbs into Spanish.

SUBJECT VERB TENSE TRANSLATION


wasn't (L 11)

theorized (L 20)
didn't fully understand (L
21)
passed (L 29)

belonged (L 52)

5. ERROR CORRECTION: Read the sentences, find mistakes and correct them.
a. Röntgen refer to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of
radiation.
b. Many of he colleagues suggested calling them Röntgen rays.
c. Röntgen discovered its medical use when he make a picture of his wife's hand.
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d. The used of X-rays for medical purposeswas pioneered by Major John Hall-Edwards in
Birmingham, England. Then in 1908, he has to have his left arm amputated because of
the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm.

6. Write the sentences in exercise 5 in Spanish.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATION: Write from L1 to L14 and from L 41 to 54 in your native language.

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TEXT 9

FEVER FACTS

A fever -- also known as a high fever or a high temperature -- is not by itself an illness. It's usually a symptom of
an underlying condition, most often an infection.

Fever is usually associated with physical discomfort, and most people feel better when a fever is treated. But
depending on your age, physical condition, and the underlying cause of your fever, you may or may not
5 require medical treatment for the fever alone. Many experts believe that fever is a natural bodily defense
against infection. There are also many non-infectious causes of fever.

Fever is generally not considered dangerous, but hyperthermia can cause dangerous rises in body
temperature. This can be due to an extreme temperature associated with heat injury such as heat stroke, side
effects of certain medications or illicit drugs. With hyperthermia, the body is no longer able to control body
10 temperature.

In children with fever, accompanying symptoms such as lethargy, fussiness, poor appetite, sore
throat, cough, ear pain, vomiting, and diarrhea are important to relay to your doctor.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, if you have an infant younger than 4 months old with a
rectal temperature of 100.4 F or above, you should immediately call your doctor or go to an emergency room,
15 because it could be a sign of a potentially life-threatening infection. Also call your doctor or go to the
emergency room if any child has a fever above 104 F. High fever can cause seizures in young children.

Call your doctor right away if your child has a fever and:

 Looks very sick


 Is drowsy or very fussy
20  Has a weakened immune system or other medical problems
 Has a seizure
 Has other symptoms such as rash, sore throat, headache, stiff neck, or earache

Call the doctor if the fever lasts more than 1 day in a child less than 2 years old or lasts more than 3 days in a
child age 2 or older.

1. READING COMPREHENSION: Read the text and answer the questions.

a. Is fever an illness?
____________________________________________________________________
b. Is a medical treatment always necessary? Why?/Why not?
____________________________________________________________________
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c. What is hyperthermia?
____________________________________________________________________

2. GRAMMAR. Look at these sentences.

a. Call your doctor or go to the emergency room if any child has a fever above 104 F.
b. If your child’s less than 3 months old, anything above 100.4F warrants a quick call to the doctor.
c. If your baby has a runny nose and a low-grade fever (under 101F), it usually means he's got a
common cold.
d. Let your doctor know right away if your child complains of a sore throat or an earache.
e. Call 911 if her tongue, lips, or nails are blue.

What do these sentences express?________________________________________________

How would you translate them?

a. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. TRANSLATION: Write from L13 to 25 in your native language.

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