",SECTJO:-l C-EXC\ VATION AND EARTHWORKS

; I. General 1.1 This work .shall consist of all the required excavation within the
limits of the works. It shall include the removal and proper utilization
and hauling or disposal of .all excavated materials and constructi"g
shaping and finishing of all excavation over the entire extent of the
works in conformity ~vith the drawings and this specification.
l.2 .The excavation shall be executed in such a manner and order as
approved by the S.O, The Contractor shall be responsible for
.compliance with bye-laws and regul,ations rcl.ating to the earth.work.

1.3 For the purpose of this Tender, the Contractor shall not allow any
extra cost for excavation in rock and aI-I excavation work in this contract
shall be assumed to be without rock.

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I 2. Site Clearing 2.1 The whole site shall be cleared to the extent as shown in the
j relevant drawings. These shall include clearing, grubbing. demolishing.

1 breaking up and removing all trees, shrubs, vegetation, butts, structures

such as waHs. fences and other obstruction within the sire which have
i been designated to be demolished or removed. All spoil and debris shall
be removed and disposed of as approved by the S.O. Materials suitable
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I for disposal by burning shall be burnt at locations and on specific
! pcriods as approved by the 5.0.
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3. PreserY:ltion 'of 3.. 1 The Contractor shall tak" precaution to protect from damage all
Existing Trees . Existing trees :.J.ndshrubs which JfC d~signa.ted to be presCfved. \\/her~
•, necessary adequJt~ temporary fencing shall be erected fOf each [re~ or a
."-' group of tree.s. Where required, the tre< shall be protect<d by wrapping
.with suitable paling material up to 1.5 m high.

1 4. Demolitio!).Existing 4.1 Any existing structures and other obstruction which are designated

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Structures to be removed shall be demolished, broken up, removed and disposed
of as approved by the 5.0. .

4.2 All salvaged materials arising from the demolition work shall
unless otherwise specified become the property of the Controctor ond
shall be removed from site as soon as possible.

5. Relocation of Existing 5.1 The Contractor's attention is specially drawn to his responsibilities
Utilities and Services under the Clause headed "Damage to Property" of the Condition of
(\ Contiact.

5.2 Before commencing on any excavation the Contractor or his

representative'shall accompany the S.O. on a site inspection to consider
any circumstances which may indicate the presence of underground
cables, water or other service pipes at or in the vicinity of such
excavations .. Thereafter the Contractor shall carry OUt the excavation
work in a manner and sequence as approved by the 5.0.

5.3 If during excavation the Contractor's workmen uncover any cables

water or other service pipes, work shall be stopped immediately and
shall not be again started until the matter has been reported to the 5.0.
who will notify the appropriate Local Authority and subsequently issue
whatever directions he deem appropriate.

6. Excavation for 6.1 Foundation trenches, pier holes, etc. shall be excavated to the
Foundations Pits lengths and widths as shown on the drawings, with sides trimmed and
and Trenches bottoms levelled and stepped as required.

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j EXC3vation :lind E2rthwor-ks

 6. Excjo'ation for (1.2 All c:xci.lv<ltions shall he carried dnwn to h:lrci ground. On no
. Foundations Pits account sh.J.ll found:Eions rest on made filled g.round. The depths of
0;-
and Trenches fo~ndation shall be decided on the site by the 5.0 .. but for tendering
(Cont'd) purposes the Contractor shall assume the uniform overall uepth I.Sm
belo\\! formation ievel or as shown in the drawings. Any vari:Hion to
such depth. together with. any variation causeu thereby,to concrel~ and
briCKwork. etc .. shall be measured and valued as variations. as provided
fo, inthe Contract and the Contract Sum shall he adjusted accordingly.
The Contractorshall at his own cost and expense. make good any over
excavation belovithe required depth with suitable material or concrete as
. approved by.the.S ..O.. .

7, Sides of Exco"otion 7.1 The Contractor'shall ensure that at all times thc sides of the
excavation are maintoined in a safe and stable condition and shall be
responsible for the adequate provision of all timbering and strutting
required for this pGrpose and shall comply with. any instructions issued
by the S.O. in this respect. . .

8, ExcO"ation to be 8.1 The Contractor. shall be responsible for keeping dry all exca"ations
kept Dry whether in open cut or in trench so as not to interfere with the work in
progress. He shall without extra cost to Government. provide. fix.
maintain ond work as and where directed by the S.O. such pumps.
wells. drains. dams'and other things necessary to effecti ely deal with all
water which may collect or find its way into the exca ation from any
\ (- cause whatsoever. Ncvenhcless such directive shall nor relieve the
contractor from his liability ior any damage to the Works or' adjoining
land and property or water courses due to his operations.
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9. Bottom of Exca,,'ation 9.1 Unless otherwise $tated. the excavation. whether in open CUI or in
trench. shall be proceeded with in such portions "t a time a5 thc S.O.
i may'a'prrove and shall not in. the first instance he carried down to a
. depth hearer than ISO mm abovt the required excavation level: the last
150'mm of depth to the said level shall be carried out by manuollabour
imll)~di~~.~.l):
in adv~nccof placing concrete.
9 .2~'~'\ny pockets of SGft material or loose rock in the bottom of pi •• and
trenches shall be removed and the resulting cavities and any large
fissures filled with properl~' compacted blinding concrete (1:3:~). The
Contractor shall toke such steps as and when necessary to prevent damoge
tv the bottom iJi exCa..•.
iiliUi1 uue to exposure to thl: we.ath~r. After lh~
placing of any biinding concrete no trimming' of the side faces shall be
carried out for thl? next 24 hours.
10. Inspection 10.1 The Contracror shall report to the S.O. when the excavations are
ready to receive concrete and no concrete shall be laid until the
I excavation have been inspected nndapproved by the S.O ..
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11. Backfilling 11.1' A portion 0f the exca,'ated materia! shall be returned. filled
around walls, columns and the like in 225 mm layers and each layer
thoroughly compacted using rammers or mechanical compactors as the
S.O. may approve. until compaction is complete. However. only
suitable and approved fill materials shall be returned for backfilling.
The surplus excavated materials shall be deposited, spread and levelled
on site or deposited el,ewhere as approved.

11.2 Any planking sheets used for the sides of the excavation shall be
withdrawn in stages as the compaction of backfilling proceeds.

12. Rock Excavation 12.1 Excavation in rock as defined hereinunder shall be measured and
.paid for as an extra to the Contract Sum. in accordance with the
Contract Schedule of Rates.

12.2 Rock shail mean those geological strata of hard material which
necessitate the use of blasting or approved pneumatic tools for their
" removal. Rock boulders found in general excavation shall constitute as j

30

C2vatiotl and Earthworks

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12. Rock Excavation rock if such boulders Jrc of size exceeding O.!? cubic metre or if found
(Cont'd) in.trencht::s and found;:Hions pits such bouiders shJIl be classified as rock
if the sizes exceed 0.08 cubic metre.

12.3 Notwithstanding the above. rock shall not include material which
in the judgement of the S.D. can be loosened with a dozer mounted
drawn ripper of the following description:

Dozer Unit: Plant" with a minimum weight of 236 kn and net

horsepower rating of 300 h.p. or 225 kw. The tractor unit is to be in
good conditions and operated by experienced pcrsonnel skilled in the
. operation of ripping equipmcnt.

Ripper Unit: The ripper to be attached to the dozer shall he the most
efficient parallelogram type recommended by the dozer 'or ripper
manufacturer. The ripper shall have shanks in good condition with
sharpened cutting point.
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j 12.4 Shale and clay boulders will not be considered as rock. The S.O.'s
decision as to whether or not the moterials of the excavation is c1assifi~d
j, as rock shall be final.
I 1'2:5 The Contractor shall be entitled to extra payment for rock
!
excJvation only if reasonahle notice is given £0 the S.O. to examine such
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material prior# to .breaking up and t; measure the extent and (kpth
bdor~ further ~XCaV;Jti0n.
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13. Use of Explosives 13.1 The Conrractor shall not use any explosi\"c:, for t:-tc PlJ.p:",,;)(;: l.t"
r:xcav;:uillg or for ~lOy other purpose \vhatsoc\'cr i:l i.h:s ','.ork \\'it~out t:..:
\vrinen ~ppoval of the S.O. In the event where <.ipf'rnvai Ci.lllnO[ be given
..._~ by the S.D. due to whatever reason. the Contraet.:.r shall carry Out the
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works using other means.

13.2 Where the written approval is given by the S.D. for the use of
explosive. the Contractor shall comply strictly with all rules and.
regulations laid out by the relevant authorities pertaining to the use of
this explosives.

13.3 Notwithstanding any methods finally approved by the S. O. and

adopted by the Contractor. no claim of extra will be entertained.

,14. Cut and Fill to 14.1 Gen~ral

Formation Level.
Areas for buildings. open spaces fields. roads and footpaths shall be
cut and filled to the required formation levels and grades as shown on
the drawings. Trimming and forming of banks shall be to the profiles as
shown on drawings or as directed. All dirches. ponds or wells that are to
be field shall first be excavated 10 relPllVe all soft spot, if S,) directed by
the S.O .. all excavated material sh~ll be removed- frorr: site and the
depressions including holes resulting from the grubbing of tree roots shall
be filled with approved tilling materials and well compacted. If the filling
materials obtainable from the site is insufficient. the Contrac:or shall at
"his own cost. obtain such materials from outside 'Source,
'14.2 Fill Materials

14.2.1 Only suitable materials such as medium stiff clays. clayey

sand or other approved soils shall be used for filling.
14.2.2 Materials from swamps. peats or top soils and other highly
organic clay or silts, materials containing logs stumps or boulders
materials. which is susceptible to combustion and any other
materials which by virtue of their physical or chemical composition
• or at their moisture content will not compact properly shall not be
used for filling.
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31

Excav:lItion and urthwork.!

 • 14. Cut and Fill to
Formation Level
14.3 Spreading and Compqcling
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} ..L3.1 Prior to plncing any fill upon any area. ;:111 c\caring and
(Cont'd) gruhbing operations shall have been completed.

14.3.2 All earth filling generally be carried out in layers not

exceeding 225mm thick loose lavers. Each filling laver shall be
tho~oughly compacted by means of six passes of a s~oci'th wheel 6T
roller or other approved compacting equipment.

14.3~3Maximum use shall be' made of earthmoving plants for

initial.comp~ction. and the Contractor shali be. required to vary Ihe
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routes u"niformly to reduce "tracking" and to obtain uniform
compaction over as wide an area as possible.

14.4 Finish to Formacion Level

14.4.1 Unless otherwise shown in the drawing. the upper surface
of all filling platform shall be finished to a crossfall of I:40() and
where practicable. shall in addition. be given a longitudinal fall to
ensure rapid disposa.J of surface water.

14.4.2 For areas to be turfed the formation level shall be

completed to ;m appropriate level below the finished level indicated
to allow for placement of top soil and turf.
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.( 14.5 . SO/I SPOIS
14.5.1 Where any undue movements due to the presence of soft
unstable soil under the fill occur or unsuitable material is
encountered at the bottom of thc fill. it shall be excavated to such
depth and over such areas as approved by the S.O. and shall be
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. '-removed to spoil. The resulting excavation shall be hackfilled with
suitable material as specified here in hefore and deposited in layers
'. not exceeding 225 mm loose depth and compacted as described
. above. or with compaction equipmentsuitable'for working in small
:,. .: ex'c~i\'ation.
14.5.2 The Contractor shall allow for settlcment or displacement
of fill.over soft areas and shall build up to the required finish level
with necessary compaction. Should any settlement of fill occur
during. construction or within the Defccts Liabilitv Period. the
Cont;actor shall make gooo the same at his own cost' and expense.

15. Filling Under IS.! Filling shall be provided and laid under floors. aprons. etc. where
Floors, Apron. etc. required. Filling shall be of suitable material as specified hereinbefore.
deposited in layers not exceeding 155 mm loose thickness and each
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layer well watered where necessary. rammed and compacted. No clay t.
shall be used for filling under floors and aprons.

16~ Temporary Drain'age
Channels.and Bunds
16.1 As earthworks progress; approved temporary channels shall be
provided and maintained for effident drainage of the site until such time
as the permanent surface water drainage is installed. These temporary
drainage channels shall discharge into the permanent natural water
coursed or main ,drainage system. .

17. Clearing of Existing 17.1 During the execution of the earthwork. the Contractor sh,,11 lake
Ditches, Drains, . all necessary precautions to prevent blockage or obstruction and to
River, etc. ensure free-flow of existing drains. ditches, streams and the like.

18. Protection and Main- 18.1 The Contractor shall provide all necessary protection and
tenance of Earth maintenance of earthworks particularly from the damaging effects of
works water entering the works from rainfall .. runoff. springs. rivers or
streams. Damage to finished or partly completed work arising from the
lack of such protection and maintenance work shall be made good by
the Contractor at his own cost and expense .

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Excavation and Earthworks

 18. Protection and rvlain~ 18.2 Where turfing is required Tor slope protection. they shall be
tcnance ofEarth_ planted as soon as the embankment-is formed. The turfing shall be
works (Cont'd) executed as specified hereinafter under External \Vorks.

19. Hardeorc
19.1 Where shown and required approved hardcorc consisung of
good, sound, broken bricks or stones shall be provided and laid to the
thickness shown on the drawings, well rammed, compacted and blinded
with sand. All hardcore shall be well watered immediately prior to the
depositing of concrete thereon .

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33

EXQvation ,and Earthworks

 .~> EXTERNAL WORK

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ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT I QUANTITY I RATE RM ~

No.

A I Clear thc sitc of alltrccs (irrcspcctivc of girth) undcrgrowth

crcepcrs, lallang, shrubs, bushcs, rubbish, dcbris and any
other obstruction including grubbing up roots and stumps
and cart away from site to Contractor's own dump 1112 5,411 ,Iro I 8(11(,1~

B I Excavate top soil average 150mm deep, get out and rcmove
from site to Contractor's own dump m2 5,411 t{- I 5,';4 1/ 1~-o

C I Fill selected cxcavated materials to make up Icvels to the

final requisite fommtion levd as shown on the Engineer's
Drawings in layers and graded cach layer well compacted m3 432 &l~ I 3;lf.1b

-0 I Allow for slopc protcction and making good every works

. I. Irll'JO'-
defects as speCified and leave everything in peifect working l""ni[ L;d) wi ~
! \\ '.......
IDI COD
orders to the entire satisfaction of the 5.0. Itcm '-.,::-:-':-_"'-

i,' .,.'

17r '1 9:;-'1 ~'b

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