We use microcontrollers – embedded C or Arduino

While loop: sequential instructions.

At a time, only one condition.

Microcontrollers, once coded, can’t be done. Windows OS, if run, we can add/remove.

Windows / Linux – multitasking.

No multitasking possible – restarting the only way. Patient operation going on. Satellite launch…
critical application,

Reliability must be there and real time requirements must be met. If allocation for another process
has to be done, we can do it that way. To modify Linux or windows, we need to change from kernel
level

RTOS –

FREE RTOS – 16 bit architecture.

CC 3200 – 32 bit architecture

Arduino – 8 bit architecture.

Speed, architecture must be advanced. 16 bit doesn’t have speed. Critical application must have 10
kHz frequency. 16 bit can’t give this criterion. ARM processors can run up to 100 MHz – 1GHz. ARM
is advanced in terms of pipelining, fault detection (page fault), operator forwarding (pipeline has
many stages. Arduino is not widely available. FREE RTOS, TI RTOS. Semaphore (mutex – mutual
exclusion -

Powerful multitasking

Multiple tasks simultaneously running have requirements. Separate OS dedicated for instructions

Ordinary OS –

RTOS vs Ordinary OS

Scheduler and size are different. Size of ordinary OS – 500MB to 4GB.

RTOS has less than 1 MB. File management, network management is minimized. I/O hardware
management is priority there. Unwanted libraries can be removed. Size is drastically reduced.
Display drivers, graphics drivers are not there.
Support files for bigger files not there.

Only libraries to handle important processes like GPIO, interrupt, UART, ADC. Design of scheduler –
two types in general – Cooperative and Pre-emptive scheduler. Cooperative not used in RTOS. They
don’t have RTOS properties.

Pre-emptive- task runs for particular amount of time. 1 process runs for 1 sec. and simultaneously
the same way. Start, pause and start.

Scheduler is a program code- context switch, priority scheduling, etc. What process is running; has
PC, SP, A, B, C, D. Register values also change. Register values are saved in RAM – context switch.
When scheduler jumps between different tasks, process of copying / preserving the context or data
of registers into memory location.

Windows OS la, scheduler is always ON. But, RTOS is event based scheduler, if continuously it must
be done or task switching only on interrupts.

Cooperative – only when one task is complete, it goes to next task.

Priority pre-emptive scheduler is used. Cooperative can be used, but not widely. Arduino isn’t
cooperative, but the working is similar to that since it runs one after another.

Kernel – event based kernel. TI RTOS – event driven scheduler – only when scheduler is triggered by
event, a particular

Kernel – OS’s core executable part. User (no access over the hardware of computer – has
computation work only and displays, prints) and Kernel mode (all access, memory, CPU, hardware,
data buses etc.) System calls API runs only in Kernel mode. General OS modes.

Instead of writing the assembly program for carrying out required operation over required
hardware, we use System calls – prewritten programs. Super user mode it is. Base libraries used for
accomplishing a task. ADC channel, kernel mode – only mode of RTOS.

Windows or Linux

-Example

Real role – commercial QNX, Wind River system makes another OS. Telecommunication devices,
Rocket’s control, aeroplane control, ship’s Control system, self-driving cars. Android – Google
Fucshia OS RTOS replacing android. World is going over RTOS.