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The Smallpox Vaccine 

www.the-smallpox-vaccine.weebly.com

goo.gl/YWYCqK

The New York Academy of Medicine

By Julia Chan

Work Count: 1,120 

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Julia Chan

Mr.Seitz

Social Studies 8H Period 2

23 April 2018

Work Cited

Primary Sources

Adams, Cecil. ""Did whites ever give Native Americans blankets infected with smallpox?"." ​The

Straight Dope​, Chicago Reader, 24 Oct. 1997, goo.gl/coawRf.

This article presented their information in a question and response format concerning

about the Whites giving American Indians smallpox infected blankets. The sources also

include primary writings of the event as well as one political cartoon. The source was

very helpful in the direction of supporting my project with examples of smallpox

bioterrorism; however, it did not include the many information on the smallpox vaccine

or the smallpox disease unlike some other sources. The article was also beneficial to me

because of the political cartoon that I can include and support in my project.

Chaplin, Joyce E. "‘The Fever of 1721,’ by Stephen Coss." ​The New York Times​, 4 Mar. 2016,

www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/books/review/the-fever-of-1721-by-stephen-coss.html.

The source presented detailed information on the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1721. The

source also included the effects of the epidemic and ways to solve it as well as one

supporting image in the article. The source was definitely beneficial to my project

because it demonstrated one example of the smallpox epidemic occurring in the country.

Despite that the source did not include any information on the discovery of the smallpox
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vaccine or just the disease itself, the source was still valuable for the example that it

presented compared to other sources.

Douglass, William, et al. ​National Humanities Center​. 1721, goo.gl/ueCXyn.

The pamphlet explains the vaccination of smallpox applying into Boston’s epidemic of

1721. Moreover, the pamphlet also included the strong argument between the vaccination

for smallpox. The source included many letters and debates for and against the smallpox

vaccine written in the time of the Boston epidemic in 1721. The source did not provide

many information about the invention and the creation of smallpox like many of the other

sources. This source mainly provided how the smallpox vaccine was seen, argued over,

and applied to the Boston epidemic.

Hilary, William. ​Google Books​. C. Hitch and J. Leake, 22 Mar. 2010, goo.gl/44NNAD

The book by William explains the origination, tests, and application of the smallpox

vaccine. Moreover, the source also connect the example of the smallpox disease to other

diseases as an connection with the medical world at that time. The book was written near

the time of the invention of the smallpox vaccine. The source was helpful in the sense of

providing information about smallpox and how smallpox applied to the world like many

other sources; however, this source contains many vocabulary and scientific terms that is

hard to understand throughout the book.

the example that it presented compared to other sources.

The British Museum. "Vaccination against small pox, or mercenary & merciless spreaders of

death & devastation driven out of society." ​The British Museum​, Trustees of the British Museum,
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www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=167

0695&partId=1. Accessed 8 Mar. 2018.

This article includes a image of Jenner facing difficulties and support. The source

furthermore explains the image by saying how his supporters say that the smallpox

vaccine is the milk of human kindness, and by saying how his opposers say that the

smallpox vaccine was the curse of mankind. The source was not beneficial in the way of

including need to know information like the history behind the smallpox vaccine and

more compared to other sources. However, the image in the source helps to deepen my

project as I already knew those basic information.

Secondary Sources

BBC. "Edward Jenner." ​BBC​, 2014, goo.gl/LERM4L.

This article mainly stated about the historical figure of Edward Jenner, what was Edward

Jenner known for, and the life of Edward Jenner generally. One part of the article mostly

talked about Edward Jenner’s achievement on the smallpox vaccine that saved lives. This

source included many things about Edward Jenner himself which gave the readers many

background information about Edward Jenner’s life. One the other hand, the source did

not give detail information on the creation of the smallpox vaccine or more depts about

the smallpox disease compared to the other sources, but the source did give a good

amount of information of Edward Jenner’s achievement and discoveries.

Birch, Robin . "Let the EVIDENCE speak: Did Vaccines Save Us?" ​Vax Info Start Here​, Robin

Birch, vaxinfostarthere.com/did-vaccines-save-us/#. Accessed 15 Feb. 2018.

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This article did give information of the influence and the effect of many vaccines all

together. Interestingly enough, the article also included many graphs, charts, and images

to demonstrate the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine, and the article also included

their opinion of how they believe vaccines did not save the world. This source did not

included many facts individually on smallpox alone nor the background of the smallpox

vaccine. Then again, the source did included valuable graph, images, and the well

information on how vaccines including the smallpox vaccine changed mortality rates

compare to other sources.

Carrell, Jennifer Lee. "Variolation vs. Vaccination." ​Jennifer Lee Carrell​, 2015, goo.gl/evQvnt.

This article presented understandable information on the variolation part of the

inoculation and the smallpox vaccine to understand how both works. The article also

compared variolation and the smallpox vaccine focusing on the pros and cons to help the

readers understand how the treatment to prevent the smallpox disease changed from time

to time. This source did not give beneficial facts on the background or the creation of the

smallpox vaccine unlike many sources. Instead, this source gave significant facts on how

the process of variolation somewhat prevented the smallpox disease before the invention

of the smallpox vaccine.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Center for Disease Control and Prevention​. U.S.

Department of Health & Human Services, 30 Aug. 2016, goo.gl/fJZ3ay.

This article gaved pleasant and exclusive background information of the smallpox disease

and history of the smallpox vaccine. The article gaved examples of where the smallpox

disease first occurred, how did the smallpox spread, early control effects of the smallpox
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disease, the creation of the vaccine, and the eradication of the smallpox disease. This

source included significant background information, dates, and examples; the article

mostly highlighted the history of the smallpox disease. However, it did not included

challenges Edward Jenner faced, what caused smallpox vaccine, and deepening details

compare to some sources.

Center for Health Security. ​Center for Health Security​. UPMC Center for Health Security, 26

Feb. 2014, www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/smallpox-fact-sheet.

This article explained about what is the smallpox disease, smallpox disease as a

biological weapon, the illness of the smallpox disease, treatment and transmission of the

smallpox disease. The article also gaved detail information of the variola virus which in

needed to understand what the smallpox disease is. The article gaved beneficial

information about the smallpox disease, and it helped me to understand what is the

smallpox disease in general. Despite the information on the smallpox disease, the source

did not at all mention about Edward Jenner, the discovery of the smallpox disease or how

did the smallpox disease affect countries unlike other sources.

Cook, Andrew. "Smallpox/Cowpox." ​Tes Teach​, goo.gl/861gBY. Accessed 21 Mar. 2018.

This sources mainly present the idea of smallpox and cowpox through a slide show. It

explained what is the virus, how is smallpox classified, history of the smallpox, and how

cowpox is the solution to smallpox. Along with the specific information, the source also

included images that go along with the valuable information. The article included much

more about the variola virus than other sources; however, the source did not go in as

much detail as some of the sources on the areas of Edward Jenner and cowpox.
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"Different Types of Vaccines." ​The History of Vaccines​, The College of Physicians of

Philadelphia, 17 Jan. 2018, goo.gl/GoPKQA.

This article mainly focused on the different types of vaccines such as the live, inactivated,

and the subunit vaccine. This source helps me to understand more about how the

smallpox vaccine can prevent the smallpox disease by identifying what kind of vaccine it

is. The article contained great information on the types of vaccines and how they worked

on different types of diseases. In contrast, the article contained little to no information

about the discovery or use of the smallpox vaccine alone compared to other sources. The

article focused its idea on the wider range of vaccines.

Dorth, Jenny. ​Stanford University​. 17 Dec. 2017, goo.gl/TM3hGy.

This article included significant information of variola minor and major which caused the

smallpox disease. In addition, the article also included the symptoms of smallpox,

classification of variola, defences of the smallpox disease, and outcome of the variola

virus. Although the source did not include any information about the discovery or the

benefits of the smallpox vaccine unlike other sources, the source did benefit me to

understand more about the the variola virus that caused the smallpox disease.

Dove Med. "Cowpox." ​Dove Med​, 14 Oct. 2015, goo.gl/qXvdD5.

This article define cowpox information including who gets cowpox, what is cowpox, risk

factors of cowpox, causes of cowpox, symptoms of cowpox, prevention of cowpox, and

more. It future explains how cowpox affects people as well as animals. This source

helped me to understand deeply about cowpox in order to understand how cowpox

prevent smallpox. In opposition, this source unfortunately did not include any
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information about how cowpox connects to smallpox or anything related to the smallpox

disease compared to other sources.

Evans087. "Bioterrorism Targeting Animals." ​WCSU Science Communication Station​, 7 Apr.

2015, scicomstation.wordpress.com/2015/04/07/bioterrorism-targeting-animals/.

This article gave detail information of how the anthrax bioterrorism targets the animals in

the US. It furthermore presented well graphics of the disease and animals as well as

bioterrorism political cartoons. This article was not as useful compared to many other

articles because the topic is not about anything related to the smallpox vaccine or the

smallpox disease. However, this article had one important bioterrorism political cartoon

which helped and supported my project.

Filner, Rebecca. "Edward Jenner and the Development of the Smallpox Vaccine." The New

York Academy of Medicine, 13 May 2016, goo.gl/W9wGec.

The article described the process of the smallpox variolation involving into the smallpox

vaccine. The source also included Jenner’s background and difficulties he faced as well

as images of Jenner’s own book. Furthermore, the source was helpful in a way of very

basic information about the smallpox vaccine even though it did not include symptoms or

effects of the smallpox disease and vaccine. In contrast, this source include many

information that other websites had which was no longer beneficial to me. The primary

images of Edward Jenner’s book was indeed supportive to my project.

"Government Regulation." ​The History of Vaccines​, The College of Physicians of Philadelphia,

17 Jan. 2018, www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/government-regulation.

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This article presented how the government regulated and provided the smallpox vaccine

to many in the United States. In addition, the source also gaved examples on how

government reduced its restrictions of the smallpox vaccine when the smallpox disease

started to reduce. This article did not explain anything about the discovery of the

smallpox vaccine or the public comment for the smallpox vaccine unlike some sources,

but it did explain and mainly focus on how the government react to the smallpox disease.

Haelle, Tara . "Museum At The Birthplace Of Vaccination Needs Booster Dose Of Funds To

Stay Open." Forbes, 31 Jan. 2017, goo.gl/gm68GH.

This source included information on how Edward Jenner discovered the smallpox

vaccine. It further explains how a museum is going to open in memorial of Edward

Jenner which became the center focus of the article. The article presented limited

information of the discovery of the smallpox vaccine, and it did not include anything

about the effect of the smallpox vaccine. Compared to other sources, this source was not

as useful, but it did include good images that I can use in my project.

History. "Jenner tests smallpox vaccine." ​History​, A&E Networks, 2010, goo.gl/reyzp6.

This article described how Edward Jenner discovers and tests the smallpox vaccine. The

article further explains a brief background of Edward Jenner and how the smallpox

disease was then eliminated from the world. This source help me to understand the how

did Edward Jenner discovery the smallpox vaccine and when he tested his first smallpox

vaccine. Even though the source did not present information about the smallpox disease

unlike some of the other sources, it did back up its information with reliable dates, years,

and names.
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"History of Vaccines." ​American History​, Smithsonian National Museum of American History,

goo.gl/9DKvWK. Accessed 17 Apr. 2018.

The source described the journey of the variolation method developing to the new

innovation of the smallpox vaccine. In addition, the source also presented history behind

the smallpox disease and the smallpox vaccine as well as clarifying images. Even though

the source did not include many information about the smallpox disease or the effects of

the smallpox vaccine, it did however include well written information on the concept of

immunization compared to other sources. This article was not great for deepening details

to use in my project.

"How shared mobility can mean less traffic, cleaner air and better public transit." Urban Hub,

www.urban-hub.com/ideas/how-shared-mobility-can-mean-less-traffic-cleaner-air-and-better-pu

blic-transit/. Accessed 7 Mar. 2018.

The source present well written information on how shared mobility can change the

world. It explained that the shared mobility can create less traffic, cleaner air, and better

transit. The source moreover supports its claim with images about mobility and more. In

addition, the source was not so beneficial because I could not add any additional

information from this web article comparing to other articles. Nonetheless, the web

article did include great transportation images that will support my effects of the

smallpox vaccine in my project. The source was not the most useful, but it did help to

support my project all together.

Kean, Sam. "Pow in the City." ​National Endowment for the Humantities​, Feb. 2013,

goo.gl/vBCPaB.
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The source described the process from history of the smallpox disease to a solution called

the smallpox vaccine. The source also included information on how Edward Jenner’s

creation was rejected and how he faced difficulties in his lifetime. This article was great

in describing the challenges that Jenner faced as well as some need to know detail about

the smallpox vaccine unlike other sources. However, this article did not provide as much

information on the symptoms ot the history of the smallpox disease.

Kohls, Gary G. "There are 271 New Vaccines in Big Pharma’s Pipeline." Health Impact News,

goo.gl/NDedzA. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018.

The source included how there were 271 new vaccines in in Big Pharmas Pipeline. The

source listed all of the new vaccines that were created and how they apply to a new

certain disease or infection. The article back up their information with pictures and

images. The source was definitely not as informative or related to my topic as some of

the other sources, but it does help me ensure that there are new vaccines created today to

support the idea of how Edward Jenner set the example for further vaccines. The article

was also advantageous to me because it had images that would also be valuable in my

project.

Med Broadcast. "Smallpox." ​Med Broadcast​, MediResource, goo.gl/zqKmCS. Accessed 29 Jan.

2018.

This article explained the various facts, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the

smallpox disease. I was surprised that the article gaved a detail information on the

symptoms of smallpox; this helped me further explain the smallpox disease in my project.

This source contained little information about the smallpox vaccine in contrast of other
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smallpox vaccine focus articles; it contained information of how it may can prevent the

smallpox disease and the warning of the smallpox vaccine. Even though the source did

not include any information about the creation of the smallpox vaccine, the source did

include deepening and basic facts of the smallpox disease that is needed to know.

"Medical Definition of Variolation." ​Medicine Net​, 13 May 2016, goo.gl/fK2rbh.

The source defined variolation, and it gave detail how the variolation method was

brought to England. Moreover, the source also explains how this method of practice was

called variolation at last. The article was not as useful of many of the other article

because it did not present any information about the smallpox vaccine or Edward Jenner

compared to other sources. The article however present a definition of variolation which

is helpful knowing.

Otter, Chris. "Top Ten Origins: Vaccination ." ​Ohio State University Education​, Ohio State

University, 5 Mar. 2015, goo.gl/13Rd8s.

This source presented a process of information from the smallpox disease to the smallpox

vaccine. The article included great detail description of the process from the smallpox

disease to vaccine as well as including original and precise pictures. As a bonus, the

article also included facts of Diphtheria, Polio, and how vaccine was despised in society

for a time. I was surprised of how the article gaved full detail for the smallpox disease, to

the smallpox variolation, and to difficulties that Edward Jenner faced. Although the

article contained many impressive information, the article limited the information about

Edward Jenner’s life in comparison to some sources.

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Ponder, Crissinda. "Comparing health insurance by doctor network." ​Bank Rate​, 9 June 2014,

goo.gl/GkAnST.

The source did not have much relation with my project about the smallpox vaccine. The

source presented information on health insurance and comparing health insurance by

doctor network. In addition, the article also supported their claims with examples and an

image of a group of doctors discussing about a plan. In evaluation, the source was not

advantageous in any way to my project unlike some other sources, but the source did

include the image that I want to use for a caption in my project. The article was not

favorable in giving me more information, but it was beneficial in the image that the

article included.

Riedel, Stefan. "Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination." ​National Center

for Biotechnology Information​, Baylor University. Medical Center, 2005, goo.gl/GcjfFv.

This article consisted of facts and datas for the history of the smallpox disease, the origin

of the smallpox disease, variolation, early attempts of smallpox treatment, Edward

Jenner’s discovery of vaccination, Edward Jenner’s difficulties, and Jenner’s life. This

article is a source that is able to be relied on because of the astonishing detail, dates, and

report. The article gaved many detail information, but it may not contain as much specific

information compared to one article focusing on apart of the smallpox vaccine. At last,

the article limited the symptoms of the smallpox disease, but overall, it did contain far

more overall detail information than the other sources.

"Smallpox Eradication – One of History’s Biggest Lies & How Vaccination Did Not Eradicate

Smallpox." ​Child Health Safety​, 23 Dec. 2013, goo.gl/Kk5y6Z.

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This source was more surprising in a way because it claims that the smallpox vaccine did

not eradicate the smallpox disease. The article explained in the ways of how the smallpox

vaccine did not save mankind, and it also included charts and graphics to support their

point of view. The source was probably one of the sources that I can eliminate because it

support the opposite side of my point of view, how the smallpox vaccine save the world.

Even though the article did not support the smallpox vaccine or gave much detail about

the smallpox disease compared to other sources, the source was beneficial to me because

of the graphics and charts. The source has graph and charts which supported my claim.

"Smallpox Virus." ​Biochemical Weapon 51​, Creative Common Attribution, goo.gl/J7cWnr.

Accessed 11 Mar. 2018.

This article included information about the variola virus, the spread of the virus, and

symptoms and treatments of the variola virus. The source also added pictures that helped

me to understand its information. The article had need to know to specific information of

the variola virus which broaden my research. However, the source presented little to no

information on the discovery of the smallpox vaccine or the effect of the smallpox

vaccine in comparison to other sources.

The Royal Society. "History of the Royal Society." ​The Royal Society​, goo.gl/wsywWZ.

Accessed 30 Jan. 2018.

The article display and introduced the history of the Royal Society. It included the first

meeting, publishments, and more about the background of the Royal Society. This source

was maybe the least helpful or not needed out of many sources because the Royal Society

barely had anything to do with the smallpox vaccine. When researching through several
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sources, one of Jenner’s difficulties was that he was not accepted into the Royal Society

when presenting the smallpox vaccine. I wanted to know the what the Royal Society is

and why is it important to Jenner which led me to this source. Even though the source

was not related to smallpox disease or vaccine like many other sources, this source did

bring me benefits to know what the Royal Society is about.

The Royal Society. "Revolutionary Ideas." ​The Royal Society Invigorate​, goo.gl/RSeoxS.

Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.

This article explained the history of the smallpox disease, the discovery of the smallpox

vaccine, and the tests on the smallpox vaccine. The article additionally included why

many opposed to the smallpox vaccine, difficulties that Jenner faced, and the

revolutionary idea of the smallpox vaccine. The source was beneficial to my project in

terms of mentioning the difficulties that Jenner faced and why smallpox vaccine was

rejected by many. The source mentions that the smallpox vaccine is a revolutionary idea

which many other sources limits to include. Even though the source did not contain much

specific detail about the history and discovery of the smallpox vaccine, the source was

great for talking about revolutionary ideas of the smallpox vaccine.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Smallpox Variolation." ​U.S. National Library of Medicine​,

30 July 2013, www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html.

This source acknowledged the trial to prevent the smallpox disease before the smallpox

vaccine was invented which is the variolation. The source discussed about how

variolation was introduced, who lead the spread of variolation, and the consequences of

variolation. Although the article did not include information on the discovery of the
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smallpox vaccine or the effect of the smallpox disease, the article did specify about the

practice of variolation unlike most articles.

Unicef. "Vaccines bring 7 diseases under control." ​unicef​, 1996, goo.gl/LHjdma.

This article gave overall information about vaccines that brought disease in control. In

addition, the article also demonstrated its detail by presenting a chart about vaccines. The

chart was very helpful because it contained information on annual deaths, prevented

deaths, and occurring diseases. The source was beneficial to my project because it

contained important numbers associated with the smallpox disease, but the source did not

contain overall information about the smallpox disease or the smallpox vaccine unlike

many other source did.

VisualDx. "Smallpox." ​VisualDx​, 2017, www.visualdx.com/public-health/smallpox.

This article gave significant detail about the symptoms of the smallpox disease and the

cause of the smallpox disease. The article further explains about the bioterrorism part of

the smallpox disease which explained why smallpox was so deadly. The article allows me

to further explore on smallpox in order to understand the smallpox vaccine. In addition,

the source presented the smallpox disease information with dates, percentage, and hours

which many other articles about the smallpox disease lacked to do. Even though the

information ad graphics in the article were advantageous, but the article had a absence on

scripting the different types of the variola virus that caused the smallpox disease. The

source also did not mention anything about the creation of the smallpox disease or

anything about Edward Jenner.

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World Health Organization. "Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity

worldwide." ​World Health Organization​, goo.gl/gKgq1A. Accessed 29 Jan. 2018.

This article indicate and demonstrated many benefits of vaccination. The benefits

included control of morality, prevention of infection, protection of unvaccinated

population, and more. The source had lack their information of how vaccines’ benefits

connect to the a certain vaccine, but it did allow me to search for the benefits included in

this article related with the smallpox vaccine. The source was not the best since mostly it

did not connect to the smallpox vaccine unlike some of the other sources that focused on

one benefit of the smallpox vaccine. The article also did not include any information on

the discovery of the smallpox vaccine unfortunately.

Wrigley, Anthony. "Human experiments – the good, the bad, and the ugly." ​The Conversation​, 8

June 2015, goo.gl/NuM825.

This article generally mentioned about human experiments. Moreover, the article gave

details of how Edward Jenner used the smallpox vaccine on a child just to test his

discovery. Even though this article is in opposition of how Jenner insert vaccine on a

child for an experiment, this article gave me proof of how people were in opposition of

Jenner’s creation. The article also included a very significant image showing people

turning into monsters after vaccination. The source was help in the view of opposition to

the smallpox vaccine that many other sources would not mention anything about. On the

other hand, the source included nothing related to the smallpox disease or the discovery

of the smallpox vaccine like many other sources except that the article opposed Jenner’s

experiments.
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Zaimeche, Salah, et al. "Lady Montagu and the Introduction of Smallpox Inoculation to

England." ​Muslim Heritage​, FSTC Research Team, goo.gl/bFrCdh. Accessed 3 Feb. 2018.

The article demonstrated the information of how Lady Montagu fits in the historical

timeline of the beginning of the smallpox disease to the creation of the smallpox vaccine.

In addition, the article was mainly focused on how Lady Montagu brought the variolation

method to England. The source did include well written information on the smallpox

vaccine and the smallpox disease, but the information was still limited unlike other

sources. The source was special compared to other sources because it explained much

more information about Lady Montagu.

Zyl, Gareth V. "Treasury cuts economic growth estimate to 0.5%." Budget 2018, 26 Oct. 2016,

www.fin24.com/Budget/Budget-and-Economy/treasury-cuts-economic-growth-estimate-to-05-20

161026.

This particular article explains how treasury in the United States cuts economic growth

by zero point five percent. The article was well written supported with quotes and

images. The source was not so valuable to my project because it did not include any basic

information that I need or deepening facts unlike some other articles. Even though the

source was not as helpful as my other sources, the image in the source was beneficial and

supportive to my project in the area of effects of the smallpox vaccine.