Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
e it takes
to complete one cycle.
4.Define wave frequency.
Surge
Sway
Yaw
Translation:
Where,
Where,
Where,
Strip theory is developed to solve nonlinear ship motion problems in the time-
domain. The hydrodynamic model uses linearized free surface conditions for
computational efficiency and stability, and exact body boundary conditions
to capture events such as slamming and submergence.
there is a ratio of the forced motion amplitude to the static deflection. This
quantity is often called magnification factor.
Part-B
The coupled heave and pitch Forehead Sea conditions have been
investigated analytically by method known as strip theory.
Motion of pitch and heave, which are usually the factor limiting ship
speed in rough weather. At high speed a ship moving into large head
seas will experience pitch and heave amplitude at may alternative
bring bow complete out of water and submerge it. These severe
motions have effect on ship structure. The ability to predict motion of
pitch and have more accuracy is very helpful in improving design for
rough weather performance.
Consider a ship floating on the free surface in waves. The ship will
naturally heave due to the incident waves simultaneously, the ship is also
moving forward, so it will pitch as it encounters the crests and troughs of
waves. Hence, the two motions are not independent of each other. Both
heave and pitch are vertical and hence they are coupled.
of these four coupled motions, the one dealing with vertical motions, namely
pitching and heaving can be investigated easily in a model basin. Coupled
heave and pitch for head seas can be investigated analytically by strip
theory.
The damping force always acts in the opposite direction to the motion
of the ship and produces a gradual reduction in the amplitude of motion. To
determine the effect of damping, the equation of motion must include the
damping force, which in our simplified case is
𝑑𝑧
𝐹𝑏 = −𝑏
𝑑𝑡
Where b is the coefficient for the damping force in heaving. The
damping coefficient normally depends on the following factors.
That equal and opposite reaction is called the inertial force. It is equal to −F
= ma.
Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑧̇ = 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , 𝑧̈ = 𝑘 2 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
a𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐𝑘 2 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 0
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (𝑎𝑘 2 + 𝑐) = 0
𝑎𝑘 2 + 𝑐 = 0
√−4𝑎𝑐 2𝑖 √𝑎𝑐
𝑘= ± => ±
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑐 𝑐
𝑘 = ±𝑖√ 𝛼=0 𝛽= √
𝑎 𝑎
𝑧 = (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑧 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑧 𝑡)
𝑤𝑧 = Natural frequency
𝑐
𝑤𝑧 = √
𝑎
2𝜋
𝑇𝑧 =
𝑤𝑧
When 𝑡 = 0
𝑧 = 𝐶1 ; 𝑧𝑎 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑧
= 𝑒 −𝜐𝑡 (−𝜐)(𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜐𝑡 (𝜔𝑑 ) (−𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡
𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡)
0 = (−𝜐𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
𝑧𝑎 = 𝑧𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝜇𝑧
𝐹˳
𝑧𝑠𝑡 = [Static heave amplitude]
𝐶
1
𝜇𝑧 = [Magnification factor]
√(1−⩘2 )2 +4⩘2 𝑘 2
𝜔𝑒
⩘= [Tuning factor]
𝜔𝑧
𝑧𝑎 can be decreased by
1
𝜇𝜃 = [Magnification factor]
√(1−⩘2 )2 +4⩘2 𝑘 2
𝜔𝑒
⩘= [Tuning factor]
𝜔𝑧
ф𝑎 = ф𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝜇ф
𝑀˳
ф𝑠𝑡 = [Static heave amplitude]
𝐶
1
𝜇ф = [Magnification factor]
√(1−⩘2 )2 +4⩘2 𝑘 2
𝜔𝑒
⩘= [Tuning factor]
𝜔𝑧
10. Show that, if the linear dimensions of a ship and those of its
geometrically similar model are in the ratio of λ, the natural heaving
period of the ship is SQRT(λ) times that of the model.
2𝜋
𝑇𝑧 =
𝜔𝑧
𝑎
𝑇𝑧 = 2𝜋√
𝑐
λ3
𝑇𝑧 = 2𝜋√
λ2
𝑇𝑧 = √λ 2𝜋
Hence proved.
12000
λ3 =
10000
λ = 1.06
𝑇ф𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 𝑇ф𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 ∗ √λ
𝑇ф𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 10 ∗ √1.06
12. Given: L = 160m; Kyy = 0.25L; GML = 160m; Disp = 1500tons; If the
added mass moment of inertia is about 90% if the mass moment of
inertia of the ship, find the natural pitching period.
𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑇𝜃 = 2𝜋√
∆𝐺𝑀𝐿
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 4560000
4560000
𝑇𝜃 = 2𝜋√
1500∗9.81∗160
𝑇𝜃 = 8.74 𝑠𝑒𝑐
13. Given: L = 160m; Kxx = 0.35L; GML = 10m; Disp = 1500tons; If the
added mass moment of inertia is about 20% if the mass moment of
inertia of the ship, find the natural rolling period.
𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑇ф = 2𝜋√
∆𝐺𝑀𝑇
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 5644800
5644800
𝑇ф = 2𝜋√
1500∗9.81∗10
𝑇ф = 38.92 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(10 Marks)
3. Explain the detailed procedure to predict the motions using strip theory.
A ship has a long and slender hull shape in comparison with its
breadth and depth. Taking advantage of the above assumptions, fluid
motion around hull surface due to ship motion can be regarded as if it
moves in cross sectional plane. In other words, the fluid force can be
obtained by integrating the force acting on transverse strips. Consequently
the interacting force between each strip is neglected. The strip method is
utilized to calculate ship motion, wave induced longitudinal strength loads
and wave pressure distribution around the hull in regular waves. The added
mass for heaving can be calculated as
𝐿/2
𝑎𝑧 = ∫−𝐿/2 𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Where,
𝜌𝜋𝐵𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = added mass of a ship section, 𝑎𝑛 =
8
𝐵𝑛 = breadth at that section
𝜌𝜋 𝐿/2
𝑎𝑧 = added mass of the total ship, 𝑎𝑧 = ∫−𝐿/2 𝑐𝑦 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
Where,
Inertial force:-
Damping force:-
The damping force always acts in the opposite direction to the motion
of the ship and produces a gradual reduction in the amplitude of motion. To
determine the effect of damping, the equation of motion must include the
damping force, which in our simplified case is
𝑑𝑧
𝐹𝑏 = −𝑏
𝑑𝑡
Where b is the coefficient for the damping force in heaving. The
damping coefficient normally depends on the following factors.
Restoring force:-
The restoring force for heaving is given as the additional buoyancy force
that acts on a body when it is submerged to a deeper draft. If it is assumed
that there is no significant change in the waterplane area during heaving (i.e.
the ship is said to be wall sided near the load waterline), the restoring force
is given as the amount of water displaced, which is equal to specific weight
times additional submerged volume.
Exciting force:-
To determine the exciting force for ship motions, the water waves must
be studied, since they are the only source of ship excitation in a seaway.
Inertial moment
Damping moment
Restoring moment
Exciting moment
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ф 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐ф
𝑎ф̈ + 𝑐ф = 0
ф = (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤ф 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤ф 𝑡)
𝑤ф = Natural frequency
𝑐
𝑤ф = √
𝑎
2𝜋
𝑇ф =
𝑤ф
𝑎ф̈ + 𝑏ф̇ + 𝑐ф = 0
2
𝜔𝑑 = √ 𝜔ф − 𝜐 2 [Damped frequency]
2𝜋
𝑇𝑑 =
𝜔ф
ф𝑎 = ф𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝜇ф
𝑀˳
ф𝑠𝑡 = [Static heave amplitude]
𝐶
1
𝜇ф = [Magnification factor]
√(1−⩘2 )2 +4⩘2 𝑘 2
𝜔𝑒
⩘= [Tuning factor]
𝜔ф
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝜃
𝑎𝜃̈ + 𝑐𝜃 = 0
𝜃 = (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝜃 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝜃 𝑡)
𝑤𝜃 = Natural frequency
𝑐
𝑤𝜃 = √
𝑎
2𝜋
𝑇𝜃 =
𝑤𝜃
𝑎𝜃̈ + 𝑏𝜃̇ + 𝑐𝜃 = 0
2𝜋
𝑇𝑑 =
𝜔𝜃
𝜃𝑎 = 𝜃𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝜇𝜃
𝑀˳
𝜃𝑠𝑡 = [Static heave amplitude]
𝐶
1
𝜇𝜃 = [Magnification factor]
√(1−⩘2 )2 +4⩘2 𝑘 2
𝜔𝑒
⩘= [Tuning factor]
𝜔𝜃