Development of the Pig Embryo (Anterior)

Later Stages of Development of Pig Embryo follow pattern of development for the chick except for the following:

1. The formation of extraembryonic membranes

2. Additional role of allantois and or blood vessels in:
a. Excretion
b. Nutrition
c. Gaseous exchange thru placenta
3. Relationship of chorion and uterine endometrium in placenta

WHOLE MOUNT

Info before the sections:

- Flexures and bending observed in the pig:  Provides basics of lower jaw
o Cranial  Posterior to maxillary processes
o Cervical  Below naso-medial processes
o Caudal o Hyoid (2nd) arch
o Bending in lumbar and sacral regions  Source of hyoid skeleton
 Due to limited space in uterine cavity - Hyomandibular cleft
 Results in formation of curved embryo o Between the 1st and 2nd visceral arches
(resembling letter C) - 3rd and 4th Visceral arches
- Internal structures can be seen because of the THIN SKIN o Not distinct
(sarap chicharon hahaha) o Sunk deeper into the embryo in the Cervical Sinus
- Prosencephalon - Somites
o Olfactory Vesicles o From trunk region to tail
 Outgrowths at prosencephalon o Superficial bulges
 At rostral end of the head - Position of Heart, Liver and Mesonephros
o Optic Vesicle o Observed on lateral and ventral part of body
 Ventrolateral to olfactory vesicle - Paddle-shaped limb pads
 swellings o Close to a region (not specified) and close to a tail
o Otic Vesicle region
 Posterior o So there are 2 paddle – shaped limb pads
 Lateral to myelencephalon - Mammary Ridges
- 1 and 2 Visceral Arches are prominent
st nd
o Dorso- lateral swellings
o Mandibular (1st) arch o Between levels of forelimb and hindlimb buds
 Transverse Section

**Note: Because of the flexions (cranial, cervical and caudal), the most cranial region region of specimen will not be observed in the first few
sections
Level of the Myelencephalon
Name and Description Location Function / Cavity Fate Derived From/
Arises From
Myelencephalon - Has wide ventricle IV
- Thin anterior wall o Becomes narrower as it
- Thick posterior wall reaches level of spinal cord
- Neuromere marking seen
posteriorly
Neuromeres - Wall of myelencephalon
- Undulations
Metencephalon - Lower part of 4th ventricle **Find out what the ventricle is
- Thick – walled brain region called**
- V - shaped
Mesencephalon - Occupies lowermost - Mesocoel/Cerebral
- Thick - walled portions of brain Aqueduct of Sylvius
o Leads to ventricle of
metencephalon via the
Isthmus
- Isthmus
o Narrow constriction
Endolymphatic Ducts - Both sides of wider area - Auditory (Otic) Vesicle
- Cavities of myelencephalon o Cavity beside duct seen
posteriorly
Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) - Lateral and parallel to - Nerve separates into 2
- Long, fibrous strand myelencephalon posteriorly:
o DORSAL
 Dorso-lateral to
myelencephalon
 Jugular ganglion lies
lateral as it is moved
posteriorly
o VENTRAL
 Ventral to above

Name and Description
Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)
- Dorsal portion almost faded
o Frorlep’s ganglion
observed instead of dorsal
portion
- Ventral Portion
o Still lies ventral to above
Jugular Ganglion
- First ganglion of Vagus Nerve
(X) observed
- Large ganglionic mass
Nodose Ganglion
- Second ganglion of vagus
nerve
Frorlep’s Ganglion
- Small but prominent ganglion
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
Superior Ganglion
- First ganglion of
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- Smaller than jugular ganglion
Auditory (Otic) Vesicle
- continuous with
endolymphatic duct
Level of the Mesencephalon and Metencephalon
Location Function / Cavity/Takes Place Fate Derived From/
Arises From
- Lateral to 11th neuromere - Streaks of vagus nerve
of myelencephalon takes place of ganglion
- Observed before frorlep’s posteriorly
ganglion
- Takes place of streaks of
vagus nerve as it fades
out
- Both sides of brain caudal
to roots of spinal
accessory nerve (XII)
- It is the hypoglossal ORIGINATES:
nerve if the frorlep’s - Minute branches of
ganglion is in view nerves from
ventrolateral wall of
Myelencephalon
- Between jugular ganglion - replaced by a second
and auditory vesicle ganglion of the IXth
nerve (petrosal
ganglion)
- - Future utriculus of inner - In Posterior
ear now in view Section;
- Rudiment of Posterior represented by
Semicircular Canal future sacculus
o Projection on top of
future utriculus

Facial Nerve (VII)
- bundles of fibers from
myelencephalon to its
ganglion, the geniculate
Auditory Nerve (VIII)
- best observed posteriorly
Auditory Ganglion
Occulomotor Nerve (III)
- Small bodies of nerve fibers
Semilunar (Gasserian) Ganglion
- Ganglion of Trigeminal Nerve
(V)
- Biggest ganglion so far of all
cranial ganglia
Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Basilar Artery
- Small blood vessels
Abducens Nerve (VI)
- Small nerves
- Rudiment of Anterior - Future Sacculus
Semicircular Canal o no projection and
o Projection on bottom connection with
of future utriculus endolymphatic
duct
o closely related to
auditory nerve
- - - ARISES FROM:
- Myelencephalon
- - -
- Below auditory vesicle - Auditory Ganglion + -
Geniculate ganglion =
Acoustico – Facialis
ganglion
- In Mesenchyme - -
- At level when
metencephalon has
separated from
mesencephalon
- - Associated with -
metencephalon
- - - ARISES FROM:
Metencephalon
- Lying in midline - -
- Beneath metencephalon
- Growing out on sides of - Disappears posteriorly - ARISES FROM:
myelencephalon and Myelencephalon
future sacculus

Name and Description
Pharyngeal Cavity
- Appears divided because of
cranial flexure
o Anterior Portion
 Ventral Cavity leads to
stomodeum
o Posterior Portion
 Dorsal Cavity leads to
Trachea & Stomodeum
TONGUE RUDIMENTS
A. Tuberculum Impar
- Median swelling
B. Lateral Tongue Swellings
- Paired elevations
C. Copula
- swellings
Epiglottis
- Median swelling
First Pharyngeal Pouch
- Bounded by
Mandibular arch lower portion
- Hyoid arch on upper portion
Level of Pharyngeal Cavity and Diencephalon
Location Function / Cavity/Takes Place Fate Derived From/
Arises From
- Bridge of mesenchyme
o Separates anterior
and posterior portion
o First Few of Bridge
shows paired 1st
pharyngeal (branchial)
arches connected
o Broadens, also shows
2nd pharyngeal arches
connected
- At lower portion of bridge -
leads to stomodeum
- Both sides of tuberculum -
impar
- On Top of tuberculum - Protrude to cavity leads to - Pati manual ARISES FROM
impar trachea and esophagus tinanong ano fate - Pharyngeal floor at
- Occupies medial pat of - POSTERIORLY: ng tongue bases of 2nd & 3rd
rudiment amputa Branchial arches
visceral arch 2 o Union of 3rd pharyngeal
- Edi tongue.
arch observed
Tongue rudiment
o This widens eh? kaloka
mesenchyme bridge
- On top of connected - Took place of copula - DERIVED FROM
paired 3rdpharyngeal - 3rd and 4th pharyngeal
arches arches
- - Hyomandibular Cleft
o Where pouch opens to
outside posteriorly
 Maxillary Process
Rathke’s Pouch
- Appears like a cavity on top of
the diencephalons which
opens to stomodeum
Diencephalon
- Laterally compressed brain
SPINAL CORD
- Spinal nerves basis of
differentiation for myelen
and spinal cord
A. FLOOR PLATE
- Thin wall of spinal cord
B. BASAL PLATE
C. ROOF PLATE
- Thin mid-dorsal wall
D. ALAR PLATE
E. SULCUS LIMITANS
- Depression on inner wall
Nodose Ganglion
- 2 nd
ganglion of Vagus
Nerve
- Prominence or outgrowth - Maxillary & Mandibular
below mandibular arch Process
DERIVED FROM
- 1st Branchial Arch
- - - What is the fate of ARISES FROM
the Infundibulum? - Dorsal evagination of
- Hypophysis (??) pls stomodeum extends
confirm under diencephalon to
infundibulum
- - bears ventricle III -
- - Most dorsal cavity -
- No marked boundary
separating it from
myelencephalon
- On top of notochord - Corresponds to neural -
groove during neural plate
stage
- Lies antero-ventrally on - -
sides of floor plate
- - Indicates fusion of neural -
folds
- Lamina Terminalis
o Most anterior is the
forward extension
- Lies postero-ventrally on - -
both sides of roof plate
- - Marks boundary between -
alar and basal plates
- Big pair of ganglia on top - -
of both sides of cavity
- Leads to trachea and
esophagus
 Anterior (Cranial) Cardinal
(Precardinal Vein)
- Pair of ganglia
Dorsal Aorta
- Pair of artery
- Close to top of nodose
ganglia
- Close to anterior cardinal
vein and nodose ganglion
- Towards inner side of body
of embryo
Anterior Sections Shows: -
- Paired big vessels
between posterior
section of sacculus
Posterior Sections Shows:
- Paired vessels dorsally
located and close to
epidermis
-

Level of Pharynx
Name and Description Location Function / Cavity/Takes Place Fate Derived From/
Arises From
Spinal Ganglia - On dorsal roots of spinal
nerves
4 Pharyngeal Pouches
th
- On both sides of Parathyroid Parathyroid arises from:
- Lateral recesses inverted u – shaped - Small diverticulum - Dorsal wall of
cavity of pharynx epithelium of 4th
Pharyngeal Pouch
Ultimobranchial body - On ventral wall of 4th - Small depression or
(rudimentary 5 pharyngeal
th
pharyngeal pouch cavity of epithelial lining
pouch/lateral pouch)
Arytenoid Swellings - Swellings from - Fate of Arytenoid
- Cause for U-shaped pharyngeal floor swellings?
appearance of pharynx Yoq na bes
Glottis - Between pair of - Space or cavity
arytenoid swellings - Leads to larynx
Larynx - Below glottis - Cavity in mesenchymal
mass
 Dorsal Aorta
- Pair of big blood vessels
Anterior Cardinal Vein
- Big blood vessels
Ventral Aorta
- Bears arytenoid swellings
Eye
- Studied at level of diencephalon
A. OPTIC CUP
- Rounded or elongated structure
B. SENSORY RETINA
- Inner thicker layer of optic cup
C. PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM
- Outer thinner layer of optic cup
D. LENS VESICLE
- Small sac – like structure within
optic cup
Choroid fissure
- groove
Optic Stalk
- Narrow space
Corneal Epithelium
- On top of -
ultimobranchial body
- Beside dorsal aorta’s -
outer periphery
- Artery below larynx in POSTERIORLY (anteriorly) FORMED:
mesenchymal mass - Connection of paired 3rd - Paired branchial (aortic)
branchial arch, ventral aorta arch meet to form
ventral aorta
and dorsal aorta
Thyroid Gland (DERIVED)
- Thyroid Gland
- At level between 2nd
o Mass cells below ventral pharyngeal epithelium
aorta and push into
o Found at start of mesenchyme
union/connection
-
- On sides of diencephalon
- - Optic nerves emerge from
inner retina converges at
choroid fissure on its way
to the brain
- - What do you call the
brownish pigment in it?
Hay jusq di ko alam
- - How did it arise???
Invagination of Skin
Ectoderm (pls confirm)
- on ventral rim of optic cup - area where portion of optic
cup is missing (dorsal side)
- - Connecting optic cup and
diencephalon
- - Skin ectoderm covering lens
vesicle
 Level of the Pulmonary Aorta and Telencephalon
Name and Description Location Function / Cavity/Takes Place Fate Derived From/
Arises From
Pharynx
- Smaller before
Larynx - Small cavity below pharynx
Paired 6th Aortic Arch - on mesenchymal mass - Unites to form arm of Y –
below pharynx shaped figure
Pulmonary Trunk of Conus - - Lower portion of Y – shaped
Arteriosus figure
Bulbus Cordis - - Where pulmonary trunk is
- Chamber of heart extended ventrally
Blood Flow
Ventricle  Bulbus Cordis 
Ventral Aorta  Aortic Arches
Aortic Trunk - Beside pulmonary trunk - Embedded in bulbus cordis
- Blood vessel
Pericardial Cavity - - Where bulbus cordis lies
Telencephalon - Telencephalic Vesicles
- Continuation of diencephalon - Lateral outgrowths
- Ventricle I and III
Interventricular Foramen
- Means of ventricles to
communicate
Foramen of Monro
- Communicate ventricle III
of diencephalon with
Telencephalic vesicles
Nasal Pit - On lateral surfaces of head - Elevated regions of What is the fate of the PIT DEEPENING (ARISES)
- Pair of cavities close to upper portion of mesenchyme Lateral and Medial - Olfactory pit
- Olfactory Pit extends to telencephalon - Lateral and medial regions Nasal processes??? invagination and growth
of nasal processes
oral cavity of mesenchyme if moved
Who knows? We
posteriorly
might never know

Olfactory Nerves
- Streak of nerves
Synonym: Olfactory Pit
Name and Description
Esophagus
- Tiny, thick – walled circular hole
Trachea
- Thick – walled cavity
Apical Bronchus
Synonym: Eparterial Bronchus
Common Cardinal Veins
- Bigger pair of cardinal veins
Syonyms: Ducts of Cuvier
Sinus Venosus
- Thin walled chamber
Atrium
- thin walled portion of heart
- no signs of musculature
Posterior Nares/ Nasal
Choanae
- opening of pit to oral cavity
Nostrils/ External Nares
- external openings
- Between nasal pit and -
anteroventral wall of
telencephalon
Level of Heart and Apical Bronchus
Location Function / Cavity/Takes Place Fate Derived From/
Arises From
- Beneath paired dorsal aorta
- Beneath esophagus - Took place of larynx
- - Fate? ARISES FROM
Feel ko lungs haha pls Unapired evagination of
confirm trachea on right side
- Beside dorsal aorta - Marks union of anterior and
posterior cardinal veins
- - Where common cardinals Fate of Openings of
open common cardinals:
Valvulae Venosae ATRIA
- guard the entrance into
Fate of Sinus
atria
Venosus?
- prevents backflow of blood
from atria to sinus venosus IDK
- Interatrial Septum
- Marks right and left
chambers

Ventricle
- Thick walled chamber of
heart
Atrioventricular Canal (Left &
Right)
- Keeps atria and ventricles
continuous
Endocardial Cushion
- Mass of mesenchyme
Pericardial Cavity
Parietal Pericardium
Wall of the Heart
A. Endocardium
- Inner layer of heart
B. Myocardium
-Middle and thickest layer of heart
C. Epicardium
- Outer layer of outer lining of heart
Synonym: Visceral Pericardium
Interatrial Foramen
- Small opening between
right and left chambers
- Trabeculae Carnae
- Muscular ridges on
ventricle
Interventricular Septum
- Dorsally incomplete
- Presence of
interventricular foramen
- What valves will
develop within the
right atrioventricular
canal? Left
atrioventricular canal?
- In between left and right
atrioventricular canals
- Cavity enclosing heart
- Lining of Pericardial Cavity
- Close contact with blood