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This day and every day my mind is filled with positive thoughts creating a beautiful and
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ENGINEERING BIOMECHANICS: STATICS1

Beatriz Guevarez, Joshua Ríos, Nayka Rivera, Sharon Vázquez and Melvia Villegas 2
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Professor Megh R. Goyal for bring us the
opportunity of know a little bit more about the
fascinating world of Biomedical Engineering. Also
thanks to him for promote the group work which
makes us more condescending with other people and
reinforces our study techniques. We also thanks: Prof.
Freya Toledo, Dr. Mario Rivera Borrero, and Oscar M.
Granados. We must also recognize the effort of each
member of the group for dedicate time to present a
good work and obviously thanks God for everything.
References
1. Allard, Paul; Blanchi Pierre, Jean and A.F.
Stokes Ian ; 1995.Three Dimensional Analysis of
Human Movement; United States
2. Winter, David A. 1990. Biomechanics and Motor
Control Of Human Movement. Second Editor.
John Wiley and Son Inc.
3. Beer, Ferdinand Pond, 2004. Vector Mechanics
for Engineers Static And Dynamics.7th edition.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
4. Shames, Irving. 1997. Engineering Mechanics
Static. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc.
5. Hibberbler, R. C. 1986. Engineering Mechanics
Static. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Inc.
6. Pytel,Kiusalaas.1999.Engineering Mechanics
Static. Second Edition. Brooks/Cole Co.
7. “Abstract of the proceeding of the First
Australasian
Biomechanics.”30Sept.2003<http://www.fhs.usy
d.edu.au/ESS/lee/pt2/sample-
problems/index.html>.
8. http://ttb.eng.wayne.edu/~grimm
9. “ Abstract of the proceeding of the first
Australasian
Biomechanics.”30Sept.2003<http://www.fhs.usy
d.edu.au/ESS/lee/pt2/sample-
problems/index.html
10. R.C. Hibbebler 1995,
Engineering Mechanics Statics 7th edition
Prentice Hall Inc.
___________________
Numbers in the parentheses refer to the appended
references.
1
This review article was prepared on December 8,
2003.Course Instructor: Dr. Megh R. Goyal Professor
in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, General
Engineering Department, PO Box 5984, Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico 00681-5984. For details contact:
m_goyal@ece.uprm.edu or visit at:
http://www.ece.uprm.edu/~m_goyal/home.htm/
2
All authors are in the alphabetical order.

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 1
DIMENSION AND UNITS

PROBLEM 1 A woman weights 120 lb specify her mass in slug and in kg.

SOLUTION:
We Know:
Slugs = [ lb ] [ 1/ ( 32 .2 ft / s2 ) ]

= 120 / 32 = 3.75 Slug

3.75 slugs ◄

We Know :
1 slug = 14.54 kg


[ 3.75 slugs ] [ 14.54 Kg / 1 slugs ] = 54 .71 kg

54.71 kg ◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 2
DIMENSION AND UNITS

PROBLEM 2
Gabriel weighs 205 lb. How much will be his weight at the moon?

SOLUTION:

We know:

W = mg

Where:

W is weight, m is mass and g is gravity

205 = m* (32.2)

m = (205 lb) * (1 / 32.2 (ft / s2)) * (slug / [lb * (s2 / ft)])

m = 6.37 slugs ◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 3
DIMENSION AND UNITS

PROBLEM 3

A basketball coach is interested in measuring vertical jumping ability of the player. While standing and reaching up, the
player‘s hand reaches 4inches. Change the vector unit to mm. [7]

SOLUTION:

[4 in][1m/39.36in][1mm/10-3m] = 101mm

<0,101,0>mm ◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 4
DIMENSION AND UNITS

PROBLEM 4
If a man has a mass of 23 kg at sea level. What is his weight in lb?

SOLUTION:

W = m (g)

a) W = [23 kg] [9.81 m / s²] [1 N / (1 Kg * m / s²)] = 225.63 N

b) W = 225.63 N [1 lb / 4.448 N] = 50.726 lb

We obtain: W = 50.726 lb ◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 5
DIMENSION AND UNITS

PROBLEM 5
A force of 5 N is applied. How much mass in slugs is applied?

SOLUTION:
We know; 1 lb = 4.448 N

where [ 5 N ] * [ 1 lb ] = 1.12 lb
[ 4.448 N ]

If W = mg or m = W/ g

Then, m = [ 1.12 lb ] = [ 1 slug ]

[ 32.2 ft/s2 ] [ 1 lb · s2 / ft ]

= 0.0346 slugs

m = 0.0346 slugs ◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 6
STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 1
One person holds metal ball: an one ball in each hand. The left hand stay at angle of 30 o with a force of 3 N. The right hand stay
angle of 45o with a force of 4 N. Calculate the rectangular components of the resultant force.

SOLUTION:

Have:

Force Fx Fy
4N

4 cos ( 450) = 2.83 4 cos ( 450) = 2.83

450
 3N
-3 Cos ( 300) = - 2.60 3 sin (300) = 1.5
0
30

Resultant .23 4.33

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 1 (CONTINUED):
Finally:

R = √ (0 .23) 2+ (4.33)2 = 4.34 N

θ = tan-1 [ 4.33 / 0 .23 ] = 86.90

4.34 N

86.90
STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 2
The weight of a gymnastic is 120 lb. Determine the tension in both arms. The arms make 25 º to the horizontal support.

SOLUTION

Free Body Diagram:

TB TA

25 25
y x

120 lb

∑Fy = 0

TAsin 25 + TBsin 25 – 120 = 0

TA = (120 - TBsin 25) / (sin25)

 ∑Fx = 0

TAcos 25 – TBcos 25 = 0

[(120 - TBsin 25) / (sin25)] cos25 – TBcos 25 = 0

257.34 – TBcos 25 – TBcos 25 = 0

– 2TBcos 25 = - 257.34

TB = 141.97 lb ◄

TA = 141.97 lb ◄

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 3

A man is leaning forward holding a 15 kg mass in equilibrium. His trunk is inclined at an angle of 20° to vertical and the mass of
the head, arms and trunk (HAT) above the lumbosacral joint is 40 kg. He is holding the 15 kg mass 40 cm in front of the
lumbosacral joint, and his HAT mass is 20 cm in front of the lumbosacral joint. While holding the mass in this position his intra-
abdominal pressure is 2 kPa acting over a trunk cross-sectional area of 300 square cm, with a moment arm to the L5/S1 joint of 8
cm. Assume that, apart from their effect in producing intra-abdominal pressure, the anterior abdominal muscles do not exert
significant forces. The spinal extensor muscles act as a single unit, parallel to the trunk, with a moment arm of 5 cm.

a. What is the magnitude of the lumbar extensor muscle force ?

b.What is the magnitude and direction of the L5/S1 disc force?

INCLUDEPICTURE
"http://www.personal.usyd.edu.au/~mslee/ESSwww/lee/22208/sample-
problems/smpimage23.gif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE
"http://www.personal.usyd.edu.au/~mslee/ESSwww/lee/22208/sample-

problems/smpimage23.gif" \* MERGEFORMAT

SOLUTION:
 Free Body Diagram:

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problems/smpimage24.gif" \* MERGEFORMAT

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

Use right hand axes with +X to the right and +Y upwards. Obtain weight forces by multiplying each mass by 9.8 m/s 2 . FES and

FIAP are at 20° to vertica. Use the fact that the Sum of torques about the joint (L5/S1 disc) is zero, to calculate the extensor muscle

force for equilibrium.

Pressure = Force / Area

Therefore, Force = Pressure x AreaThe IAP is 2 kPa = 2 x 103 Pa, and the pressure acts over an area of

A = 300cm2 = 300x10-4m2, so FIAP = IAP x A = 2 x 103 x 300 x 10-4 = 60N

Sum of Torques about L5/S1 disc:

-15 x 9.8 x 0.40 - 40 x 9.8 x 0.20 + FES x 0.05 + 60 x 0.08 = 0

-58.8 - 78.4 + FES x 0.05 + 4.8 = 0 F ES

x 0.05 = 132.4 F ES =

2648 N

Use the fact that sum of forces in X and Y directions equals zero to calculate the joint (L5/S1 disc) force components in the X and
Y directions. Then add these two components to get the total disc force. First resolve oblique forces (F IAP and FES) into X and Y
components.
FESX = FES sin20° = 2648 sin20° = 905.7 (negative)

FESY = FES cos20° = 2648 cos20° = 2488.3 (negative)

FIAPX = FIAP sin20° = 60 sin20° = 20.5 (positive)

FIAPY = FIAP cos20° = 60 cos20° = 56.4 (positive)

Sum of Forces in X direction:

-905.7 + 20.5 + Fjx = 0

Fjx = 885.2 N

Sum of Forces in Y direction:

-2488.3 + 56.4 - 40 x 9.8 - 15 x 9.8 + Fjy = 0

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

Fjy = 2970.9 N

We now add the two components of joint [disc] force together:

The magnitude of the total joint force is the length of the hypotenuse:

| Fj | = √(2970.92 + 885.22) = 3100 N

The direction of the total joint [disc] force can be specified in relation to any reference line. For example, the direction can be

specified in relation to the positive X-axis:

If 'A' is the angle between Fj and the X axis (anti-clockwise from positive X)
Tan A = (2970.9)/(885.2) Therefore:

A = 73.4

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 4
The patella P located in the human knee joint is subjected to tendon forces T1 and T2 and a force F exerted on the patella by the
femoral articular A. If the directions of these forces are estimated from an X-ray as shown, Determine the magnitudes of T1 and F
when the tendon force is T2 = 6 lb. The forces are concurrent at point
Reference: (Engineering Mechanics Statics, R.C. Hibbeler 1992, sixth edition, page 33)

SOLUTION:
a) Free Body Diagram

b) ΣFx = -T1 cos 30º - 6 sin 20º + F cos 30º = 0

or T1 = (-6 sin 30º + F cos 30º) / cos 30º

T1 = [ -6 sin 20º / cos 30º ] + F

c) ΣFy = T1 sin 30º - 6 cos 20º + F sin 30º = 0

or = (-6 sin 20º / cos 30º + F) sin 30º + F sin 30º - 6 cos20º

or = (-6 sin 20º sin 30º) / cos 30º + F cos30º sin 30º + F sin 30º - 6 cos 20º

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 4 (CONTINUED):

or = (2 F sin 30º) / 2 sin 30º = (1.18 + 5.64) / 2 sin 30º

F = 6.82 lb

d) T1 = (-6 sin 20º + 6.82 cos 30º) / cos 30º

T1 = (-2.05 + 5.91) / 0.866

T1 = 4.457 lb

Solving (a) and (b), we obtain:

The magnitudes are: T1 = 4.457 lb ◄

F = 6.82 lb ◄
STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 5

The figure shows a leg in plaster at an angle of 10° to the horizontal. The leg is supported by a mass of 20 kg through pulley
acting at 20° to the horizontal. Calculate the force along the axis of the leg.
 SOLUTION:

FBD:

F1 = (3 kg) (9.81 m/s2) (1N) (1 / [kg*m/s2]) = 29.4 N

F2 = (20 kg) (9.81 m/s2) ) (1N) (1 / [kg*m/s2]) = 196.2 N

Then, the components of each force are: For 29.4 N force

F1X = (29.4 N) cos 100° = - 5.11 N

STATICS OF PARTICLES

PROBLEM 5 ( CONTINUED ):

F1Y = (29.4 N) sin 100° = - 29.0 N

For 196.2 N force →

F2X = (196.2 N) cos 30° = 169.9 N

F2Y = (196.2 N) sin 30° = 98.1 N

RX = ∑FX = 164.79 N, RY = ∑FY = 69.1 N

R = √ ( 164.79 )2 + ( 69.1) 2 = 178.7 N

Further:

tan α = 69.1/ 164.79

α = tan-1 [ 69.1/ 164.79 ] = 22.7 °

 R = 178.7 N, α = 22.7 ° ◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 1
The man opens a door, with a force of 5 lb. The handle of the door is located at 3 ft above to the floor. The arm is parallel floor.
Arm length is 1 ft. Calculate the moment about shoulder.

SOLUTION:
FBD:
 C

B A
5 ft

0.5 ft 1 ft 3 ft

Coordinates:
A (1.5 , 3 , 0), ft
B ( 0.5 , 3, 0 ), ft
C ( 0, 5, 0 ), ft

Position vectors of line BA:

rBA = ( 1.5 –0.5) i + ( 3 –3 ) j + ( 0-0) k

= 1.0 i + 0 j + 0 k
rBA = 1.0 i + 0 j + 0 k ◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 1 (CONTINUED):

FBA = 5 (1 i + 0 j + 0k) =
√ (12 + 02 + 02)

= (5i+0j+0k)
FBA = ( 5 i + 0 j + 0 k ) ◄

rBC = ( 0 – 0.5 ) i + ( 5 – 3) j +( 0-0 ) k

= -0.5 i + 2 j + 0k
rBC = -0.5 i + 2 j + 0k◄

i j k

MC = -0.5 2 0 = ( 0 – 0 ) i + ( 0 - 0 ) j + ( 0 – 10) k
5 0 0

Mc = 0 i + 0 j – 10 k

Mc = 0 i + 0 j – 10 k◄

Mc = √ 0^2 + 0^2 + (- 10)^2 = 10 lb .ft

 Mc = 10 lb .ft ◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 2
Find the moment of the force FAD, that goes from the elbow until the wrist, about the shoulder O. F AD = 15 lb

SOLUTION:

Free Body Diagram: ( All coordinates are in inches)

ROA = (11– 1) / (12) î + (2 – 2) / (12) ĵ – 0 k , ft

ROA = 0.83 î + 0 ĵ + 0 k ft ◄

FAD = FAD * (RAD) / (RAD)

= 15 * [(3) / (12) î + (9) / (12) ĵ + 0 k] / (0.79)

FAD = 4.74 î + 14.23 ĵ + 0 k lb◄

MO= ROA x FAD

î ĵ k
= 0.83 0 0
4.74 14.23 0
MO = 0 î + 0 ĵ + 11.81 k lb ft ◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 2 (CONTINUED):

MO= √ (M2x + M2y + M2z)

= √ (11.812)
MO = 11.81 lb ft◄

Unit Moment Vector:

UM = MO/ MO

= (0 î + 0 ĵ + 11.81 k) / 11.81
UM = 0 î + 0 ĵ + 1k◄

α = cos-1 0 = 90°
α = 90°◄

β = cos-1 0 = 90°
 β = 90°◄

γ = cos-1 1= 0°
γ = 0°◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 3

Determine the static external forces and moments at the elbows and shoulder for the situation ilutrated below where a small tool
is held with one hand. The tool mass is 6 kg also draw the free- body diagram . Assume the following:
Distance mass
Shoulder-elbow = 30cm arm=2.0kg
Elbow-hand = 35cm
Apper arm COM(35%of segment length, proximal ->distal)
Lower arm COM(30%of segment length, proximal->distal)
SOLUTION:

Free-Body Diagram:

Fs= (3.5kg+ 6kg) * (9.8 m/s2) = 9.5kg *(9.8m/s2) = -93.1N

Fe= (91.5kg+6kg) * (9.8m/s2) = 7.5kg *(9.8m/s2) = -73.5N

Ms = (-112kg*.15m) – (73.05kg*.3m) = -40.59Nm

Me = (-58.8kg*.35m) – (7.35kg*.175m) = -22Nm

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

FE = -73.5N, ME = -22.12 Nm; FS = -93.1, MS = -40.59Nm

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 4
A twisting moment a force of 4 N*m is applied to the handle of the screwdriver. Resolve this couple moment into a pair of couple
forces F1 and F2 exerted on the handle and P exerted on the blade.
Reference: (Engineering Mechanics Statics, R.C. Hibbeler, sixth edition, page 59)
SOLUTION:
a) Free Body Diagram

Length on the tool, point f = 5 mm (1 m / 1000 mm) = 0.005 m

Length on the screw, point p = 30 mm (1 m / 1000 mm) = 0.03 m

b) at point p the force exerted is: P = 4 N*m / 0.005 m

P= 800 N

c) at point f the force exerted is: F = 4 N*m / 0.03 m

F= 133.3 N

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 4 (CONTINUED):

We obtain that the forces are:

 P= 800 N ◄

F= 133.3 N ◄

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 5

A person wants to strengthen the quadriceps muscles by doing a series of leg extension exercises. Assume that the femur is at a right
angle to the tibia and that the weight exerts an external force, F, which acts perpendicular to the tibia through the ankle joint at a
distance, d1, to the center of the tibia plateau. Calculate the external moment generated at the knee due to the force, F, at the ankle
and the mass of the shank, The distance from the ankle to the center of the knee joint is d1 = 0.4 m, the weight lifted is F = 400
N, and the mass of the shank is m = 2.89 kg.

SOLUTION:

FBD:

Known:

d1 = 0.4 m

F = - 400 N

m = 2.89 kg

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 5 ( CONTINUED ):

Unknowns:
 MK and FR

Assumptions:

1. Acceleration is 0

2. Reaction force at ankle is 0

Force balance:

∑ FY = 0

FKV - mg = 0

FKV - 2.89 kg * 9.8 m/s2 = 0

FKV - 28.3 = 0

FKV = 28.3 N

∑ FX = 0

FKH – 400 = 0

FKH = 400 N

Resultant force:

FK = √ ( 4002 + 28.32 ) = 401 N

θ = tan-1 [ 28.3 / 400 ] = 4°

FK = 401 N, θ = 4.0°◄

Moment balance:

∑M=0

F will move the leg clockwise and creates negative moment:

MK – F * d1 = 0

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

PROBLEM 5 ( CONTINUED ) :
 MK - 400 * 0.4 = 0

MK - 160 = 0

MK = 160 N · m ◄

Force act counter-clockwise to extend leg

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 1

Calculate the reaction at the elbow when the person holds a metal ball with mass of 3 kg. The forearm’s length is 30 cm. The
weight of forearm is 5 N.
SOLUTION:
FBD
15 cm
FAx

5N 29.4 N
FAy

Equilibrium equations yield:

+ ∑ Fx = 0 = FAx

FA x = 0 N

+ ∑ Fy = 0 = FAy - 5 - 29.4

FAy = 34.4 N

Finally:

FAy = 34.4 N

FA x = 0 N

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 2
An arm is held by two cables: one in the shoulder and the other one in the wrist. Determine the tension of each cable and the
support reactions if a force of 10 lb is applied to the elbow.
SOLUTION:

Free Body Diagram:

Equilibrium Equations Yield:

∑FY = 0

TAD + TCE -10 = 0

TAD = - TCE + 10

∑MA = 0

TAD * 0 + TCE * (19 / 12) – 10 * (10 / 12) = 0

TCE = 5.26 lb◄

TAD = 4.74 lb◄

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 3
Consider a woman with mass 50 kg running. During a phase of contact with the ground her vertical (Y) and horizontal (X)
ground reaction forces (GRFs) vary as shown. What is her change in velocity between the start of the contact phase (t=0) and the
end of the contact phase (t=0.9)?

SOLUTION:
There are two forces applied to the running woman: her weight, and the Ground Reaction Force (GRF). The GRF has two
components: GRFx in the horizontal direction and GRFy in the vertical direction.
Calculate Net Impulse in the X-direction

A4=-(1/2 x 200 x 0.4) = -40

A5=1/2 x 0.1 x 200 = +10

A6=0.3 x 200 = +60

A7=1/2 x 0.1 x 200 = +10

Impulse GRFx = -40+10+60+10

= +40 Ns This is the only impulse in the X-direction

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
Calculate Net Impulse in the Y-direction

A1=1/2 x 0.2 x 1000 = 100

A2=0.4 x 1000 = 400

A3=1/2 x 0.3 x 1000 = 150

Therefore, the Impulse of GRFy is:

ImpulseGRFy = 100+400+150

= +650 Ns

The Impulse of the weight force (50 x 9.8 N) is the product of the force and the time (0.9 seconds) during which it acts:

ImpulseW = -(50 x 9.8 x 0.9)

= -441 Ns

Note that this impulse is negative because the force [and impulse] is directed in the negative, downwards direction.

Step 4. Apply Equation 1 in the X-direction

In X direction:

Net Impulse = m(vf-vi)

+40 = 50(δvx)

vx = 40/50

= 0.8 m/s

Step 5. Apply Equation 1 in the Y-direction

In Y direction:

Net Impulse = m(vf-vi)

650 - 441 = 50(vy)

vy = 209/50

= 4.18 m/s

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
Step 6. Add the change in velocity in the X-direction to the change in velocity in the Y-direction to obtain the total change in

velocity

This is a vector addition. We need to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant change in velocity. The vector

addition is shown below:

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www-personal.usyd.edu.au/~mslee/ESSwww/lee/pt2/sample-

problems/smpimage16a.gif" \* MERGEFORMAT

Using Pythagorus's theorem,

v = vx + vy

|v| =  (4.182 +0.82)

= 4.26 m/s

The direction of the resultant change in velocity can also be obtained from the vector triangle above:

= tan-1 (vx/vy)

= tan-1 (4.18/0.8)

= tan-1 (5.225)

= 79.2° to horizontal (up and forward)

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 4
A Russell’s traction is used for immobilizing femoral fractures C. If the lower leg has a weight of 8 lb, determine the weight W
that must be suspended at D in order for the leg to be held in the position shown. Also, what is the tension force F in the femur
and the distance X which locates the center of gravity G of the lower leg? Neglect the size of the pulley at B. Reference:
(Engineering Mechanics Statics, R.C. Hibbeler, sixth edition, page 96)

SOLUTION:
a) Free Body Diagram:

b) Σ Fx = T cos 40º + F cos 20º - T – T cos30º = 0

F = (T cos 40º - T – T cos 30º) / - cos 20º

c) Σ Fy = T sin30º + T sin40º - F sin 20º - 8 = 0

or = T sin 30º + T sin 40º + [ (T cos 40º - T – T cos 30º) / - cos 20º ] sin 20º - 8

or = T sin 30º + T sin 40º + (T cos 40º sin 20º / cos 20º) – (T sin 20º / cos 20º) – (T cos 30º sin 20º / cos 20º) – 8

or = T sin 30º + T sin 40º + (T cos 40º sin 20º / cos 20º) – (T sin 20º / cos 20º) – (T cos 30º sin 20º / cos 20º) = 8

or = T [ sin 30º + sin 40º + (cos 40º sin 20º / cos 20º) – (sin 20º / cos 20º) – (cos 30º sin 20º / cos 20º) ] = 8

T = 8 / ( 0.5 + 0.643 + 0.278 - 0.364 - 0.315)

T = 10.78 lb

d) Σ Mb = Xm (8) + F sin20º (1.70) – F cos20º (0.6) – T sin 40º (1.70) = 0

or = -8 + 10.78 sin 30º + 10.78 sin 40º = F sin 20º

F = 4.32 / sin 20 º = 12.63 lb

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 4 (CONTINUED):

e) X = (-12.63* sin 20º (1.7) + 12.63* cos 20º (.6) + 10.78* sin 40º (1.7)) / 8

X = (-7.34 + 7.12 + 11.78) / 8

X = 11.56 / 8

X = 1.44 ft

After solving this problem we obtain:

The weight at d that is needed to held the leg on this position: T = 10.78 lb ◄

The tension force in the femur: F = 12.63 lb ◄

The distance of the center of gravity: X = 1.44 ft ◄

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 5

A forearm holding a weight is presented in this diagram. There R is the reaction force at the elbow, B is the muscle force for
the biceps, G is the weight of the
forearm and W is the weight in the hand. Let W = 20 N and G = 15 N. The forearm is in equilibrium. Find the muscle force for
the biceps B and the reaction force R.

SOLUTION:
FBD:
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PROBLEM 5 ( CONTINUED ):

Given:
W = 20 N and G = 15 N

Apply equilibrium equations:

∑M = 0 = 4B – 0R – 15G – 30W =

B = (15 ) (-15 ) – (30 ) (-20 )

4

B = 206.5 N ◄

∑FY = 0 = B - R – G – W = B – R – 15 N – 20 N

or

R = 206.5 N – 15 N – 20 N – 0 N

R = 171.2 N ◄
CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 1
From the anthropometrics data calculate the coordinates of the center of mass of the foot and the thigh. The following
coordinates: are given ankle (84.9,11.0), metatarsal (101.1, 1.3). greater trochanter (72.1,92.8), and lateral femoral condyle
(86.4, 54.9). [ 2 ]

SOLUTION:
The foot center of mass is 0.5 of the distance from the ankle to the metatarsal marker. Thus the center of mass of the foot is:

X = (84.9 + 101.1) / 2 = 93 .0 cm

Y = (11.0 + 1.3) /2 = 6.15 cm

X = 93.0 cm◄

Y = 6.15 cm◄

The thihg center of mass is 0.433 from the proximal end of the segment. Thus the center of mass of the thihg is

X = 72.1 + 0.433 (86.4 – 72.1) = 78.3 cm

Y = 92.8 - 0.433 (92.8 – 54.9) = 76.4 cm

X = 78.3 cm◄

Y = 76.4 cm◄
CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 2

Determine the center of mass of a body if its weight (w 2) is 175 lb, and the weight (w1) and location (x1) of the balance board are
80 lb and 5 inches respectively. x3 = 3’5’’ and S = 628.7 (S is an upward force acting at a distance x3 from the pivot.). What is the
value of x2 ?

SOLUTION:
The center of mass can be approximated by taking:

w1x1 + w2x2 = Sx3

Then:

x2 = (Sx3 - w1x1) / (w2)

x2 = [(628.7 * ((3 + (5 / 12)) – 80 * (5 / 12)]/ (175)

x2 = 12.08 ft◄

CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 3

Use data of Winter (1979, 19-23). Determine center of mass of:

a. The forearm?
b. The forearm+hand?

SOLUTION:

We can use Winter's table for anthropometric data. The moment of inertia formula is: I = m x k 2 where k is the radius of gyration,
and m is the segment mass. Here is an extract from Winter's table with the relevant parts highlighted:

a. Here we are considering the forearm segment [2nd row of data]. The segment "length" therefore is the distance between these

two end points, which are nominated under the heading "Definition". The points are "elbow" and "ulnar styloid", and so the

distance between them, the segment "length", is 340 mm. We want to know the moment of inertia about an axis located at the

elbow, which is at the proximal end of the segment. Therefore we use the "Proximal" coefficient for radius of gyration, 0.526.

The moment of inertia formula is:I = m x k2 where : k is the radius of gyration, which will be 0.526 x length = 0.526 x 0.340 =

0.179 mm is the segment mass, which the Table tells us is 0.016 x [body mass] = 0.016 x 70 = 1.12 kg

Hence, I = 1.12 x 0.1792 = 0.036 kg.m2

b.Using Winter's table again for data [see above for extract, for forearm+hand we use the 4th row of data], the end points for this

segment are also identified as the elbow and the ulna styloid. The segment "length" therefore is 340 mm. The moment of inertia

CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

formula is: I = m x k2 where k is the radius of gyration, and m is the segment mass. We want to know the moment of inertia about

an axis located at the centre of mass of the segment. Therefore we use the "C of G" coefficient for radius of gyration, so

k= 0.468 x 0.340 = 0.159 metres.

The mass is given as 0.022 x 70 = 1.54 kg.

Hence, I = 1.54 x 0.1592 = 0.039 kg.m2

CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 4
What is the centroid of volume of a hand thumb? Note that a cone has been cut away from the left end while at the right end, we
have a hemispherical region. Reference: Engineering Mechanics Static, Pytel – Kiusalaas, 2 nd edition 1999, Brooks/Cole Co

SOLUTION:
a) Centroid (x, inch)

Cone Xi = 2/4 inch

Cylinder Xi = 2 inch

Hemisphere Xi = 4 + 3/8 (1) inch

b) Volumen (inch³)

Cone Vi = -1/3 π (1) ^2 (2) = -2.09

Cylinder Vi = π (1) ^2 (4) = 12.57

Hemisphere Vi = 2/3 π (1) ^3 = 2.09

Total Volume (inch³)

Vi = 12.57 inch³

c) ViXi (inch^4)

Cone ViXi = 2/4 (-2.09) = - 1.05

Cylinder ViXi = 2 (12.57) = 25.14

Hemisphere ViXi = 4 + 3/8 (1) (2.09) = 9.15

CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 4 (CONTINUED):

Total ΣViXi (inch^4)

ΣViXi = 33.24 inch^4

d) Centroid is:

Xc = (33.24 inch^4) / 12.57inch³

Xc = 2.64 inch

After solving the problem we obtain:

Xc = 2.64 inch ◄

CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY

PROBLEM 5
Determine location of its center of gravity. Assume that doesn’t exist space between the fingers and that the width of the foot is 3
in. The foot is uniform.

SOLUTION:

L, in x, in y, in z, in xL, in 2 yL, in2 zL, in2__

8 4 0 0 32 0 0

6 4 1 0 24 6 0

2 0 1 0 0 2 0

4 0 0 2 0 0 0

∑ L = 20 ∑ xL = 56 ∑yL = 8 ∑ zL = 8

X∑ L = ∑ xL → X = ∑ xL = 56 = 2.8 in
∑ L 20

Y∑ L = ∑yL → Y = ∑yL = 8 = 0.4 in

∑ L 20

Z∑ L = ∑ zL → Z = ∑ zL = 8 = 0.4 in
∑ L 20

Centroid of line: (2.8, 0.4 , 0.4 ), inches ◄

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

PROBLEM 1
A patient recovered from broke leg. The rehabilitation recommended that he should keep his leg in the upright position for two
days. The diagram shows the leg in the upright position supported a cable. The tension of the cable is 35 lb . Calculate the
reaction at B.

SOLUTION:
35 lb

FBD

Bx
By

Applying equilibrium equations, we ols train:

+ ∑ Fx = 0 = B x

Bx = 0◄

+ ∑ Fy = 0= By + 35

By = - 35◄

Finally:

Bx = 0

By = 35

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

PROBLEM 2
A leg is in horizontal position and a force of 5lb is applied on it at point C while a weight of 10 lb is held from its ankle. Find the
tension TP and the required force on B to lift the weight in the ankle.

SOLUTION:
Free Body Diagram for the weight of 10 lb: Free Body Diagram of the leg:

∑FY = 0 ∑F Y = 0

TP -10 = 0 F B -10 -5 = 0

▼ ▼
TP = 10 lb F B = 15 lb

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PROBLEM 3

Consider a woman extending her knee against resistance provided by a physiotherapist. The mass of the leg (shank + foot) is 5
kg, located at the centre of mass shown, which is 12 mm anterior to the joint. The physiotherapist force of 250 N is applied
perpendicular to the leg at a distance of 150 mm from the joint, at an angle of 8° to horizontal, as shown. The quadriceps muscle
has a moment arm = 25 mm (applied via the patella tendon at 15° from vertical). What is the quadriceps muscle force, and what
is the knee joint (tibio-femoral) force for equilibrium?

SOLUTION:

Free Body Diagram:

Sum Torques About Joint

Remember that neither of the components of the joint force exert any torque about the joint because their perpendicular distance
to the joint is zero. Assume the axes are oriented as shown below.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED) :
Therefore, rotations about the Z-axis are positive if they are anti-clockwise.
The equation is: ∑ Tz =Fmuscle * dmuscle – W * dweight – Fphysio* dphysio = 0
Substituting:
Fmuscle *0.025 – 5*9.8*0.012 – 250 * 0.150 = 0

Fmuscle *0.025 - .588-37.5 = 0

Fmuscle = 38.088/0.025 = 1523.5N

Sum Forces (in X and Y directions). First we must resolve each oblique force into X and Y components

Sin(150) = Fmuscle x / Fmuscle

Fmuscle x = Fmuscle * Sin(150)

Similary : Fmuscle y = Fmuscle * Cos(150)

and also: Fphysio x = Fphysio * Cos(80)

Fphysio y = Fphysio * Sin(80)

Note that by referring to the positive axis directions shown above, we can see that both components of F muscle are positive [up, and

to the right], while both components of Fphysio are negative [down, and to left].

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

We can now write the equations.

In the X direction:

∑Fx = Jx + 1523.5* Sin(150)-250*Cos(80)=0

Jx = -1523.5*sin(150)+250*cos(80)

Jx = -39403+247.6 = -146.7N(i.e. to and in the left)

and in the y direction:

∑Fy = Jy+1523.5*cos(150)-250*sin(80)+5*9.8

Jy = -1523.5*cos(150)+250*sin(80)+5*9.8

Jy = .1471.6+34.8+49-1387.8N(i.e. down)

Hence, using English Theorem:

J=√ Jx2+Jy2 = 1395.5N

tan(φ) = Fjoint x/Fjoint y = 146.7/1387.8 = 0.106

φ = 6.00

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PROBLEM 4

In a static situation, a person is standing on one foot on a force plate. The ground reaction force is found to act 4cm
anterior to the ankle joint. Note that convention has the ground reaction force, Ry1 = 25 lb, always acting upward.
We also show the horizontal reaction force, Rx1= 10 lb, to be acting in the positive direction (to the right). If this
force actually acts to the left we recognize this by substituting a negative number. The subjects mass is 60 Kg, and
the mass of the foot is 0.9 Kg. Calculate the net muscle moment at the ankle.

SOLUTION:

a) Free Body Diagram:

b) ∑Ma = Ry2 (0) + Rx2 (0) – W (6) + Rx1 (12) + Ry1 (4)

∑Ma = -.9 (6) + 10 (12) + 25lb (4) = 220 – 5.4

Ma = 214.6 lb mm

We obtain that the moment is: Ma = 214.6 lb mm ◄

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PROBLEM 5
Three muscles are the major contributors to flexing the forearm: the biceps, the brachioradialis and the brachialis. Determine the
force in the biceps muscle, the joint reaction force, and the joint moment at the elbow for an individual holding a 10 kg mass with
its forearm at 90° of flexion. The force in the brachialis muscle is 5 N and in the brachioradialis is 3.6 N.

The following anatomical data is given by the author:

Length of forearm and hand: 0.5 m
Mass of forearm and hand: 2 kg
Distance from muscle insertion to elbow:
Biceps: 4 cm
Brachialis: 3.5 cm
Brachioradialis: 20 cm
Angle of muscle at 90° flexion:
Biceps: 80.3°
Brachialis: 68.7°
Brachioradialis: 23°

SOLUTION:

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PROBLEM 5 (CONTINUED):

∑F = 0

∑Fy = -W – W (forearm and hand) + FBRD sin 23° + FBIC sin 80.3° + FBRA sin 68.7° + Ry = 0

-98 – 19.6 + 0.39 (3.6 ) + 0.98 FBIC + 0.93 (5 ) + Ry = 0 |1|

∑Fx = -FBRD cos 23° – FBIC cos 80.3° – FBRAcos 68.7° + Rx = 0

-0.92 (3.6 ) – 0.17 FBIC – 0.36 (5 ) = 0 |2|

FBIC = - 30.1 N ◄

Then
Ry = 98 N +19.6 N -1.40 N + 29.4 N - 4.65 N
Ry = 141 N ◄

∑M= 0

∑M = -W(0.5 ) – WFH (0.5 / 2) + FBRA sin 68.7° (0.035 ) + FBIC sin 80.3° (0.04 ) + FBRD sin 23° (0.2 ) = 0

-49 – 4.9 + 0.033 FBRA + 0.039 FBIC + 0.078 FBRD + M = 0 |3|

M = 49 N-m +4.9 N-m - 0.033 (5 N) + 0.039 (-30.1 N) - 0.078 (3.6 N)

M = 52.3 N-m, clockwise ◄

FORCES IN BEAM AND CABLES

PROBLEM 1

Calculate the internal force about the point c in the arm when a person holds a book. The book’s weight is 5 lb. The
angle between AB and BD is 135o and the angle α is 45o. The length of AC and CB is .7 ft.

SOLUTION:

FBD 1

+ ∑ Fx = 0 = A x

A x = 0◄

+ ∑ F y = 0 = Ay - 5
Ay = 5 ◄

x 5 lb Y

FBD 2 Mc
0 lb 5 cos 450 5 sin 450
Vc

Nc

+ ∑ Fx = Nc – 5 cos 450
FORCES IN BEAM AND CABLES

PROBLEM 1 (CONTINUED):
Nc = 5 cos 450
Nc = 3.53 lb◄

+ ∑ Fy = - V + 5 sin 450
V = 5 sin 450

V = 3.43 lb◄

∑ M = 0 = - MC - 5 sin 450 (.7)

MC = - 5 sin 450 (.7)

MC = -2.47 lb . ft
◄

Finally :

Nc = 3.53 lb

Vc = 3.43 lb

Mc = -2.47 lb . ft

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
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FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

PROBLEM 2
Determine the internal force in the arm at point J if an arm is held by two cables: in the shoulder and wrist .

SOLUTION:

Free Body Diagram:

Figure (a)

∑FY = 0

TAD + TCE -10 = 0

TAD = - TCE + 10

∑MA = 0

TAD * 0 + TCE * (19 / 12) – 10 * (10 / 12) = 0

TCE = 5.26 lb◄

TAD = 4.74 lb◄

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FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

PROBLEM 2 (CONTINUED):
Figure (b)

∑FY = 0

TCE -V = 0

V = 5.26 lb◄

∑Fx = 0

N=0◄

∑MA = 0

M + (3 / 12) * TCE = 0

M = -1.315 lb ft◄

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
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FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

PROBLEM 3

A 55 kg man is moving from standing to sitting on a stool. He is just about to make contact with the stool at the point
shown below. The accelerations of body segments are given in the Table below, and the ground reaction force is 250 N,
vertical, under each foot. What is the net torque acting across the right hip joint at this instant?
The diagram below shows the locations of the center of mass:

SOLUTION:

The approach to solving this problem is to proceed from distal to proximal, as follows:

a. First consider the most distal segment, the shank+foot:

Draw a Free Body Diagram.
Apply Newton's second law equations to obtain unkown forces and moment at the proximal end.
Re-draw the Free Body Diagram showing the calculated forces and moment.

a.Free Body Diagram : Shank + foot

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

Apply Newton's second law to the external forces shown on the Free Body Diagram:
cmz = Icmx

Fx = m x ax

Fy = m x ay

First, summing torques about a z-oriented axis [perpendicular to the page] through the centre of mass, with positive
direction anticlockwise:
cmz= GRF x 0.055 + Mk - Fkx x 0.230 = Icm

250 x 0.055 + Mk - Fkx x 0.230 = 0.084 x 0.5

13.75 + Mk - Fkx x 0.230 = 0.042

Hence:

Mk = 0.042 -13.75 + Fkx x 0.230

Next, summing forces in the X direction:

Fkx = m x ax

Fkx = 3.36 x (-0.8) = -2.7 N

Finally, summing forces in the Y direction:

GRF - Wfoot+shank + Fky = m x ay

But in this instance ay = 0

Hence:

GRF - Wfoot+shank + Fky = 0

Fky = -GRF + Wfoot+shank

Fky = -250 + 3.36 x 9.8 =-250 + 32.93 = -217.07 N

Substituting Fkx in the moment equation:

Mk = 0.042 -13.75 + 2.7 x 0.230 = 0.042 - 13.75 + 0.062 = -13.08 N.m

The moment being negative indicates that it is in the clockwise direction.

Now re-draw the Free Body Diagram of the Foot+Shank, showing the calculated forces and moment:

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
Redrawn FBD of shank+foot

Thigh

b. Next consider the 2nd-most-distal segment, the thigh: Apply Newton's 3rd law to obtain the forces and
moment at its distal end. Draw a Free Body Diagram Apply Newton's 2nd law equations to obtain the
unknown moment at its proximal end, the hip.

We can now use this redrawn FBD of the shank+foot [above] and Newton's 3rd law to determine the forces and torque

[moment] applied to the distal end of the next segment: the thigh. Newton's 3rd law tells us that the forces [and

moment] applied to the thigh by the shank are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the forces and moment

applied to the shank by the thigh. Thus the clockwise moment of 13.08 Nm applied to the shank become an

anticlockwise moment of 13.08 applied to the thigh; the x-component of knee joint force of 2.7 N acting in the

negative direction [to the left] on the shank becomes an x-component of knee joint force of 2.7 N acting in the positive

direction [to the right] on the thigh; and the y-component of knee joint force of 217.07 N acting in the negative

direction [down] on the shank becomes a y-component of knee joint force of 217.07 N acting in the positive direction

[up] on the thigh.

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
Free Body Diagram of Thigh:

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www-
personal.usyd.edu.au/~mslee/ESSwww/lee/pt2/sample-problems/smpimage21.gif" \*

MERGEFORMAT

The remaining force/moment elements on the FBD will be:

Apply Newton's second law to the external forces shown on the Free Body Diagram:

cmz = Icmxa

Fx = m x ax

Fy = m x ay

First, summing torques about a z-oriented axis [perpendicular to the page] through the centre of mass, with positive

direction anticlockwise: +13.08 + 217.07 x 0.261 + 2.7 x 0 - Fhy x 0.199 + Fhx x 0 + Mh = Icm x a

Note:

the two x-components of force; Fhx and Fkx=2.7 N have zero distance from their line of force to the axis located at the

thigh centre of mass.

the moment of inertia of the thigh, Icm, is given as 0.121 kg.m2 and the thigh angular acceleration, a, is given as

+1.2 rads/s2

we cannot yet solve this equation because we don't know the hip joint force y-component, F hy

Using this information, the torque equation becomes:

13.08 + 56.66 - Fhy x 0.199 + Mh = 0.121 x 1.2

13.08 + 56.66 - Fhy x 0.199 + Mh = 0.15

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
Mh = 0.15 - 13.08 - 56.66 + Fhy x 0.199

Mh = -69.59 + Fhy x 0.199

Now consider the sum of forces in the Y-direction:

Fy = m x ay

Fhy - Wthigh + 217.07 = mthigh x acm[y]

Fhy - 5.5 x 9.8 + 217.07 = 5.5 x (-4)

Fhy - 53.9 + 217.07 = -22

Fhy = -22 + 53.9 - 217.07 = -185.17 N

Substitute this value into the equation for Hip moment above:
Mh = -69.59 + Fhy x 0.199

Mh = -69.59 + (-185.17) x 0.199

Mh = -106.4 N.m [i.e. in the clockwise or flexor direction]

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
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PROBLEM 4
A man picks up a 250 ft chain and holds it just high enough so it completely offs the ground. The chain has points of
attachment A and B that have a tension of 1500 lb when it offs the ground. If the chain has a weight of 3 lb/ft, and the
man weighs 150 lb, determine the distance between the points of support? Reference: (Engineering Mechanics Static,
R.C. Hibbebler, 4th edition1986, page 153)

SOLUTION:

a) Free Body Diagram:

b) Y=T/w

Y = 1500 / 3

Y = 500 ft

c) C = √ (y^2 – s ^2)

C =√ (500)^2 – (125)^2

C = 484.12 ft

d) F = 500 – 484.12

F = 15.88

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 4 (CONTINUED):

e) X = 484.1 log e ( √ (125)^2 + (484.12)^2 + 300 ) / 400

X = 484.1 log e 2

X= log e 2 ^ 484.1

ln X = 2 ^484.1

X = ln 2 ^484.1

X = 355.6 ft

We obtain that the distance is:

X = 356 ft ◄

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 5
In an athletics event, two persons are pulling a rope. Determine the internal forces of the member ABC at the point H
and the member BCD at the point I, if the force applied by the two men is 95 N and the mass of each arm is 3 kg. The
weight of the rope is not considered.

SOLUTION:
Member ABC

Member ABH

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 5 (CONTINUED):

Internal Forces at H:

+ ∑FX = 0 = F – 95
F = 95 N ◄

+ ∑FY = 0 = -V – W = -V – 29
V = - 29 N ◄

+ ∑M = 0 = MH + (-29 ) (0.45 )

MH = 13.05 N-m, counterclockwise ◄

Member DEF

Member DEI

Internal Forces at I:

+ ∑FX = 0 = - F + 95
F = 95 N ◄

+ ∑FY = 0 = - V – W = - V – 29
V = - 29 N ◄

FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES

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PROBLEM 5 (CONTINUED):

+ ∑M = 0 = MI + (-29 ) ( 0.40 )

or MI = 11.6 N-m

MI = 11.6 N-m, counterclockwise ◄

FRICTION

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PROBLEM 1
Shoe has rubber sole. The coefficient of static friction for rubber on concrete surface is 0.60. The left leg of a person
makes an angle of 450 with the floor. A force of 15 lb is acting on the left foot. Determine the frictional force due to the
left foot on the floor.

SOLUTION:
FBD
15 cos 45 0
W=5l 15 sin 450

15 sin 450 15 cos 450

15

Ffric
N

Applying equilibrium equations, we have:

+ ∑ Fy = 0 = N - 15 cos 450 - 5

N = 15 cos 450 + 5

N = 12.88 lb
N = 12.88 lb◄

+ ∑ Fx = 0 = - Ffric. + 15 sin 450

Ffric = 10.60 lb

Maximum statics friction:

F fric. = μs N

F fri. = 0.60 (5.60) = 3.36 lb

 Ffri. = 3.36 lb ◄
FRICTION

PROBLEM 2

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A rock climber is climbing a rock that has 30 º respects to the ground. His weight is 130 lb. A force of 100 lb is acting
on him. The coefficient of static friction between his special shoes and the rock is 0.4. Determine the required force for
equilibrium, the normal force, and then determine the maximum friction force.

SOLUTION:
Free Body Diagram:

130
friction

100

normal
∑Fy = 0

0 = -130 cos 30 + N
N = 112.58 lb◄

We know:

Fs = μs N

Then:
Fs = 0.4 * 112.58 lb
Fr = 45 lb◄

Then the magnitude of the required force to maintain equilibrium is a 45 lb.

FRICTION

PROBLEM 3

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A 85 kg patient is undergoing an exercise rehabilitation program after heartsurgery. He has been cycling on a bicycle
ergometer as shown . The ergometer has a flywheel, which is rotated when the patient pedals. A frictional band around
the flywheel has adjustable tension so the resisting friction force can be altered. The fly wheel of 700 mm diameter,
with the friction band applying a constant resisting friction force to the outside of the flywheel. The patient has been
using a band force setting of “1 kP” shown on the ergometer [That’s right, this isn’t a standard force unit! 1 kilopond
(kP) is the for force equivalent to gravity acting on a 1 kg mass.]. He has been pedalling at 45 revolutions per minute
with a gear ratio of 5:1. That is, the flywheel is rotating 5 times faster than his pedalling. What is the resisting force in
newtons?

SOLUTION:

The resisting force is 1 kP. But 1 kilopond (kP) is the force equivalent to gravity
acting on a 1 kg mass. When gravity acts on a 1 kg mass the weight force is: W = mg where: m = mass = 1 kg,
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m.s-2
Hence W = 1 x 9.8 = 9.8 N
Thus 1 kP = 9.8 N
hence the resisting force is 9.8 N
ii. You wish to give your patient another task to perform at home [where he doesn’t
have an ergometer] at a similar level of energy consumption, so you need to
1 kP
700 mm
calculate the power for this activity so you can set him an exercise with the same
power level. What power does he supply to the ergometer, in Watts?
The power supplied is: P = F x V where F = applied force
V = component of velocity of point of application of force in the direction of F
The patient is pedalling at 45 revolutions per minute and the flywheel is running at 5
times that speed, so it is rotating at 5 x 45 = 225 Revolutions per minute. This is 225
x 2 x 3.142 radians per minute or 1413.9 rads/min, since there are 2 pi radians in a
complete circle [ie 1 revolution]. Hence this angular velocity per second is:
Omega = 1413.9 / 60 = 23.6 radians per second

FRICTION

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):
If the wheel is rotating at this angular velocity, then the linear speed of a point on the

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circumference is V = r x Omega where r = radius of wheel
The wheel diameter is 700 mm so the radius is r = 0.700 / 2 = 0.350 m
Thus V = 0.350 x 23.6 = 8.25 m/s
Therefore the power applied is
P = F x V = 9.8 x 8.25 = 80.85 W
iii. You want the patient to do stair climbing at home, at a similar work rate to his cycling.
If each step on the stairs at home is 200 mm high, how many steps per minute
should he climb?
The power involved in climbing steps is dependent on the rate of doing the work
involved in lifting the patient's centre of mass. As in part ii,
P = F x V where F is the patient's weight force,
V is the upwards velocity
If each step is 0.200 m high, and the patient is climbing "n" steps per minute, then the
number of steps per second is n / 60 and the upwards velocity is
V = 0.200 x n / 60
Here the patient's mass is given as 85 kg, so his weight force is
F = 85 x 9.8 = 833 N
Therefore if P = 80.85 W, then
80.85 = 833 x 0.200 x n / 60
so n = 80.85 x 60 / [833 x 0.200] = 29 steps per minute.

FRICTION

PROBLEM 4

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Find the smallest force P that will prevent the boy from sliding down the plane. The boy weighs 90 lb and the
coefficient between it and the plane is 0.4 and the angle of inclination is 30º.

SOLUTION:
a) Free body diagram:

b)  ΣFx = 90 sin 30º - (0.4) (N) – P

c)  ΣFy = 90 cos 30º - N

N = 77.9 lb

d) P = 90 sin 30º - .4 (78)

P = 13.8 lb

After solving this problem we obtain:

The smallest force is: P = 13.8 lb ◄

FRICTION

PROBLEM 5

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A person is eating his lunch and while this action occur the superior teeth are keeping in contact with the under teeth. If
the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 and the normal force between the teeth is 5 N, estimate the kinetic friction
force.

SOLUTION:
If
μK = 0.20 , N = 5 N

Then:
FK = μKN = (0.20)(5 N)

FK = 1 N ◄

MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 1

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Calculate the moment of inertia of leg about its center of mass, its distal end, and its proximal end. The mass of leg is
0.0465 x 80 = 3.72 Kg. The leg length is given as 0.435 m. The radius of gyration/segment length is 0.302 for the
center of mass, 0.528 for the proximal end, and 0.643 for the distal end. [ 2 ]

SOLUTION:
Given:
Mass of leg = 3.72 Kg
Leg length = 0.435 m
Radius of gyration/segment length
For the center of mass = 0.302
For the proximal end = 0.528
For the distal end = 0.643

Now using the Inertia equation:

About center of mass

Io = 3.72 (0.435 x 0.302)2 = 0.064 kg. m2

0.064 kg . m2 ◄

About the proximal end

Ip = 3.72 (0.435 x 0.528)2 = 0.196 kg. m2

0.196 kg . m2 ◄
About the distal end

Id = 3.72 (0.435 x 0.643)2 = 0.291 kg. m2

0.291 kg . m2◄
MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 2

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73
Calculate the moment of inertia of HAT about its proximal end and about its center of mass. Mass of HAT is 52.54 kg
and its length is 0.295 m. The radius of gyration about the proximal end (segment length) is 1.456 m and the center of
mass (segment length) is 1.142 m from the proximal end. We can also use the radius of gyration (segment length
about the center of mass) as 0.903 m.

SOLUTION:

Ip= 52.54*(0.295*1.456)2

Ip = 10.00 kg m2◄

We have:

I0 = Ip- mx2

= 10.00 – 52.54*(0.295 * 1.142)2

I0 = 3.84 kg m2◄

We could also use:

I0 = mp2

= 54.54 * (0.295 * 0.903)2 = 3.84 kg m2

MOMENT OF INERTIA

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PROBLEM 3

For the 70 kg man whose upper limb is shown below, what is the moment of inertia of:
a. the forearm, for an axis located at the elbow?
b. the forearm+hand, for an axis located at the centre of mass?

SOLUTION:

We can use for anthropometric data BY Winter(1979, 15). The moment of inertia formula is: I = m x k 2

where k is the radius of gyration, and m is the segment mass.

Here is an extract from Winter's table with the relevant parts highlighted:

a. Here we are considering the forearm segment [2nd row of data]. The segment "length" therefore is the distance
between these two end points, which are nominated under the heading "Definition". The points are "elbow" and "ulnar
styloid", and so the distance between them, the segment "length", is 340 mm. We want to know the moment of inertia
about an axis located at the elbow, which is at the proximal end of the segment. Therefore we use the "Proximal"
coefficient for radius of gyration, 0.526. The moment of inertia formula is:

I = m x k2
k is the radius of gyration, which will be 0.526 x length = 0.526 x 0.340 = 0.179 mm the segment mass, which the
Table tells us is 0.016 x [body mass] = 0.016 x 70 = 1.12 kg
Hence, I = 1.12 x 0.1792 = 0.036 kg.m2
b. Using Winter's table again for data [see above for extract, for forearm+hand we use the 4th row of data], the end
points for this segment are also identified as the elbow and the ulna styloid. The segment "length" therefore is 340 mm.
MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 3 (CONTINUED):

The moment of inertia formula is: I = m x k2 where k is the radius of gyration, and m is the segment mass. We want to

know the moment of inertia about an axis located at the centre of mass of the segment. Therefore we use the "C of G"

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coefficient for radius of gyration, so k=0.468 x 0.340 = 0.159 metres.

The mass is given as 0.022 x 70 = 1.54 kg.

Hence, I = 1.54 x 0.1592 = 0.039 kg.m2

MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 4
The moment of inertia of one ear about the AA axis is 35 mm^4. The total area is 12mm^2, Determine the moment of
inertia of the area about BB axis.

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SOLUTION:

a) Area A = 12 (10³) mm²

b) Iaa = 35(106) mm4

c) Idd = Iaa – A(40²)

Idd = 35(106) – 12(10³)(40²)

Idd = 15.8(106) mm4

d) Ibb = 15.8(106) + 12.0 (10³) (10²)

Ibb = 17 (106) mm4

MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 5
Determine the moment of inertia of the mid mouth area about the x axis.

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SOLUTION:
Diagram

Assume both lips as ellipsoid:

Given:

a = 0.85 in, b = 0.5 in

and

IX = 1πab3 and IY = 1πa3b (Both obtained from literature)

4 4

Then

IX = 1π(0.85) (0.5)3
4
= 8.34 x 10-2 in4

Ix = 8.34 x 10-2 in4 ◄

MOMENT OF INERTIA

PROBLEM 5 (CONTINUED):

IY = 1π(0.85)3(0.5)
4

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 = 2.41 x 10-1 in4

IY = 2.41 x 10 -1 in4 ◄

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 Acknowledgements
Thanks to Professor Megh R. Goyal for bring us the
opportunity of know a little bit more about the
fascinating world of Biomedical Engineering. Also
thanks to him for promote the group work which
makes us more condescending with other people and
reinforces our study techniques. We also thanks: Prof.
Freya Toledo, Dr. Mario Rivera Borrero, and Oscar M.
Granados. We must also recognize the effort of each
member of the group for dedicate time to present a
good work and obviously thanks God for everything.
References
December 2003 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
11. Allard, Paul; Blanchi Pierre, Jean and A.F.
Stokes Ian ; 1995.Three Dimensional Analysis of
Human Movement; United States
12. Winter, David A. 1990. Biomechanics and Motor
Control Of Human Movement. Second Editor.
John Wiley and Son Inc.
13. Beer, Ferdinand Pond, 2004. Vector Mechanics
for Engineers Static And Dynamics.7th edition.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
14. Shames, Irving. 1997. Engineering Mechanics
Static. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc.
15. Hibberbler, R. C. 1986. Engineering Mechanics
Static. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Inc.
16. Pytel,Kiusalaas.1999.Engineering Mechanics
Static. Second Edition. Brooks/Cole Co.
17. “Abstract of the proceeding of the First
Australasian
Biomechanics.”30Sept.2003<http://www.fhs.usy
d.edu.au/ESS/lee/pt2/sample-
problems/index.html>.
18. http://ttb.eng.wayne.edu/~grimm
19. “ Abstract of the proceeding of the first
Australasian
Biomechanics.”30Sept.2003<http://www.fhs.usy
d.edu.au/ESS/lee/pt2/sample-
problems/index.html
20. R.C. Hibbebler 1995,
Engineering Mechanics Statics 7th edition
Prentice Hall Inc.
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