Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Corey Willett
Michael Griffin
Eric Manley
Ronald Matten
INDT 479/592 Domestic and Foreign Terrorism
Eastern Michigan University
Skip Lawver/Bill Dangler
Terrorism
Page
Presentation - Group
Introduction
by
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Michele Kuznicki
First, the History of the Irish Republic Army established in Ireland explains
from the beginning of 6000 BC. Continuing through the 11th and 12th
centuries showing the changes of rulers throughout the 16th century by the
and the United Kingdom of Great Britain has had many battles dating back
to 6000 BC. While Ireland constantly campaigned for civil rights, they
were divided and the British government was successful. Yet parts of
Third, the Leadership by Eric Manley, although during the many years
Ireland had many leaders. Notably, Michael Collins, born in 1890, began
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freedom fighting (guerrilla warfare) in 1919. He was elected to the Sin
signing of a peace treaty. Great Britain broke the peace treaty, beginning the
Civil War which Michael was the only one killed in an ambush on his
return home.
Fourth, the Aid, Support and Funding by Ronald Matten, shows the Ireland
IRA was also supported by America and received training from Libya
Great Britain.
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History
called the Five Fifths - of Ulster, Leinster, Munster, and Connaught from
the beginning of the Christian era. St. Patrick is credited for Christianizing
During the 11th and 12th century, boundaries were established by Henry II,
overlord of Ireland and secured recognition of his of his actions from the
church leaders. In the 15th century a small region of Ireland was ruled by
In the late 1700’s, Irish Protestants began to agitate English control, which
action in 1801 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This created a breach between the Catholics and the Protestants, which
resulted in the Great Hunger of 1845 - 1852. More than a million people
Act was adopted creating northern and southern Ireland. Southern Ireland
became the Irish Free State in 1921 and was changed to Eire in 1937.
unanimous opposition to partition. The same year the IRA issued an Order
which forbade military action against the forces of the 26-County state.
Through 1970 and 1971 the IRA gained increasing support in nationalist
the British army and economic bombings in Northern cities and towns.
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From August 31, 1994 the Irish Republican Army ceased military
operations and attempted a Truce with Britain. Britain demanded that the
IRA to unilaterally surrender their arms. The IRA criticized the British of
an opportunity for peace. Later that month the IRA cited a lack of an
effective democratic approach and British abuse of the peace process as the
Description
The IRA is a radical terrorist group formed in the 1969 as a clandestine military wing of Sinn Fein the
legal political movement dedicated to remove the British forces from north Ireland and unify Ireland.
Activities
The IRA has a history of violence including bombings, assassinations, kidnapping, extortion And
robberies. Since breaking the cease fire agreement in 1996 the IRA has been on a bombing Campaign
against train and subway stations , shopping areas in mainland Britain and military Targets in northern
Strengths
The IRA’s active membership is estimated to be several hundred , plus several hundred sympathizers.
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External Aid
The IRA has received economic aid form Libya , the Palestine liberation organization (PLO) and
To Understand the political side of the IRA one must first look at Sinn Fein. Sinn Fein is the oldest
political party in Ireland , they take there name from The Irish expression for “We ourselves”. Since
being founded in 1905 they Have worked for the rights of the Irish people to attain their independence.
Sinn Fein seeks an end to partition which is the cause of conflict, injustice And division in Ireland. Sinn
Fein wants the establishment of a new Ireland based on social and economic Development ; genuine
Sinn Fein is a Irish republican party. There objective is to end British rule in Ireland. They seek national
independence of Ireland as a sovereign state. Sinn Fein wants to Transform Irish society into a
democratic settlement . “We know that peace is not Simply the absence of violence . real peace –a
lasting peace- is based on democracy, Justice, freedom and equality. Enter the IRA.
Sinn Fein believes beyond the present conflict, beyond this phase of their history That all people of
Ireland will be united .The Sinn Fein vision is one of redistribution Of wealth , for the well-being of the
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aged, for the advancement of youth , for the Liberation of women and for the protection of there
children.
The Sinn Fein party officials do not often comment on the operations of the IRA, but They do say that
Sinn Fein is committed to peace . They have sought to construct a Peace process which reaches out
The Sinn Fein objective is for an agreement that will earn the respect and allegiance of All sections of
people . To achieve this and over objective ,Sinn Fein is supporting the Good Friday agreement , which
Sinn Fein reached with other northern parties and the British governments following multi-party
negotiations in Belfast.
Sinn Fein’s peace strategy was supported by a renewal of the 1994 cessation of the armed Struggle by
the military wing of Sinn Fein the Irish republican party and was reinstated At this years annual
Sinn Fein is seeking to build on the success of it’s 1998 election campaigns , which produced Vital
gains for the party with voters reelecting Party president Gerry Adams, and Chief Negotiator Martin
McGuinness.
By Michael Griffin
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Commander-in-Chief
On October 16, 1890, Michael Collins was born near Sam’s Cross, a
Hamlet in West Cork. The young Michael grew up spearhead fishing for
Salmon in the river and sea and played among the cliffs above Black Beach
Michael was the youngest of eight children. Michael was born when his
father was seventy-five, unfortunately Michael was only six when his father
died.
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schoolmaster named Dennis Lyons, who was a active member at the Irish
the British from Ireland - by force if necessary. Dennis was Michael’s tutor
became the secretary and president of the IRB. In 1916 Michael returned
national loan fund for Rebellion, Creating and Assassination Squad (“The
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twelve Apostle”) and arms-smuggling operations. By 1920, Michael was
wanted by the British and had a $10,000 Price tag on his head.
Two years later, Michael and a best friend name Harry Boland (another IRB
RETALIATION
By the mid 1919 the Anglo-Irish War had begun with the first shots being
fired at Solo Headbeg. Over the next year the Royal Irish Constabulary
became the target of Sinn Fein Terror Campaign which was orchestrated by
In the late 1919 the IRB had infiltrated the leadership of the volunteers and
directing its pace on the violence. Michael was made president of the IRB
Supreme Council. At the same time, he was Minister for Finance in Dail
ATTACKS
Later the British responded with violence. Special forces were sent over to
impose curfews and Martial law on Irish. These forces became known as
because of their dark green and khaki uniforms. Also, another veteran
force from the great war, called the Auxiliaries joined them thus beginning
In November 1921, Michael Collins gave the order for the IRA to launch
TREATY TALKS
In 1921, the day after truce was signed, de Valera led a delegation to
London for peace talks with the British Prime Minister. These talks broke
Ireland could be won at such a meeting, he sent Michael to head the Irish
not a politician.
excepted and signed the treaty, he said “I tell you, I have signed my death
warrant.” In 1922, Michael was elected chairman and Dublin Caste was
surrendered to him.
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CIVIL WAR
The civil war came, the IRA had split into pro-treaty or anti treaty
forces. Many followed Michael accepting that the treaty gave the
fighting broke out in Dublin and Cathal Brugha was killed. The ten
month civil war had begun. Michael then fled on a mission to visit
troops in his home country of Cork. Michael was warned not to go.
country.” Depressed and ill, he set out, some say to stop the fighting.
He visited many people. And, on his return back, his convoy was
The Irish Republican Army and the armed struggle in Irish politics. There has
always been a tradition of armed resistance to the British military and political
occupation of Ireland. The British government has denied demands for Irish
During the “Great Hunger” of 1845 - 1852 more than a million unarmed
people died and a million people emigrated in 1848. In 1850 the Irish
armed struggle.
In 1911, the British government denied liberated plans for Ireland. therefore,
established the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). The Irish Volunteers, also
called Oglaigh na hEireann major goals were to “secure and maintain the
rights and liberties common to all of Ireland”. In 1914 they were allowed to
In 1916 after the execution of their (IRA) leaders, they voted in 1918 for the
Sinn Fein party which sought to establish an Irish Republic. In 1919, Sinn
The British government sought to ban and declare war on the Irish
democracy, which killed three Irish mayors. The IRA waged an effective
guerrilla campaign led by the , “Tom Barry’s Flying Column (Tom Barry)” in
Cork.
which split the IRA. Consequently the IRA dumped their arms. During the
late 1920’s and 1930 the reorganized and again sought political and military
strategy.
The IRA raided British installation in Six Counties for arms during the 1950’s
Again in 1970 and 1971 the IRA was reorganized and began yet another
Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams and SDLP leader John Hume supported by
has received aid from a variety of groups and countries and considerable
training and arms from Libya (Colonel Gaddafi) and at one time the Palestine
and arms from sympathizers in the United States. Their are suggested links to
the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) which is found in the Spain’s
Basque region.
Conclusion:
give interested students a full explanation of the armed struggle and political
conflicts that Ireland has experienced. Even today Ireland continues to battle
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country has shown its strength in being successful in its tactics and
times did not last long. Ireland continued to struggle against Great Britain for
independence against Home Rule. Many times Great Britain used peace talks
planned attacks to take over Ireland. Maintaining their goals for a free country