2015 Bored of Studies Trial Examinations

Mathematics Advanced
Solutions
Section I

1. A 3. D 5. B 7. C 9. D
2. C 4. A 6. B 8. B 10. A

Working/Justification

Question 1

Substitute the values in to obtain the equation

 r 4
16000 = 1000 1 +
100

 r 4
16 = 1 +
100

r
±2 = 1 +
100

r = 100, −300
Looking at the choices available, the answer is (A)

Question 2

(A) is not necessarily true because we could construct an isosceles triangle that has angles 45◦ , 67.5◦
and 67.5◦ , which is not a right angled triangle.

(B) is not necessarily true because from the requirement of SAS if the corresponding angle is not the
included angle of the two equal corresponding sides, then the two triangles are not always congruent.

(D) is not necessarily true because if the hexagon is irregular the interior angle is not necessarily 120◦

(C) is always correct as any pairs of diagonals which bisect each other in a quadrilateral will define
two sets of congruent triangles where we can deduce that equal sides must be parallel due to alternate
angles.

1
Question 3

Note that f 0 (x) = g 0 (x) is equivalent to f (x) = g(x) + c i.e. f (x) − g(x) = c. In other words if the
difference between f (x) and g(x) is a constant, then they both must have the same derivative.

For (A), f (x) − g(x) = (sin x + cos x)2 − 2 sin x cos x = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

For (B), f (x) − g(x) = tan2 x − sec2 x = −1

For (C), f (x) − g(x) = loge x − loge 5x = − loge 5

For (D), f (x) − g(x) = sin2 x − cos2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 which cannot be simplified further into a con-
stant. Hence the answer is (D).

Question 4

First find the gradient of the secant between the points (x0 , f (x0 )) and (x0 + h, f (x0 + h)) then let h → 0
to find the derivative by first principles. Hence the expression is
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
h→0 x0 + h − x0

f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
= lim
h→0 h
So the correct answer is (A)

Question 5

The quadratic polynomial has the general equation f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. Stationary points occur when
f 0 (x) = 0 which means
2ax + b = 0

1 b
x= ×−
2 a

1
= (α + β)
2
 
α + β
Hence f 0 = 0 so the answer is (B)
2

2
Question 6
a1 a2
Note that the gradients of the two lines are − and − .
b1 b2
a1 a2
Rearranging (A) suggests that − = − so the lines must be parallel which is consistent with the
b1 b2
conclusion.
a1 a2
Rearranging (C) suggests that = −1 so the lines must intersect at right angles which is consis-
b1 b2
tent with the conclusion.

If the coefficients are exactly equal on both lines then the lines have the same equation and must co-
incide, so (D) is consistent with the conclusion.

If the coefficients are not equal this does not necessarily mean the two lines cannot coincide. The lines can
coincide if the coefficients are in the same ratio but not necessarily equal. For example, x + y + 1 = 0 and
2x + 2y + 2 = 0 have coefficients which are not equal, yet the lines coincide. Hence, (B) is not necessarily
true.

Question 7
1 Z
(x − 2)2 − x2 dx, which then simplifies to the


From sketching the region defined, the area of R is
Z 1 0

integral (−4x + 4) dx. From sketching each of the choices, it can be seen that (A) and (B) have no
0
resemblance to the region R. From the remaining Z 1choices (C) and (D) we see that (C) is the correct
answer because the area of the region is given by (−4x + 4) dx.
0

Question 8
Z t0
(A) is not necessarily correct because the integral f 0 (t) dt is actually the amount of water that has
0
leaked from the bucket, not the water remaining in the bucket.

(C) is not necessarily correct because whilst the rate is f 0 (t) at time t, the volume that has leaked is
f (t) + c for some constant c, which could possibly be non-zero.

(D) is not necessarily correct because when t → T the value of f 0 (T ) is not necessarily zero.
Z T
(B) is correct because the volume that has leaked out of the bucket completely is given by f 0 (t) dt
0
which is f (T ) − f (0)

3
Question 9

From a sketch it is can be seen that P S is in fact a vertical line and therefore has the same x-coordinate
as S which is x = a substitute this back into the equation y 2 = 4ax to get y = −2a or y = 2a, which
suggests that (D) is correct.

Question 10

If A and B are mutually exclusive then it is impossible for outcomes A and B to occur together. Hence
the answer is (A). Note that (C) is actually the probability that either outcome A OR outcome B occurs
when they are mutually exclusive.

4
Section II

Question 11

(a) Using the change of base law to common base 4

log2 x log3 x = log4 x

log4 x log4 x
× = log4 x
log4 2 log4 3

 
 log4 x
log4 x  − 1 = 0

1
log4 3
2
√
log4 x = 0 or log4 x = log4 3

√
x = 1, 3

(b) Using the fact that cos(90◦ − x) = sin x

sin 0◦ + sin 1◦ + sin 2◦ + ... + sin 90◦ sin 0◦ + sin 1◦ + sin 2◦ + ... + sin 90◦
=
cos 0◦ + cos 1◦ + cos 2◦ + ... + cos 90◦ sin 90◦ + sin 89◦ + sin 88◦ + ... + sin 0◦

sin 0◦ + sin 1◦ + sin 2◦ + ... + sin 90◦

=
sin 0◦ + sin 1◦ + sin 2◦ + ... + sin 90◦

=1

(c)
sin3 x − cos3 x = sin x − cos x

(sin x − cos x)(sin2 x + sin x cos x + cos2 x) − (sin x − cos x) = 0

(sin x − cos x)(sin2 x + sin x cos x + cos2 x − 1) = 0

sin x cos x(sin x − cos x) = 0

5
Consider the cases

(1) sin x = 0

x = 0, π, 2π

(2) cos x = 0

π 3π
x= ,
2 2

(3) sin x = cos x

tan x = 1

π 5π
x= ,
4 4
π π 5π 3π
Combining cases (1), (2) and (3) to get full set of solutions: x = 0, , , π, , , 2π
4 2 4 2

(d) (i) Given that

P = P0 ekt

dP
= kP0 ekt
dt

= kP
dP
Hence P = P0 ekt satisfies = kP
dt

(ii) When t = t0 , P = aP0 so

aP0 = P0 ekt0

a = ekt0

ln a
k=
t0

6
Substitute this back into P
t
ln a
P = P0 e t0

t
t0
= P0 eln a

t
= P0 a t0

(e) The shortest distance to the lines ax + by = 0 and bx + ay = 0 for the point P (x, y) must be equal so
|ax + by| |bx + ay|
√ =√
a2 + b2 a2 + b 2

|ax + by| = |bx + ay|

ax + by = bx + ay

(a − b)x = (a − b)y

y=x

OR ax + by = − bx − ay

(a + b)x = −(a + b)y

y = −x

Hence the locus is y = ±x which is shown in the sketch below

7
(f) If x2 + xy + y 2 = 0 then (x − y)(x2 − xy − y 2 ) = 0 or equivalently x3 = y 3 (1). Also note that
x2 x
+ +1=0
y2 y

x x2
+1=− 2 (2)
y y

2015 2015
x2015 + y 2015
 
x y
+ =
x+y x+y (x + y)2015

x2015 +y 2015
y 2015
= (x+y)2015
y 2015

 2013 2
x
y
× xy2 + 1
=  2015
x
y
+1

 3 671 2
x
y3
× xy2 + 1
=  2015 substitute results (1) and (2)
x
y
+1

x2
y2
+1
= 2015
2
− xy2

x2
y2
+1
= 4030
− xy4030

x2
+1y2
=  1343
x3 x
− y3
× y

x2
y2
+1
=
− xy

=1 using (2)

8
Question 12

(a)
alogb x

loga x
= a loga b by change of base

1
loga x loga b
=a

1
= x loga b

loga a
= x loga b

= xlogb a

(b) By distance formula

√
OA = 62 + 22

√
= 40
Note that OB = BA as 4ABO is an isosceles triangle. Using Pythagoras’s Theorem:
OB 2 + OA2 = 40

OB 2 = OA2 = 20
Using distance formula for OB and BA:
OB 2 = x2 + y 2

BA2 = (x − 6)2 + (y − 2)2

But since OB 2 = OA2 = 20

x2 + y 2 = 20

x2 + y 2 − 12x − 4y + 40 = 20

9
This implies that

−12x − 4y = −40

y = 10 − 3x sub this into x2 + y 2 = 20

x2 + (10 − 3x)2 = 20

10x2 − 60x + 80 = 0

x2 − 6x + 8 = 0

(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0

x = 2, 4

When x = 2, y = 4

When x = 4, y = −2

However, from the diagram, the point B lies in the first quadrant, hence B has coordinates (2, 4).

(c) (i)

10
 π
(ii) Let VC be the volume of the cylinder with radius
 x 1 and height 2 and VX be the volume of the solid
formed by rotating the region bounded by y = tan , the line x = π2 and the x-axis, about the x-axis.
2
VC = πr2 h

π
= π × 12 ×
2

π2
= units2
2

Z π
2
x
VX = π tan2 dx
0 2

Z π
2
 x 
=π sec2 − 1 dx
0 2

h x i π2
= π 2 tan −x
2 0

h π  π i
= π 2 tan −
4 2

π
= (2 − π) units2
2

Volume of solid = VC − VX

π2 π
= − (2 − π)
2 2

= π(π − 1) units3

(d) (i) Substituting the equation of the tangent y = mx + b into the parabola x2 = 4ay

x2 = 4a(mx + b)

x2 − 4amx − 4ab = 0

Since the line y = mx + b is a tangent to the parabola then ∆ = 0

11
 ∆ = 16a2 m2 − 4(1)(−4ab)

= 16a(am2 + b)

∴ am2 + b = 0

(ii) For the y-intercept to lie on the directrix then b = −a

am2 − a = 0

a(m2 − 1) = 0

m = ±1

∴ Equations of possible tangents are y = ±x − a

12
Question 13

(a) (i)
|p + q| = |p| + |q|

(p + q)2 = (|p| + |q|)2

p2 + 2pq + q 2 = p2 + 2 |p| |q| + q 2

|pq| = pq
This means that pq ≥ 0

(ii) If we let p = x − a and q = b − x then

|x − a| + |x − b| = |a − b|

⇒ |p| + |−q| = |p + q|

|p| + |q| = |p + q|
From part (i), this implies that pq ≥ 0 hence
(x − a)(b − x) ≥ 0

(x − a)(x − b) ≤ 0

∴a≤x≤b

(b) (i) The angle that the line joining (α, 0) and T (p, q) makes with the positive x-axis is π3 .
√
So the gradient of that line is tan π3 = 3

The equation of this line is

√
y − q = 3(x − p) sub (α, 0)

√
−1 = 3(α − p)

q
α=p− √
3
2π q
Similarly, the line joining (β, 0) and T (p, q) makes with the positive x-axis is 3
hence β = p + √
3

13
(ii) Noting that

α + β = 2p

  
q q
αβ = p + √ p− √
3 3

q2
2
=p −
3
q2
 
Since the quadratic polynomial is monic then P (x) = x2 − 2px + p2 −
3

(c) (i)

Since ∆ABZ is equilateral then AZ = BZ (1)

Also AD = BC (opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)

Since X and Y are the centres of equilateral triangles ∆P AD and ∆QBC respectively then
• The distance from the centres X and Y to the vertices of ∆P AD and ∆QBC respectively are equal
• XA bisects ∠P AD and Y B bisects ∠CBQ

From the first point it can be deduced that AX = BY (2).

From the second point, it can be deduced that

∠DAX = ∠CBY
π
=
6
Let ∠ABC = x. Since ABCD is a parallelogram
∠BAD = π − x (co-interior angles AD k BC)

In ∆ZBY
∠ZBY = ∠CBY + ∠ABC + ∠ZBA

π π
= +x+
6 3

π
= +x
2

14
In ∆XAZ

∠XAZ = 2π − ∠BAD − ∠ZAB − ∠DAX (angles at a point A)

π π
= 2π − (π − x) − −
3 6

π
= +x
2
Hence ∠XAZ = ∠ZBY (3).

From the results of (1), (2) and (3)

∆XAZ ≡ ∆Y BZ (SAS)

(ii) Using the result in part (i)

XZ = Y Z (corresponding sides of congruent triangles)

∠Y ZB = ∠XZA (corresponding angles of congruent triangles)

π
Noting that ∠AZB = and that
3
∠AZB = ∠AZY + ∠Y ZB

= ∠AZY + ∠XZA

π
⇒ ∠AZY + ∠XZA =
3
π
Hence ∆XY Z is equilateral due to two adjacent sides equal and the included angle being 3

15
Question 14

(a) (i) Using cosine rule on 4AOB

AB 2 = OB 2 + OA2 − 2(OA)(OB) cos ∠AOB

= OB 2 + OA2 − 2(OA)(OB) cos(180◦ − θ) but cos(180◦ − θ) = − cos θ

= OB 2 + OB 2 + 2(OA)(OB) cos θ

(ii) Similarly, using cosine rule

BC 2 = OC 2 + OB 2 − 2(OB)(OC) cos θ

CD2 = OD2 + OC 2 + 2(OC)(OD) cos θ

AD2 = OD2 + OA2 − 2(OA)(OD) cos θ

AB 2 = OB 2 + OB 2 + 2(OA)(OB) cos θ from part (i)

But since diagonals AC and BD bisect each other then OA = OC and OB = OD. Hence the equations
become

BC 2 = OC 2 + OB 2 − 2(OD)(OC) cos θ (1)

CD2 = OD2 + OC 2 + 2(OC)(OD) cos θ (2)

AD2 = OD2 + OA2 − 2(OA)(OB) cos θ (3)

AB 2 = OB 2 + OB 2 + 2(OA)(OB) cos θ (4)

16
Taking (1) + (2) + (3) + (4):

AB 2 + BC 2 + CD2 + AD2 = 2(OA2 + OB 2 + OC 2 + OD2 )

AC BD
= 2(2OA2 + 2OB 2 ) but OA = and OB =
2 2

2AC 2 2BD2
 
=2 +
4 4

= AC 2 + BD2

(b) Since square roots can only apply to non-negative values

1 − x2 ≥ 0

(1 + x)(1 − x) ≥ 0

−1 ≤ x ≤ 1

Now consider the outer square root

√
x − 1 − x2 ≥ 0

√ √
x≥ 1 − x2 note that this implies x > 0 since 1 − x2 ≥ 0

x2 ≥ 1 − x2

2x2 ≥ 1

√ √
(x 2 − 1)(x 2 + 1) ≥ 0

1 1
x ≤ −√ or x ≥ √
2 2
1
But −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and x > 0 so the domain is √ ≤ x ≤ 1
2

17
From the domain
1
≤ x2 ≤ 1
2

1
−1 ≤ −x2 ≤ −
2

1
0 ≤ 1 − x2 ≤
2

√ 1
0≤ 1 − x2 ≤ √
2

1 √
− √ ≤ − 1 − x2 ≤ 0
2

√
 
1
0≤x− 1− x2 ≤1 as √ ≤x≤1
2
∴ Range is 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1

(c) (i)
√
3
tan θ = 2
1
2
√
= 3

π
θ=
3

18
(ii)
1
Area of segment = r2 θ
2

1 π
= × 12 ×
2 3

π
= units2
6

1
Area of triangle = bh
2
√
1 1 3
= × ×
2 2 2
√
3
= units2
8
Z 1 √
∴ 1 − x2 dx = Area of segment − Area of triangle
1
2

√
π 3
= −
6 8
√
4π − 3 3
=
24

(iii) Using trapezoidal rule:

"√ √ #
Z 1 √ 1 3 7
1 − x2 dx ≈ +0+2×
1
2
8 2 4

√ √
3+ 7
=
16

19
Using the result from (ii)
√ √ √
4π − 3 3 3+ 7
≈
24 16
√ √
9 3+3 7
π≈
8

= 2.941 to four significant figures

(iv) Jennifer has the more accurate estimation of π due to the concavity of the function.
For larger values of x, the function decreases at a faster rate than for smaller values of x.
Therefore the trapezoidal areas compared to the actual area will be closer for 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 than
for 21 ≤ x ≤ 1

20
Question 15

(a) (i)
 √ 
f (−x) = ln −x + x2 + 1

√ !
 √  x + x 2+1
= ln −x + x2 + 1 × √
x + x2 + 1

−x2 + x2 + 1
 
= ln √
x + x2 + 1

 
1
= ln √
x + x2 + 1

 √ −1
= ln x + x2 + 1

 √ 
= − ln x + x2 + 1

= −f (x)

∴ f (x) is an odd function.

(ii)
 √ 
f (x) = ln x + x2 + 1

x
1+ √
2
f 0 (x) = √x + 1
x + x2 + 1
Stationary points occur when f 0 (x) = 0
x
1+ √ =0
x2+1

√
x2 + 1 + x
√ =0
x2 + 1
√
√
But since y = ln x + x2 + 1 then x + x2 + 1 cannot be zero, hence f (x) has no stationary points.

21
(iii) From (ii):
x
1+ √
2
f 0 (x) = √x + 1
x + x2 + 1

√
x2 + 1 + x
=√ √

x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1

1
=√
x2 + 1

x
f 00 (x) = − 3
(x2 + 1) 2
Possible points of inflexion occur when f 00 (x) = 0 which occurs when x = 0, y = 0. Checking point of
inflexion

x −0.1 0 0.1
f 00 (x) −0.0998 0 0.0998
There is a change in concavity hence the point of inflexion is (0, 0).

(iv)

22
(b) Note in each term, the denominator is an arithmetic series, so
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + ... + = 2 + 3 + ... + n
1+2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 2
(1 + 2) 2
(1 + 3) 2
(1 + n)

n
X 1
= k
k=2 2
(1 + k)

n
X 2
=
k=2
k(1 + k)

n
X 1+k−k
=2
k=2
k(1 + k)

n  
X 1+k k
=2 −
k=2
k(1 + k) k(1 + k)

n  
X 1 1
=2 −
k=2
k 1+k

But note that

n          
X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 − =2 − + − + − + ... + −
k=2
k 1 + k 2 3 3 4 4 5 n 1+n

 
1 1
=2 −
2 1+n

2
=1−
n+1

n−1
=
n+1

1 1 1 n−1
∴ + + ... + =
1+2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n n+1

23
(c) Consider two cases

Case 1 - Player A wins first

For player A to win two games in a row, the following sequences of wins can be possible

{A, A}, {A, B, A, A}, {A, B, A, B, A, A}, ...

The last two games must be won by player A and any remainder must be alternating wins between players
A and B. The probability of this is given by
P (case 1) = p2 + (pq)p2 + (pq)2 p2 + ...

= p2 (1 + pq + (pq)2 + ...)

p2
=
1 − pq

Case 2 - Player B wins first

For player A to win two games in a row, the following sequences of wins can be possible
{B, A, A}, {B, A, B, A, A}, {B, A, B, A, B, A, A}, ...
The last two games must be won by player A and any remainder must be alternating wins between players
A and B. The probability of this is given by
P (case 2) = qp2 + q(pq)p2 + q(pq)2 p2 + ...

= qp2 (1 + pq + (pq)2 + ...)

p2 q
=
1 − pq
p2 (1 + q)
Hence the total probability of player A winning the series is the sum of the two cases, which gives .
1 − pq

24
Question 16

(a) (i) Let Ak be the amount still owing after k months where the loan grows with interest and the
amount owing is reduced M each month
A1 = P (1 + r) − M

A2 = A1 (1 + r) − M

= P (1 + r)2 − M (1 + r) − M

A3 = A2 (1 + r) − M

= P (1 + r)3 − M (1 + r)2 − M (1 + r) − M

......

An = P (1 + r)n − M (1 + r)n−1 − M (1 + r)n−2 − ... − M (1 + r) − M

= P (1 + r)n − M (1 + (1 + r) + (1 + r)2 + ... + (1 + r)n−1 )

M ((1 + r)n − 1)
= P (1 + r)n −
r

But An = 0, which is when the loan is completely repaid

M ((1 + r)n − 1)
= P (1 + r)n
r

(1 + r)n rP
M=
(1 + r)n − 1

n
(ii) The loan is repaid off in 2
months. After m months the amount owing is given by

Am = P (1 + r)m − M (1 + r)m−1 − M (1 + r)n−2 − ... − M (1 + r) − M − B

Am+1 = Am (1 + r) − M

= P (1 + r)m+1 − M (1 + r)m − M (1 + r)m−1 − ... − M (1 + r) − M − B(1 + r)

25
 Am+2 = Am+1 (1 + r) − M

= P (1 + r)m+2 − M (1 + r)m+1 − M (1 + r)m − ... − M (1 + r) − M − B(1 + r)2

......

n n n n
A n2 = P (1 + r) 2 − M (1 + r) 2 −1 − M (1 + r) 2 −2 − ... − M (1 + r) − M − B(1 + r) 2 −m

n
M ((1 + r) 2 − 1)
n n
= P (1 + r) − 2 − B(1 + r) 2 −m
r

But A n2 = 0 where the loan is completely repaid

n
n
−m M ((1 + r) 2 − 1)
n
B(1 + r) 2 = P (1 + r) − 2
r

n
P (1 + r)n ((1 + r) 2 − 1)
n
= P (1 + r) − 2 using part (i)
(1 + r)n − 1

n n
B (1 + r) 2 ((1 + r) 2 − 1)
(1 + r)−m = 1 − n n
P ((1 + r) 2 − 1)((1 + r) 2 + 1)

n
(1 + r) 2
=1− n
(1 + r) 2 + 1

n n
(1 + r) 2 + 1 − (1 + r) 2
= n
(1 + r) 2 + 1

1
= n
(1 + r) 2 + 1

B n
(1 + r)m =


(1 + r) 2 + 1
P
 
B n

m = log1+m (1 + r) 2 + 1
P

26
(b)
y = ln(f (x))

dy f 0 (x)
=
dx f (x)

d2 y f (x)f 00 (x) − [f 0 (x)]2

=
dx2 [f (x)]2
dy d2 y
The local maximum occurs when = 0 and 2 < 0. This occurs at x = α so
dx dx
f 0 (α)
=0
f (α)

f 0 (α) = 0
Also
f (α)f 00 (α) − [f 0 (α)]2
<0 but f 0 (α) = 0
[f (α)]2

f (α)f 00 (α)
<0
[f (α)]2

f 00 (α)
<0
f (α)

But f (α) > 0 for y = ln(f (x)) then f 00 (α) < 0.

Since f 0 (x) = 0 and f 00 (x) < 0 at x = α then f (x) also has a local maximum at x = α.

27
(c) (i)

By trigonometry on the right triangle

x1 − x 0
cos θ =
d

x1 = x0 + d cos θ

x21 − x20
sin θ =
d

(x0 + d cos θ)2 − x20

=
d

2x0 d cos θ + d2 cos2 θ

=
d

= d cos2 θ + 2x0 cos θ

sin θ − d cos2 θ
x0 =
2 cos θ

28
By trigonometry on the left triangle
x0 − x 2
sin θ =
d

x2 = x0 − d sin θ

x22 − x20
cos θ =
d

(x0 − d sin θ)2 − x20

=
d

−2x0 d sin θ + d2 sin2 θ

=
d

= d sin2 θ − 2x0 sin θ

d sin2 θ − cos θ
x0 =
2 sin θ

Equating the x0
sin θ − d cos2 θ d sin2 θ − cos θ
=
2 cos θ 2 sin θ

sin2 θ − d sin θ cos2 θ = d sin2 θ cos θ − cos2 θ

d sin θ cos2 θ + d sin2 θ cos θ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ

d sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ) = 1

1
d=
sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ)

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(ii)

Note that to minimise the area, d needs to be minimised which is equivalent to maximising the de-
nominator sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ)

Let y = ln (sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ))

= ln(sin θ) + ln(cos θ) + ln(sin θ + cos θ)

dy cos θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ

= − +
dx sin θ cos θ sin θ + cos θ
dy
A local maximum occurs when =0
dx
cos2 θ(sin θ + cos θ) − sin2 θ(sin θ + cos θ) + sin θ cos θ(cos θ − sin θ)
=0
sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ)

(sin θ + cos θ)(cos2 θ − sin2 θ) + sin θ cos θ(cos θ − sin θ) = 0

(sin θ + cos θ)2 (cos θ − sin θ) + sin θ cos θ(cos θ − sin θ) = 0

(cos θ − sin θ)((sin θ + cos θ)2 + sin θ cos θ) = 0

π
But (sin θ + cos θ)2 + sin θ cos θ 6= 09 because sin θ > 0 and cos θ > 0 for 0 < θ < . Hence
2
sin θ = cos θ

tan θ = 1

π π
θ= for 0 < θ <
4 2
Since there are no other stationary points then the local maximum of y is also the absolute maximum.
From part (b) this means that when θ = π4 , the expression sin θ cos θ(sin θ + cos θ) is maximised so d is
minimised and hence the area is minimised.

The minimum value of d is

1
d= π

π

π

π



sin 4
cos 4
sin 4
+ cos 4

√
= 2

Hence the minimum area is d2 which is 2 square units.

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