ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS OF THE HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

FOR LARGE VALUES OF THE PARAMETERS

iy

GERARD SIMON PRINSENBERG

B.Sc., V i c t o r i a C o l l e g e , 1962

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS

I n t h e Department
of
Mathematics

We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e
required standard

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

A p r i l , 1966.
 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of. the

requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British

Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available

for reference and study. I further agree that permission for ex-

tensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be.granted

by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is

understood that copying or publication of this thesis for finan-

cial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.

Department of

The University of British Columbia

Vancouver 8, Canada

Date ^ £k
 ii

ABSTRACT

In c h a p t e r I known a s y m p t o t i c forms and expansions o f t h e

hypergeometric f u n c t i o n o b t a i n e d by Erde'lyi [ 5 ] , Hapaev [10,11],

K n o t t n e r u s [ 1 5 L Sommerfeld [ 2 5 ] and Watson [ 2 8 ] a r e d i s c u s s e d .

A l s o the a s y m p t o t i c expansions of t h e h y p e r g e o m e t r i c function

o c c u r r i n g i n g a s - f l o w t h e o r y w i l l be d i s c u s s e d . These expansions

were o b t a i n e d by C h e r r y [ 1 , 2 ] , Lighthill [17] and S e i f e r t [ 2 J ] .

Moreover, u s i n g a paper by Thorne [ 2 8 ] a s y m p t o t i c expansions o f

2 F (p+l,
1 -p; 1-m; (l-t)/2), -1 < t < 1, and

2 P ( (p+m+2)/2,
1 (p+m+l)/2; p+ 3/2-, t " ), t > 1, are obtained as

p-»» and m = -(p+ l / 2 ) a , where a i s f i x e d and 0 < a < 1 . The :

e x p a n s i o n s a r e i n terms o f A i r y f u n c t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t kind.

The h y p e r g e o m e t r i c equation i s normalized i n chapter I I .

I t r e a d i l y y i e l d s t h e two t u r n i n g p o i n t s t ^ , i = 1 , 2 . I f we

c o n s i d e r , t h e case t h e a=b i s a l a r g e r e a l parameter of the

hypergeometric f u n c t i o n F - ( a , b ; c; t ) , t h e n t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t s
2 L

c o a l e s c e w i t h t h e r e g u l a r s i n g u l a r i t i e s t = 0 and t = <*> o f t h e

hypergeometric e q u a t i o n as j a | ».

I n c h a p t e r I I I new a s y m p t o t i c forms a r e found f o r t h i s

particular case; t h a t i s , f o r

2 ^ ( a , a] c ; t ) , 0 < T-^ _< t < 1 , and

2 F ( a , a + l - c ; 1; t
1
- 1
) , 1 < t _< Tg < » , as - a ^ » .

The a s y m p t o t i c form i s i n terms o f m o d i f i e d B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s o f

order 1 / 2 . A s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s can be o b t a i n e d i n a s i m i l a r

manner.
 iii

Furthermore, a new asymptotic form i s derived f o r

2 F ( c - a , c-a; c; t ) , 0 <
1 <_ t < 1, as -a-»«, t h i s r e s u l t then
leads t o a sharper estimate on the modulus of n-th order
d e r i v a t i v e s of holomorphic f u n c t i o n s as n becomes large.
 iv

TABLE OP CONTENTS

I 1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF F ( a , b ? c ; t )
2 1 5

5. KNOWN ASYMPTOTIC RESULTS 8

a. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Watson 8
b. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by E r d e l y i 9
c. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Hapaev 10
d. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by K h o t t n e r u s 11
e. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Cherry; and Sommerf e l d 12
f. R e s u l t s d e r i v e d f r o m Thome's paper 15

II THE NORMALIZED HYPERGEOMETRIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 20

III THE ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR OF ^ ( a ^ a j c j t ) 22

and g F ^ a j a + l - c j l j t " )
1
22

IV REFERENCES Z>6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I w i s h t o acknowledge t h e I n v a l u a b l e

guidance and a s s i s t a n c e extended t o me b y

Dr. C. A. Swanson and a l s o would l i k e t o thank

him f o r h i s a s s i s t a n c e i n p r e p a r i n g t h e f i n a l

manuscript.

The generous f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e

N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l and t h e U n i v e r s i t y

of B r i t i s h Columbia i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.
 1.

CHAPTER I

1. INTRODUCTION

The h y p e r g e o m e t r i c f u n c t i o n ^F^a,,}}', c; t ) has been

i n v e s t i g a t e d by numerous a u t h o r s , see f o r i n s t a n c e t h e r e f e r e n c e s
[5, 1 4 , 21, 22, 25, 51]. I t depends on t h e t h r e e parameters
a,b and c and t h e v a r i a b l e t .

The i n t e g r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of the hypergeometric

f u n c t i o n by Barnes' and E u l e r [ 5 ] have s u c c e s s f u l l y been em-

p l o y e d by K n o t t n e r u s [ 1 5 ] , S e i f e r t [ 2 3 ] and Sommerfeld [ 2 6 ]

to d e r i v e asymptotic e x p a n s i o n s as one or s e v e r a l o f t h e p a r a -

meters tend t o OB. B o t h S e i f e r t and Sommerfeld used t h e method

of s t e e p e s t d e s c e n t s [ 6 ] on a s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d f o r m o f t h e

Euler i n t e g r a l representation. The e x p a n s i o n s a r e v a l i d i n a

t - i n t e r v a l w h i c h does n o t c o n t a i n a t u r n i n g p o i n t [ 6 ] ,

Asymptotic expansions of t h e hypergeometric f u n c t i o n

o c c u r i n g i n gas-flow t h e o r y on t h e o t h e r hand a r e v a l i d i n

r e g i o n s c o n t a i n i n g a r e g u l a r s i n g u l a r i t y and a t u r n i n g p o i n t

w h i c h i n t h i s case c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e t r a n s i t i o n p o i n t o f sub-

sonic flow t o supersonic flow. The method used by t h e a u t h o r s

Cherry [ 1 , 2 ] , L i g h t h i l l [.17].,. and S e i f e r t . [ 2 J ] t o o b t a i n t h e

asymptotic expansion i s described i n f o r instance, the references

[7, », 19, 2 0 , 2 7 ] . T h i s method concerns t h e a s y m p t o t i c solu-

t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h f i x e d t u r n i n g p o i n t s , or
 2.

singularities.

Some a u t h o r s , n o t a b l y E r d e l y i [ 5 ] Hapaev [ 9 , 10] and

MacRobert [ l 8 ] used w e l l known e x p a n s i o n s o f t h e c o n f l u e n t

h y p e r g e o m e t r i c f u n c t i o n ^ F ^ ( a ; b; t ) [ 2 4 , 31] t o d e r i v e asymp-

t o t i c expansions of the hypergeometric f u n c t i o n .

In a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , asymptotic e x p a n s i o n s as p -• « a r e
derived f o r

g F ^ p + l , -p; 1-m; (l-t)/2), -1 < t < 1, and

2 F ((p+m+2)/2, (p+m+l)/2; p+3/2; t " ) ,

1
2
t > 1

where m = - ( p + 1/2)a, a f i x e d and 0 < a < 1. The e x p a n s i o n s

are d e r i v e d from a paper by Thorne [ 2 8 ] on t h e a s y m p t o t i c

e x p a n s i o n s o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d Legendre f u n c t i o n f o r l a r g e degree

and o r d e r . The e x p a n s i o n s a r e i n terms o f A i r y f u n c t i o n s o f

the f i r s t k i n d [ 5 ] .

I n t h i s chapter a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e known asymptotic

e x p a n s i o n s f o r gF^(a,b; c; t ) w i l l be g i v e n .

The e x p a n s i o n s a r e v a l i d as one o r s e v e r a l o f t h e p a r a -

meters approaches », under v a r i o u s r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e ( o t h e r )

parameters and t . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e summarizes t h e r e s u l t s .

 3.

large
Author Date parameters other r e s t r i c t i o n s

G. N. Watson 1918 c a,b f i x e d , |arg c j_< 7r-e,e > 0 ,

| t | < 1.

G.N.Watson 1918 a,b, c 1) (a+b)fixed, c f i x e d ,

l-2t+2(t -t) 2 1 / 2
= e± p

2) (a-b),(a+b-c) f i x e d
[t-2+2((l-t)t" ) / ]t" = 1 1 2 1
e± p

T.M.MacRobert 1923 c a,b f i x e d , | a r g c|<^+e, e > 0 ,

| a r g ( l - t ) | < V.i

H. Sommerfeld 1939 a,b a=ipv^ b = i v , c = l , c r e a l

and f i x e d , v r e a l and v-^>,
|t| < 1 .
»

H. S e l f e r t 1947 a,b , c a+b=c-l-(Y-l)" ,ab=|c(l-c)( -ir 1

Y

1<Y<», 0<t<l.

M. J . L i g h t h i l l 1947 a>b, c Same r e l a t i o n s between a,b

and c complex, j a r g 11 <TT,
l a r g ( l - t ) j <TT.

T.M.Cherry 1950 a, b, c Same r e l a t i o n s between a,b

and c complex, | a r g ( c - l ) |_<-^,
| a r g ( l - t ) |< 7T.

A. E r d e l y i 1953 c a,b f i x e d , | a r g cj_Cn--e, e > 0 ,

|t|>l, j a r g ( l - t ) | < ir.

A. E r d e l y i 1953 b a,c f i x e d , c ^ 0 , - l , - ^ , . . . ,
0 < jt| < 1

R.C.Thorne 1956 a,b, c a,b l i n e a r I n c , | t | < l and t > l .

M. M. Hapaev 1958 a b,c f i x e d |t| ~ r^a| - 1

U. J. K h o t t n e r u s 19b0 c a,b f i x e d , t - p l a n e c u t f r o m
1 t o 1 + ioe .
 4.

(continued)

large
Author Date parameters other r e s t r i c t i o n s

U. J. K h o t t n e r u s lybO a, b, c ( a - b ) , ( a - c ) f i x e d , Ret > 1,

Im t > 0,
Re ( c - r ) >min$Re (a-r)., Re (b-r)J+l
r real, r » .

M.M. Hapaev lyol a, c b, a c " 1

fixed, jtj<jca" j. 1
2. RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF ^ ( a ^ b ; c, t)

The h y p e r g e o m e t r i c e q u a t i o n

(1) t ( l - t ) ^ - | + ( c - ( + b + l ) t ) - ^ - abx = 0
a

dt

has t h r e e r e g u l a r s i n g u l a r p o i n t s , namely, t = 0, t = 1, and t =

One s o l u t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e s i n g u l a r i t y t = 0 i s d e v e l o p a b l e i n

a series
(2) 1 + (ab/c)t + ( a ( a + l ) ( b ( b + l ) ) / c ( c + l ) 2 j ) t 2
+ ...
00

=
I ((aJn^n/ ( )
c
n
n
-')t , n
c t 0, - 1 , - 2 ,
n=0
where ( a ) i s t h e Pochhammer symbol and
n

(a) n = r( )/
a+n
P(a) = a ( a + l ) . . . ( a + n - l ) , n = 1,2,3, [5].

The s e r i e s ( 2 ) , due t o Gauss, i s denoted by F ( ' » 2 1

a b c
*

The s e r i e s converges f o r j t j < 1 and f o r t = 1 i t d i v e r g e s when

Re (c-a-b) _< - 1 , i t converges a b s o l u t e l y when Re (c-a-b) > 0 and

i t converges c o n d i t i o n a l l y when -1 < Re(c-a-b) < 0 and t h e p o i n t

t = l i s e x c l u d e d -{14].

I f c = - n , n = 0,1,2,..., t h e n a s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n ( l )

w h i c h i s r e g u l a r a t t=0 i s t n + 1
Y ( (a+n+1 ) ( b + n + l ) / ( n + 2 )
m m m ml ) t m

m=0

(3) = t n + 1
^(a+n+l, b+n+1 ; n+2 ; t ) .

A l s o i f a = -n o r b = - n , where n = 0,1,2,... and i f c = -m,

where rn = n, n+1,... , t h e n we d e f i n e [5]

 6.

n
(4) ^(-n.b; -m S t) ((-n) r (b) r /(-m) p r ) t ; r

r=0

s i m i l a r l y f o r F ( a , - n ; -mj t ) .
2 1

S i n c e (3) and ( 4 ) a r e s o l u t i o n s o f e q u a t i o n (1) we see t h a t t h e

h y p e r g e o m e t r i c e q u a t i o n has a s o l u t i o n w h i c h i s a p o l y n o m i a l

i n t whenever - a o r -b i s a n o n n e g a t i v e i n t e g e r .

The p r o p e r t y

(5) 2
F
l( ' >
a b c ; X
) =
f(c)r(c-a-b) /V(c-&)V(cr\>))

w i l l be used l a t e r . I t i s assumed t h a t c, c-a-b, c-a and c-b

are not negative integers [14J.

There a r e many r e s u l t s : r e l a t i n g t h e h y p e r g e o m e t r i c

f u n c t i o n and t h e Legendre f u n c t i o n s PjJ(t) and QJj(t). Hobson's

[12] d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e Legendre f u n c t i o n w i l l be used. These

d e f i n i t i o n s a r e i n terms o f c o n t o u r i n t e g r a l s and are v a l i d f o r

u n r e s t r i c t e d v a l u e s o f m and p. F o r t h e t - p l a n e c u t from

1 t o -» and | l - t | < z.

(6) Pp(t) = ( r ( l - m ) ) " ( ( t - D / ( t + l ) ) - 1 m / 2

^(p+lrpjl-mjM/S)

and f o r | t | > 1

(7) e- m 7 r i
^ ( t ) = 2P(r(p+l)r(P+m l)/r(2p+2))((t -l) /VP- - ) +
2 m m 1

x F ((p+m+2)/2,(p+m+l)/2; p+3/2; t " )

2 1
2

F o r a l l t we have t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n f o r m u l a e , w h i c h a l s o c a n be

found i n Hobson [ 1 2 ] ,
 7.

(«)• Pj(-t) = e ^ F ^ t ) - f sih((p+m)ir)<£(t)

and

(9) Q£(-t) = - e ^ 1
(£(t),

where t h e upper and lower s i g n s a r e t a k e n a c c o r d i n g as Im t > 0

or Im t < 0,
 8.

3. KNOWN ASYMPTOTIC RESULTS

a. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Watson.

Watson [ 2 9 ] i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e b e h a v i o u r o f F ( a , b ; c;. t ) 2 1

f o r l a r g e v a l u e s o f j a j , j b | and |c|. I f a, b and t a r e f i x e d

and |c| i s l a r g e w i t h t h e r e s t r i c t i o n | a r g c| _< w-e, e > 0 ,

then f o r | t | < 1

(10) pF-^a^b; c; t ) = l + ( a b / c ) t + . .. + ( ( a ) ( b ) / ( c ) n i ) t + 0 ( | c"n n n

n 1

With a s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e remainder

term E r d e l y i [ 5 ] p r o v e d t h i s remains v a l i d even i f | t | > 1,

| a r g ( l - t ) | < 7r, p r o v i d e d t h a t Re c - ». MacRobert [ 1 8 ] p r o v e d

(10) f o r a range o f argument c w h i c h i s l a r g e r t h a n TT and v a l i d

for a l l t provided that |arg ( l - t ) | < ir.

I n t h e case where more t h a n one o f t h e parameters

approaches » Watson [29] d e r i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g results.

I f we d e f i n e ? by t + ( t - l ) 2 1 / / 2
= and p u t

1 - e = (e - l)e
b
where t h e upper o r lower s i g n i s t a k e n

a c c o r d i n g as Im t >< 0 , t h e n f o r l a r g e |\|

(11) ( l / 2 t - l / 2 ) " " F ( a + X , a-c+l+X; a-b+l+2\;

a x
2 1 2(l-t) - 1
]

= 2 a + b
(r(a-b+l+2X)r(l/2)X- 1 / 2
^

x (1 + e - ? ) - ^ " / ^ ! 0 1
+ 0 (X- )L
1

where | a r g x | _< v-b, 6 > 0 and a l s o

 9.

(12) ^ ( a + X , b-X; ; C - jjt)

= 2 a + b
- 1
(r(i-b-rx)r(c)/r^)r( -b x))(i-e^)- 4 C +
c
x

v ( l e ^ ) - - - \ x-'-2[e( - >* + e i
+
c a b X b i 7 r
( " i
c }
.x.

ve-( X + a
)*][l + OdX" !)] 1
,

where t h e L u p p e r or lower s i g n i s t a k e n a c c o r d i n g as Im t >< 0

and where | x | i s l a r g e , ?. = p + i n ,

- ^TT - w 2 + 6 < argX < -^TT + w 1 - 6 6 > 0

w 2 = t a n " ( h / p ) , -w-j^ = t a n " [ (h - TT)/ p ]

1 1
n > 0

w 2 = tan" [(h + 1
7r)/p], -w •= t a n ( n / p )
1
_ 1
n j< 0

and t a n x denotes t h e p r i n c i p a l v a l u e o f t h e f u n c t i o n .
_ 1

b >
R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by E r d ' e l y i

E r d e l y i d e r i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p a n s i o n f o r |b| l a r g e [ 5 ] .

I f a,c and t a r e f i x e d , c ^ 0,-1,-2,... and 0 < | t | < 1, and

if |b| - * such t h a t - < argtb < , then

(13) g F ^ b ; c j ' t ) - g F - ^ b ; c;
on

=[)_' ( ( a ) / ( c ) n n n.')(bt) ][l + n

Odbl" )] 1

n=0
and here t h e a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s f o r t h e c o n f l u e n t hyper-

geometric f u n c t i o n o f a l a r g e argument [31] g i v e

 10.

(14) pF-^b- c; t) = e- i 7 r a

= e- i 7 r a
[r(c)/r(c- )](bt)- [i-.-+a
a
ocibtr )] 1

+ [r(c)/na)]e b t
(bt) - [i + a c
ocibtr )] 1

and
1
s i m i l a r l y , i f - ^ir < a r g b t < ^TT , we
•' "3
have

(15) 2 i( ' ; >

F a b c
*)

- e [r(c)/r(c-a)](bt)- [l
i7ra a
+ OClbtl" )] 1

+ [r(c)/r(a)]e (bt) - [i bt a c
+ odbtr )]. 1

c. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Hapaev

We s h a l l now r e f e r t o some p a p e r s by Hapaev [9> 10].

He d e r i v e d an a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n i n terms of m o d i f i e d Bessel

f u n c t i o n s of l a r g e o r d e r f o r t h e c o n f l u e n t h y p e r g e o m e t r i c

f u n c t i o n F ( a ; c j t ) a s a -• », where | t | ~
1 1 laf 1
and c is

fixed. Provided t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s are s a t i s f i e d , he t h e n d e r i v e d

[10]
es

(16) ^ ( a ; -c; t ) = (c)(at^" c ) / 2

JitaT )^1 2

» ra=0

(m) n=0
where B m n = -1 , f , (x,n)
^
and f ( x , n ) - (l+(|)x+(|)x +.'.. d
) ,
n

mn my
x=0
Ix| < 1.
 11.

He t h e n used t h i s r e s u l t t o d e r i v e

(17) 2 F (a,b;c;t)=
1

es

(HcJ/Ra) y
n
B (t m n
2 n + m
h / 2 n nJ ) (r(a+in+2n-l)/r(c+nH-.2n-l))
n,m=D
1 F (a-l+m+2nj c+m+2n-l;2t),
1

_1
where t h e e x p a n s i o n i s v a l i d f o r | t | ~ |2a| and b and c f i x e d .

In another one o f h i s p a p e r s [11] he o b t a i n e d a s y m p t o t i c

expansions o f F ( a , b ; c ; t ) and F ( a ; c ; t ) where a=ae, C=Y£, a and

2 1 1 1

y a r e c o n s t a n t s and l -* eo, t h a t i s a/c i s f i x e d and b i s f i x e d . ,

.• Then f o r | t | < |c/a| he d e r i v e s

: L
(18) ^(aliynt) ~ e( a / Y ) t
(l+r ((aY" t) (a- -Y"
1 1 2 1
)2" K^- (...)+..}
1 2

provided that | k t + Y l _ 1
> |fcfcT 1, where k > 2n,n = 0,1,2,
1

Similarly, f o r Ikt^+Yl > Ifct" ! 1

and | a Y " t | < 1 he d e r i v e s
1

(19) ^ ( a ^ c j t ) ~
1
( l - a Y " t ) " { l + t " ( 2 - b ( b + l ) ( Y " - o " ) ( l - 2 t ) ( l - t ) " ) + *~ (...)+...}.
1 b 1 1 1 2 2

d. R e s u l t s obtained by Khottnerus

Next we s h a l l r e f e r , t o r e s u l t s d e r i v e d by K h o t t n e r u s [15]/
For l a r g e p o s i t i v e v a l u e s o f r and t h e t - p l a n e c u t from 1
t o 1+eoi he d e r i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n

(20) gF^ajbjc+rjt) = 1 + (abt)r" 1

+ 0(r ). 2
 12.

The e x p a n s i o n i s v a l i d u n i f o r m l y i n t h e c l o s e d bounded r e g i o n G:

fRe(t) 2 1
+ 6
> 6 f i x e d and 6 > 0,
(21) <

| t | < In. k f i x e d and k > 1 + 6; Im(t) _> G.

U s i n g the w e l l known r e l a t i o n [5]

(22) gF^ajbjcjt) = (l-t) " " c a b

2 F (c-a,c-b;c;t)
1

v a l i d f o r t i n the t-plane cut from t = l t o t=l+ooi he r e a d i l y

derived the f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t .

I f Re c > min{Re(a),Re(b)} + 1 and t s a t i s f i e s R e ( t ) > 1,

Im(t) _> ° J t h e n f o r s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e p o s i t i v e r

(23) ^(a+r^+r^c+rjt) = ( 1 - t ) - " - { 1 + (c-*)

c a b r
+ (r
0
- 2
)}

The e x p a n s i o n i s v a l i d u n i f o r m l y p r o v i d e d that t l i e s i n

a c l o s e d bounded r e g i o n o f t h e t - p l a n e c u t f r o m 1 t o l+»i.

e. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by C h e r r y and Sommerfeld

F i r s t we s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h e h y p e r g e o m e t r i c equation-

occuring i n gas-flow theory

) y
w § +
<? - + v 2
< w ^ 7 - t ? ' °'

I t i s s a t i s f i e d by X ( t ) = t ^ g F - ^ v - a ^ v-b^; v+1;' t ) ,
_ n—

where 2 a v = v + 6 + ^/v (1+26) + 6 ,

28 v = v + 6 - y v ( l + 2 6 ) .+ 6
2 2
,
 13.

and p = - ( Y - 1 ) " ; Y > 1, i s t h e f i x e d a d i a b a t i c index.

1
The

t u r n i n g point of equation (24) i s r e a d i l y g i v e n by t = ( l + 2 p ) . _ 1

The comparison equation

2 ' •
/ nr'\ d Z . l d Z . 2/ I N n

(25) — 2 + - - j - + v (1 - - ) z 2 = 0
dT T

i s s a t i s f i e d by t h e B e s s e l f u n c t i o n J , ( V T ) , where T = (1-^—) (1-t ).

_1

Then f o r v ~ « w i t h | a r g v| _< v - e and 0 _< t _< 1-e,

e > 0, Cherry [ 1 , 2 ] d e r i v e d

(26) X (t)
v ~ N(v/h ) /2 v
1
[ J v ( v T . ) ( 1 + q 2 V -2 + ^ v - 4 + _ }

+ Tj^(vT)(q v" 1
1
+ q^v" + 5
...)],

where t a n h " 1
((1 - J ) 2 1 / 2
) - (1-T ) 2 1 / 2

= tanh" 1
((l- t-)(i-t) - 1 / 2
t^tanh-^t^t^-tr ) / 1 2 2

s
N = (1-t) / 1 4
- lp((l- )/(i- |-)) T
2 1 / 4
and
' s
h v = (r(a )r(l+v-b ))/(r(a -v)r(v)r(v+l));
v v v the expansion i s valid

u n i f o r m l y i n t and a r g v. To c a l c u l a t e t h e q , n = 1,2,..., n

W = (1 - T ) Z , and 2

we s e t w- ((l-|-)VV(l-t) /*-l/2e)x,(t), 1

u-tarff 1
( ( 1 , - T 2
) 1
/ 2
) - ( I - T ^

then

w = W(l + Q v~ 2
2
+ Q^v"' + . .. ) - - ^ ( Q T V ' "
4
2
+ Q 5 v " ^ + . .. )

where Q X = q-^(l - T ) / 2 1 2

Q2 = q 2 + T
2
q x / (2(1-T )), 2
 14.

% = % + T q 2
3 /(2(1 - T ) ) , 2
...

and

2 d Q
l ' , x

2Qg = (<t> + Q x ,

2Q 3 = (<t> - §)Q2 + 2 $ ^ + + Q 2 ,

2Q 4 = (<j> - § ) Q 3 + Q 3

where|> = T ( 1 + ( 1 / 4 ) T ' ) /
2 2
(1-T ) 2 3
,

* = ((i-s ) / 4(i-t ) ){5?"

2
B
2 6
- (i+6t )r^(>4t )F.-
s s
2
+ (i-2t xi-4t );
s s ;

- = T.1/2
S ' .

I n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t s a r e found f r o m t h e l i m i t i n g form

of t h e X ( t ) e x p a n s i o n (26) f o r t = T = 0, w h i c h t h e n i s e q u a l
v

to

(27) (ev" ) r(v+l)((2Trh

1 v
v 6 ) / 2TTV)
2 v
1 / 2
~ 1 + Q ( 0 ) v " + Q ( 0 ) v " + . . .,
1
1
2
2

where 6 = a (l+a) a _ 1
" a
and

a = 1/2(1+2B) 1//2
- 1/2 .

We expand t h e l e f t hand member o f (27) by means o f

(28) l o g ( 2 7 r h ) ~ 2v l o g 6 + c-^v" +
v
1
Q . j \ T \ . . .

and S t i r l i n g s e r i e s and equate c o e f f i c i e n t s t o get ^ ( 0 ) ,

r = 1,2,.... S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d by L i g h t h i l l [17]

and Seifert [23]. '

The asymptotic behaviour of the hypergeometric f u n c t i o n

gF^-in, -ipw;l;t) occuring i n wave mechanics has been i n v e s t i g a t e d

 15

by Sommerfeld [26]. F o r t = - 4 p ( 1 - p ) " s i n ( a / 2 ) , 0 < p < 1,

2 2

he obtained

(29) -gF^-ivlpnajt) ~ e- 7 r p n
(27ma)" 1 / 2
(iu; + 1 1
e *^)

where u Q = ( ( 1 - p ) / 2 ) ( l + i c o t ( 3 / 2 ) ) , c o t (a/2) £ 0,
f ( u ) = i l o g ( u ( l - u ) " ( l - u t ) " ) and
p p 1

-a=f"(u ); 0

I f c o t (a/2) - 0, then u Q = ( (1-p )/2) ( l + i ( 7 r - a ) / 2 + i ( 7 r - a ) / 2 4 5

f(u )=27r
0 p - i(l+p)log((l+p)/(l-p))+( /(l+p))i(7r-a /2 p
2

-p(l-p)(Tr-a) (l+p)- /6 + ... 3 2

-a = f " ( u ) = 6 p ( T r - a ) ( l - p ) " ( l + p ) - + ...

0
1 2

f. R e s u l t s d e r i v e d from Thome's paper

The f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t w i l l now be d e r i v e d from a paper

w r i t t e n by Thorne [28]:

(30) (r(l-m))" F (p+l,-p;l-m;(l-t)/2)

1
2 1 ~

{r(p+l+m)/np+l-m)} [(l-t)/(l+t)] 1/2 m/2

v
x (4 /(t - 2
2
P
2
))V^ ( M ( Y 2;? z ) >l/3^ E g ( z ) f 2A „

s=0

s=0
as p - »,
where m = - y a = -(p+l/2)a, a i s f i x e d and 0< a < 1,
p. = Jl-a 2 ,
 16.

|z(t) 3 / 2
= a cosh" (|(t- -l)" 1 2 1 / 2
)-cosh" tB" 1 1

and t h e f u n c t i o n s F ( z ) and E ( z ) a r e g i v e n b y t h e r e l a t i o n s (40)

s s
and (43) determined l a t e r . The e x p a n s i o n i s v a l i d f o r t h e

t-interval | t | < 1.
Completely a n a l o g o u s l y t o t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e f o l l o w i n g
r e s u l t was found f o r t > 1:

(31) 2 F ((m+p+2)/2, (m+p+l)/2; p+ J ; t " ) ~

1
2

, 7 7 " .
"5) e " -5
1 1

7T2-P1 (2p+2)/((r(p+l)(n:p+m+l)r(p+l-m))
m 1 2 2 ± 1
t P + m + 1
(i- 2y ^
t ( 4 z / ( t 2_ 2 7p ) ) U l ( Y -3 - 3 e z )Y " 3 X

» _2 .2 _2 . _5 «
X }> (z) " s Y
2s
+ e'^A^Y e" z) " XF (z)Y"
1 37ri
Y
1
s
2s
}
s=0 s=0

as p-*», where m,B,Y* and z a r e d e f i n e d b y (30); the f u n c t i o n s

E (z) and F (z) a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e o f t h e former case as w e l l ,
s '
v
s ' v

We s h a l l now s e t out t o prove t h e f i r s t r e s u l t . Instead

of an a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n f o r P ^ ( t ) as p » , an a s y m p t o t i c

e x p a n s i o n f o r t h e a s s o c i a t e d Legendre f u n c t i o n o f t h e second k i n d

Q^(t) was used t o d e r i v e t h e second r e s u l t . A s y m p t o t i c expan-

s i o n s f o r P ( t ) and < ^ ( t ) , m = -(p+-|)a, as p - > » can be o b t a i n e d

m

by a method employed by Thorne [28].

The a s s o c i a t e d Legendre e q u a t i o n

(32) (1-t ) i \ 2
- 2 t dy
$
dt + (P(P+D - m ( l - t ) - ) y 2 2 1
= 0
dt
has a fundamental system o f s o l u t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g o f P ^ ( t ) and
 17.

Q^t). I f we use Hobson's d e f i n i t i o n s of t h e s e f u n c t i o n s then

they are s i n g l e valued a n a l y t i c i n the t-plane cut along the

r e a l a x i s from 1 t o -a>, and a r e r e a l when t i s r e a l and t > 1.

For z = x, where - 1 < x < 1, t h e fundamental s o l u t i o n s o f

( 3 2 ) a r e t a k e n as P p ( ) and Qp^x) d e f i n e d by
x

(33) P p ( x ) = e~ * P^(x + i . o ) and

m
m
7Ti tl
(34) 2 e
m 7 r i
Q*(x) = e ^ Q ^ x + i.o) + e ^ ^(x-i.o),

where f ( x + i . o ) =. l i m f ( x + i . e ) , e>0.
e 0

The f u n c t i o n s P p ( x ) and Qp(x) a r e g e n e r a l l y known as F e r r e r s '

f u n c t i o n s and a r e r e a l f o r x r e a l and 0 < x < 1.

E q u a t i o n ( 3 2 ) i s n o r m a l i z e d by t h e transformation
2 1/2
(t -1) /
y = Y, t h e r e s u l t i n g equation

(35) = { p ( p + l ) ( t - l ) - + (m - l ) ( t -2 1 2 2
I)' } Y 2

dt*
i s now s a t i s f i e d by ( t - l ) 2 1 / / 2
P ( t ) and ( t - l )
m 2 1//2
Q^( t) I f we

s e t rn = - ( p + 1 . 2 ) a , 0 < a < 1 and a f i x e d , then f o r p = J _ 2

1 a

equation (35) reduces t o

(36) = {(t - p )(p+l/2) (t -l)- -4- (t +3)(t -l)- }

2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

dt
w h i c h i s now s a t i s f i e d by ( t - l ) / 2 a ( p + l / 2 ) ^ j 2 1
p & n d

(t -l) / ^(P+l/ )
2 1 2 2
( t ) .

I t i s p o s s i b l e now, a c c o r d i n g to Olver [ 1 9 , 2 0 ] or

Thorne [ 2 7 ] , t o o b t a i n a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s o f P p ( t ) and 0 ^ ( t ) ,

which are v a l i d uniformly w i t h respect t o t , as p -» » , f o r t

 18.

l y i n g i n a domain D^., s a y , i n w h i c h t h e p o i n t s t = l and

t = 6 + i . o a r e i n t e r i o r p o i n t s and w h i c h extends t o i n f i n i t y .

The c o e f f i c i e n t o f ( ( t - B ) ( p + l / 2 ) ( t - l ) " ) Y has double p o l e s

2 2 2 2 2

at the r e g u l a r s i n g u l a r i t i e s t = +1 and t u r n i n g p o i n t s a t t h e

simple z e r o s t = +B.

To o b t a i n e x p a n s i o n s v a l i d a t t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t t=B+i.o

we make t h e t - z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n [19?20]

(37) H = -(t - D ( t - P )- V/ , 2 2 2 V 2

X = (^) _ 1 / 2
Y and

.t - - 1

-|z^ 2
= - j ( s -B )(s - l)
2 2 2 _ 1
ds = acosh~ a6" (t" -l) 1 1 2
" "-cosh" tB"" ,
2 1 1

8
where t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f t h e i n t e g r a l i s p + i.o. Then X ( z )

s a t i s f i e s the equation

(38) £\ = {(p+l/2) z 2
+ f , ( z ) }X,
dz x

where f^z') = ( | ) z 5
2
+ 4 _ 1
z(t - l)(t - 2 2
B )~ {t (4a -
2 3 2 2
l)+(l-a )}
4

The comparison equation

2
(39) ^ - i» (p+l/2) zX 2

-dz^

i s s a t i s f i e d by t h e A i r y f u n c t i o n s A i ( z ) and B i ( z ) .

Thorne [ 2 8 ] now showed t h a t i f

(40) E ( z ) = 1,
Q

P (z)
8 = |z- jV {f (r)
1/2 1/2
1 E ( r ) - E»(r)} d r , and
f l

W ? > - - i k^ F +
f f
i< r ) F
s< > r d r +
° W
«00
 19.

where t h e sequence o f a s _> 0, a r e i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t s ,

t h e n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s w i l l be o b t a i n e d :

(41) e^ P (t) ~
m
{r(p+m+l)/r(p-m+l)} ^ ( 4 z ( t - B ) " ) 2 2 1 J
x

2
_1 » 2 _5 »
x {Ai(v z) " £ E (z) "
1
Y
3
s Y
2 S
+ A i ( z ) " "3 Y F ( Z ) Y -
Y
3
Y s
2 S
]
s=0 s=0

and
. 2 r i + £i
n l
1 1

(42) e" 2
* <g(t) ~ 7r{r(p+m+l)/r(p-m+l)3^(4z(t -B )- ) 2 2 1 7r
x

2
- 7Ti 2
- 1 0 8
- -TTi 2
- 2
7Ti - 5
°°

x{Ai( e" Y
1 1
z) Y
1
^E (Z)Y" + s
2 s
e 3
A i ^ e 1
z) " Y
3
)\(Z)Y~ 2 S
}
s=0 s=0

where t h e i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t s a are s p e c i f i e d by the r e l a t i o n

s
' 0, 1

(43) l ( % y ' 2 8
+ PgY" " ) 2 3 1
~J-m/tor (V2) r(-m) m
{rCp+nH-D/TCp-iw-l)}" 2

s=0
where R = v ( l + v ) * " " , V 1 v
v = -5(a -1
-1).

The e x p a n s i o n s ( 4 l ) and (42) a r e v a l i d throughout t h e

t - p l a n e c u t from +1 t o -» except f o r a pear-shaped"domain
s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s i n g u l a r i t y t = - l and a s t r i p l y i n g i m m e d i a t e l y
below t h e r e a l t - a x i s f o r w h i c h |Ret| < B+6, 0 > Im t > -6,
8 > 0. I n b o t h t h e s e r e g i o n s a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s can be o b t a i n e d
by use o f t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n f o r m u l a e (8) and (9). The a s y m p t o t i c
expansion o f (p+l-m, -p-m; 1-m; ( l - t ) / 2 ) i s now an immediate
consequence o f ( 4 l ) , (6) and r e l a t i o n (33), where we have t o
take the + sign. The e x p a n s i o n o f
o

2 F ((m+p+2)/2, (m+p+l)/2; p+3/2; t

1 ) f o l l o w s i m m e d i a t e l y from

the a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n (42) and t h e r e l a t i o n ( 7 ) -

 20.

CHAPTER I I

THE NORMALIZED HYPERGEOMETRIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The h y p e r g e o m e t r i c equation

(1) t ( l - t ) A_| + [ c - (a+b+ljtjg*- - abx = 0

dt

i s normalized by s e t t i n g

x(t) = y(t) f |(i-t)( - " " c a b l ) / 2

, 0 < t < 1, and

x(t) = y ( t ) t " l ( t - l ) ( - " - c a b l ) / 2

, t > 1.

Then e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) becomes

(2) UL + {(At 2
+ B t + C ) / 4 t ( l - t ) \ y = 0, 2 2

dt I '

where A = 1 - (a-b) ,
B = 2c(a+b-l)-4ab, and
C = c(2-c) .

L e t us c o n s i d e r t h e case t h a t a=b i s a l a r g e r e a l parameter.

Then t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t s t i , i = 1,2, a r e t h e r o o t s o f t h e
quadratic equation

(3) t 2
+ [2c(2a-l) - 4 a ] t + c(2-c) 2
= 0

For a l a r g e

(4) t _~] c(2-c)/4a 2

and t 2 ~ 4a . 2

I f we now make t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n t = c(2-c)z/4a , then

 21.

equation (2) for a=b is transformed into

2 y = o,
(5) + 4 a f(c(2-c)(l-z) + f(z))/g(z)
4

dz I )
where f ( z ) = (c (l-c)(2a-l)z/2a ) +
2 2
(c (2-c) z /l6a )
2 2 2 4

2 2 ?
and g ( z ) = z (4a - c ( 2 - c ) z ) ~ .

For z bounded f ( z ) = ©(a" ) as a - <x>. 1

The t u r n i n g p o i n t now

o c c u r s a t z = l and t h e s i n g u l a r i t i e s occur a t z=0 and

z = 4 a / c(2-c).
2

E q u a t i o n (5) can be w r i t t e n i n Thome's form

(6) 1-| + ( ( 2 a ) z - ( l - z ) p (z) + z

2 2 2 2
q i ( )| y = 0 ,
Z

dz 1 )
2 2
where p-^z) = c ( 2 - c ) / ( 4 a - c ( 2 - c ) z ) , p-j_(z) does n o t v a n i s h
and i s r e g u l a r f o r z < 4a / c ( 2 - c ) ; f u r t h e r m o r e
q (z)
x = 4a f(z) / (4a - c(z-c)'z) ,
2
2
2

_2
f o r z bounded q-j_(z) = 0 ( a ) as a -* » .

I f we s e t y = ( 2 - c ) and u = 2a, t h e n
c

2
(7) ^-g + (( /4)(l-z)/z Y
2
+ [(Y/2) (1-Z)/U Z][(2- Z/U )/(1-YZ/U )
2 2
Y
2 2

dz ( 2")
+ q _(z)/z j y = 0.
]

Now Y ( 1 - Z ) / 4 Z 2
i s n o t t h e dominant term, t h e t u r n i n g
p o i n t t-^ and t h e s i n g u l a r i t y t, = 0 c o a l e s c e f o r _a l a r g e and z
bounded. N u m e r i c a l a n a l y t i c methods can determine t h e v a l u e s
f o r 2 ] _ ( , j > t ) i n t h e r e g i o n i n w h i c h t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t and
F a a c

the s i n g u l a r i t y t=0 c o a l e s c e . F u r t h e r m o r e , ^F-^a, a; c; t )

probably i s the simplest f u n c t i o n demonstrating t h i s behaviour.
 22.

' CHAPTER I I I

THE ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR OF F - ( a , a ; c ; t ) AND 2 L 2 F (a,a+l-c;l;t )

1
_ 1

A s o l u t i o n of the normalized hypergeometric equation

2^
(1) ^ - g + {(At 2
+ B t + C) / 4 t ( l - t ) ) y 2 2
= 0,
' r " ' )
p
where A = l-(a-b) ,
B = 2 c ( a + b - l ) - 4ab, and

C =. c ( 2 - c ) , is

(2) |- ^ ( a ^ b j c j t J t ^ C l - t ) ^ ^ - ^ , 1 0 2
0 < t < 1, and

\ ^ ( a ^ a + l - c r a - b + l ^ - ^ t ^ ^ ^ ^ C t - l ) ^ ^ - ^ 1 0

t > 1.

Let us c o n s i d e r t h e case t h a t a = b i s a l a r g e real

parameter. Then e q u a t i o n ( l ) has t h e form

(3) ^ = [up(t) + q ( t ) l y ,
dt
where p(t) = l/(4t(1-t) ), 2

q ( t ) = ( c ( c - 2 ) - t ) / ( 4 t ( l - t ) ) and
2 2 2

u = 4a 2
- 2c(2a-l).

New v a r i a b l e s Z and Y a r e i n t r o d u c e d by t h e r e l a t i o n s

f *'
1 2 0
! ts.
Z = [(1/2)" [p(s)] 1 / 2
ds] 2

t J

, d t j-1/2
1
\ dz * ; y
 23.

T h e r e f o r e , we r e a d i l y o b t a i n
1/2 t

CO = (1A)|" = (l^tanh" ^) 1

1
"o s x /
*(l-s)

= (-l/4)ln((l- ft)/(l-hrt)), t < 1, and

1/2 »
(5) z 2 = (-lA)f -TTp^ - (l/2)coth" (/t) 1

t s ' (1-s)

= (-i/4)m((./ u-i)/(./t+i)), t > i . t

Equation (3) i s then t r a n s f o r m e d into

(6) = juz" 1
+ YZ" 2
+ h(z)z" | Y , 1

where Y = -3/l6 and f o r z = z 2

h(z). = (-3/4)-(l/4)cosech (2z 2 1 / 2

)+(c(c-2)+3/4)tanh (2z 2 1 / 2
).

For t > 1 r e l a t i o n (5) i m p l i e s t h a t t = c o t h ( 2 z 2 ).

T h i s l e a d s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s f o r t > 1 and z s z : 2

t = (||) = 2z" 1 / 2
coth(-2z 1 / 2
)cosech (2z 2 1 / 2
),

q[t(z)] = (l/4)[c(c-2)sinh (2z 4 1 / 2

)tanh (2z 4 1 / 2
) - sinh (2z 4 l / 2
)]

and t h e r e f o r e

(t) q[t(z)] = [c(c-2)z" ][tanh (2z

2 1 2 1 / 2
)]-[z~ coth (2z 1 2 1 / 2
)],

yz' 2 + h(z)z _ 1
= t i , (t" 1 / 2
)+(t) 1 / 2
q[t(z)]
dz

= (-3/l6)z" + z ' H 2
(-3/4)-(l/4)cosech (2z 2 1 / 2
)

+ (c(c-2) + (3/4))tanh (2z 2 1 / 2

)].
 24.

T h e r e f o r e , y = - 3 / l 6 and i f we s e t

u
2
= 1 + 4 Y = 1/4,

then w i t h o u t l o s s o f g e n e r a l i t y we can t a k e p. = 1/2.

I f we now p u t = u + c ( c - 2 ) = (2a-c) t h e n the b a s i c

e q u a t i o n (6) becomes

(7) ^ | = ( u ^ " + ( ( p -l ) / 4 ) z "

1 2 2
+ h (z) " )Y,
1 Z
1

dz
where h-^z) = (-l/4)cosech (2z / )-(c(c-2)+3/4)sech (2z ' ).
2 1 2 2 1 / 2

A p a i r o f l i n e a r independent s o l u t i o n s o f t h e comparison

e q u a t i o n , t h a t i s e q u a t i o n (7) w i t h h-^z) = 0, are

Y-L = z 1 / 2
K (2(u l Z ) 1 / 2
)and

I and K a r e m o d i f i e d B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s of o r d e r (jt .

2 2
For convenience, i f we now r e p l a c e z, ^ by z and u.j/4

r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e n e q u a t i o n (7) becomes
(8) ^ | = z" 1
|| + iju 2
+ Hz" 2
+ f ( z ) | Y,

where ^ = - 2 ( 2 a - c ) and f o r z s z 2 = (l/2)coth~ (,/t) 1

f(z) = 4h (z )1
2
= -cosech (2z) 2
- 4 ( ( c ( c - 2 ) + 3/4) s e c h ( 2 z ) ) . 2

The f u n c t i o n f ( z ) i s an even f u n c t i o n o f z and i s r e g u l a r i n

an unbounded s i m p l y - c o n n e c t e d open domain D, actually

f(z) = 0(|z|" 1 _ a
) as |z| - • ,

where a i s c o n s t a n t and a > 0.

 25.

Let D' be any s i m p l y - c o n n e c t e d domain l y i n g w h o l l y i n D,

the b o u n d a r i e s of w h i c h do not i n t e r s e c t t h e b o u n d a r i e s of D.

Let 6 > 0 be an a r b i t r a r y r e a l p o i n t i n the s e c t o r |arg z| < TT/2,

t h e n t h e domain comprises t h o s e p o i n t s z o f D' w h i c h can be

j o i n e d t o 6 by a c o n t o u r w h i c h l i e s i n D 1
and does n o t c r o s s

e i t h e r t h e i m a g i n a r y a x i s or t h e l i n e t h r o u g h z p a r a l l e l t o t h e

imaginary a x i s .

Next suppose d t o be an a r b i t r a r y p o i n t o f the s e c t o r

|arg z| < TT/2, w h i c h may be a t » , and e t o be an a r b i t r a r y

p o s i t i v e number. Then D 2 c o n s i s t s of those p o i n t s z of D' f o r

which |arg z| _< J>ir/2, Re z < Re d and a c o n t o u r can be found

j o i n i n g z and d w h i c h s a t i s f i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s [19,20]5

(i) i t l i e s i n D';

(ii) i t l i e s w h o l l y t o the r i g h t of the l i n e through z

p a r a l l e l t o the imaginary a x i s ;

(iii) i t does n o t c r o s s t h e n e g a t i v e i m a g i n a r y a x i s i f
TT/2 _< a r g z _< J>TT/2. and does n o t c r o s s t h e p o s i t i v e
i m a g i n a r y a x i s i f -37r/2 _< a r g z _< -TT/2;
(iv) i t l i e s o u t s i d e the c i r c l e | r | =, e|z|.

A p a i r of l i n e a r independent s o l u t i o n s o f t h e comparison
equation

(9)

are now Y-L = z l (u-jz) and

Y
2 = z K
M ( l )*
u z

The b a s i c e q u a t i o n (8) has s o l u t i o n s Y-^(z) and Y ( z ) such 2

t h a t f o r Re \x > 0
 26.

(i) i f z lies in D, x

M-l
Y (z) = z l ^ ^ z ) V A ( z ) u "
x + 0(u" ) s
2 s 2 M

U=0
M 1-1
-l f

£ B (z)u' s
2 s
+ (z/(l+|z|)0(u- ) 2 M

ls=0
as u^ -* <», u n i f o r m w i t h r e s p e c t t o z,

(ii) i f z l i e s i n B>>,
M-l \
Y (z) = z y u
2 l Z ) I A (z)u" s
2 s
+ 0(u" ) 2 M

^s=0
M-l
- ( z ^ 1
) ^ ! ^ ) ! £ B (z)u" s
2 s
+ (z/(l+|z|) 0(u" ) 2 M

(s=0 i
as u^ - <*>, u n i f o r m w i t h r e s p e c t t c . z .

Since f ( z ) = 0 ( | z | ~ 1 _ a
) as |z| - oo and a > 0, the asymptotic
expansion i s v a l i d f o r z tending to i n f i n i t y . The sequences of
f u n c t i o n s A ( z ) and B ( z ) are g i v e n "by the r e l a t i o n s

A (z) = 1
G

2B (z) = - A i ( z ) + J ^ f ( t ) A ( t ) - ( 2 p + l ) t - A ( t ) j dt,
s s
1
s

2A s + 1 ( z ) = ( 2 n + l ) - B ( z ) - B l ( z ) + J * |f ( t ) B ( t )jdt + C
Z
1
s g fi ,

where C 6 i s a c o n s t a n t and 6 > 0 i s f i x e d .

Asymptotic forms, t h a t i s M = 1, of t h e s e s o l u t i o n s are

(i) i f z l i e s i n L^,

Y ( z ) = z l ( u z ) ^1 + 0 ( u " ) ^
1 ( j 1
2

+
( a u
i ) n i
1 I
+
( u
i z )
^ o B ( z ) +
( /(
Z 1 +
I D)Z
° K ^
2
 27.

as - », u n i f o r m w i t h r e s p e c t t o z i n D^,

(ii) i f z l i e s i n Dg,

Y (z) = zK^(u z) | 1 + 0(u" )

2 1
2

- ( z u - ^ K ^ ^ z ) | B ( Z ) + (z/(l+|z|)) 0(u~ ) 0
2

as u-j^ - <*>, u n i f o r m w i t h r e s p e c t t o z i n Dg.

/

The f u n c t i o n B q 2 (Z) S B ( z ) i s now

Q g i v e n by t h e i n t e g r a l

B (z) =
o2 (1/2) J Z
f(s)ds, 6 > 0
6
z
= (-1/2) J cosech (2s) 2

+ 4(c(c-2)+3/4)sech (2s) 2
ds

= (1/4)coth(2z)+(c(c-2)+3/4)tanh(-2z)+C , 2 6

where C 2 & i s a c o n s t a n t and 6 > 0 i s f i x e d .

S i n c e any s o l u t i o n i s l i n e a r l y e x p r e s s i b l e i n terms of

two l i n e a r independent s o l u t i o n s and since'

Y(t[ Z l ]) = (^)- /2p 1

( a , a ; C ; t ) t c/2 ( 1 . t ) (2a l.c)/2 +

x
dz£ 1

0 < t < 1, i s a s o l u t i o n of equation (8), i t follows that

(10) Y(t[z ]) = c (u )Y (z )
1 1 1 1 1 + c (u )Y (z ),
2 1 2 1

and s i m i l a r l y , since

Y(t[z ]) - ? ( ^g)" / 1 2
2 P (a,a l-c;l;t- )t( -
T +
1 c 2 a
)/ (t-l)(
2 2 a + 1
- )/ ,
c 2

dzj • 1

t > 1,

i s a s o l u t i o n of ( 8 ) , i t implies that
 28.

(11) Y(t[z ]) = d (u )Y (z )
2 1 1 1 2 + d (u )Y (z ).
2 1 2 2

Now, fix and l e t t -» 1, t h a t i s z-^ and z 2 approach

infinity. I t i s w e l l known [30] t h a t

I (z) ~ ( 2 7 r z ) - 1 / 2
(e + z
e ±^ + 1
/ ) 2 i r i
e" ),z
|arg z| < 3^/2 - e, e > 0,

as |z| -» » u n i f o r m l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o a r g z; the upper s i g n

a p p l i e s t o the range -TT/2 + e _< a r g z _< 3T/2 - € and the lower

t o the range -3t/2 + e _< a r g z _< TT/2 - €. Also,

K f j (z) ~ (V2z) 1 / 2
e" , z

|arg z| _< 3ff/2 - e u n i f o r m l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o a r g z as |z| -» ».

Near the r e g u l a r s i n g u l a r i t y t = l [ p ( t ) ] / 1 2
~ l/(2(l-t))

and t h e r e f o r e a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n s (4) and (5)

e -4z x ~ 1-t , 0 < t <1

e ^ 2 ~ t-1 z
, t > 1.

A p p l y i n g t h e s e e s t i m a t e s t o the s o l u t i o n s (2) f o r a=h we g e t

(12) y(t[Zl]) -^(a.ajc^Xl-e^D^te-Sjt ^)/ 2 2

~ (r(e)r<oa.)/<r<c.) ) 2 ) e - 2 ( 2 a + i
- c ) z
i

as t -* 1" and - a i s l a r g e ;

y(t[z ]) ~ ^ ( a ^ + L c j U f ^ l + e ^ ^ l i ^
2
2
^ / ^ 4
^ ) ^ 2
)

~ (r(c-2a)/(r(l-a)r(c-a)))e- ( 2 2 a + 1
- ) 2 c z

as t 1 +
and - a i s l a r g e .

L e t t i n g t -» 1 +
i n equation (11) and u s i n g the approxi-

m a t i o n s f o r the m o d i f i e d B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s as | z | - », we r e a d i l y P
see that

d ( i) =2
u 0

and s i n c e u^ i s l a r g e and B q 2 ( Z ) remains bounded as

2 | j -» •
/ 2 Y
d
l ( l ) ( - | -
u d
) 1
I( z
2 ) ~ e( l- ) 2(7ru )- / d (u ) ,
u 2 z
1
1 2
1 1
dz 2

as | z | -» OB ,
2 | arg z | 2 <_ 3T/2 - e, € > 0, u n i f o r m l y i n a r g z 2

Prom r e l a t i o n (12) we then f i n d that

(13) d (u [a])
1 1 = (r(c>2a)/(r(l-a)r(c-a)))(2(c-2a)7r) / . 1 2

The constant d ^ u - J a ] ) i s w e l l d e f i n e d f o r Re(c-2a) > 0 since

t h e i n v e r s e of the gamma f u n c t i o n i s e n t i r e .

Because

p M a . a + l - C i l i t - ) = (-SS-)l/2 (2a-c)/2 _ 1
t ( t l ) ( c-2a-l)/2 x
x
d | Z

x Y (z )d (u [a]),1 2 1 1

we t h e n have d e r i v e d the f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t .

For a and c r e a l , c-2a > 0 and the t-interval

1 < t _< T 2 < «

(14) g F ^ a + l - c j l j t - ) - 1
B(a)t( 2 a
- c + 1
/ )/ (t-l)( "
2 2 c 2 a
)/ x 2

x| 2 Z / 2
I l / 2 ( i 2)
u z [ l +
°( l ) U 2 ]
" ( 2
2 / 2 u
l ) 3/2
1 I ( u
l 2^ Z [ B
o2( 2) z

+ z /(l+|z | )0(u^)]
2 2

u n f o r m l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t as *•• oo,
where = -2(2a-c), c f i x e d ,

z 2 = ( l ^ c o t h " ^ ) , 1

B(a) = (r(c-2a)/r(l-a)r(c-a))(2u Tr) 1

1 / 2
,

B o 2 (z ) = ( l A ) t
2
1 / 2
- (c(c-2) + 3 A ) t - 1 / 2
+ Gm ,
2 x

T< 2 » and f i x e d .

F i n a l l y , i f We now c o n s i d e r the i n t e r v a l 0 < 1^ _< t < 1,

1/2 -1
then = ( l / 2 ) t a n h ~ (./t). Analogous t o r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d
b e f o r e , we now have t s ^| = 8z^ 2
tanh(2z^ / / 2
)sec h(2 J
2
z
/ / 2
)

and Y z~ 2
+ h^z^zl 1 = t 1/2 ^ t" 1 / 2
+ t^q(t[ ]) Z l

dz 1

- -(Vl6)z" 2
+ z ^ i h ^ ) + c(2-c)),

where h ^ z - ^ = ( l / 4 ) s e c h ( 2 J / ) + ( c ( c - 2 ) + 3 / 4 ) c o s e c h ( 2 ^
2
z
2 2
z
/ / 2
).

T h e r e f o r e , as b e f o r e y = -(3/l6) such t h a t n = 1/2 and

2

= u + c ( 2 - c ) = (2a-c) ; f u r t h e r m o r e , i f a g a i n we r e p l a c e z^
2 2
and by z^ and u.j/4 r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e n

z± = ( l ^ J t a n h " ^ / ^ ) , 1

u^. = - 2 ( 2 a - c ) and

f( Z l ) = 4h ( 1 z
2
) = sech (2z )+(4c(p^2)+3)cosech (2z ).
2
1
2
1

I t i s seen t h a t f ( Z ; L ) = 0(| | Z l ) as | | - », a > 0. Z l

As b e f o r e , the r e a s o n f o r m o d i f y i n g the l a r g e parameter i s to

make, f ( Z l ) = 0(| Z l |~ 1 _ a
) as | | - », a > 0, such t h a t t h e
Z l

solutions Y ( z ) and Y (
1 1 2 Z l ) o f equations- (8) c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

z = z-j^ have a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s v a l i d as z^ tends t o i n f i n i t y .

 3T.

T h i s a l s o makes i t t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e t o compare r e l a t i o n s ( 1 1 )

and (12) near t = l and u s i n g w e l l known e s t i m a t e s f o r the modi-

f i e d B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s as | z ^ | t e n d s t o i n f i n i t y , t h e c o n s t a n t s

c ^ ( u ) and c ( u ) can be o b t a i n e d .
1 2 1

To f i n d these c o n s t a n t s , we f i r s t have t o o b t a i n t h e

function B ^ ^ ^ . B
0 i( i)
z l s n o w
g i v e n by the integral

B
ol/ l) = (V2)J
z Z l
f(s)ds =
6
( l / 4 ) t a n h ( 2 ) - (c(c-2) + 3/4) c o t h ( 2 ) + C
Z ; L Z l 1 6 ,

6 > 0 and f i x e d . L e t t i n g t - 1~ i n r e l a t i o n (10) and k e e p i n g

u-^ f i x e d we see t h a t

c ( u ) = 0,
2 1

1/2

^("IKTJ! ) V l> z
~ e( l- ) l(7ru )- / c (u )
u 2 z
1
1 2
1 1 as \ \ - . ,
Z l

| arg I _< 37r/2 - e, e > 0, u n i f o r m l y i n a r g z^; s i n c e is

a l a r g e parameter and B ^ ( z ) remains bounded as \z-^\ - « . Q 1

Prom the e s t i m a t e s (12) we now r e a d i l y g e t

c ( u [ a ] ) = (r(c)r(c-2a)/(r(c-a)) )(2(c-2a)7r) / .
1 1
2 1 2

The constant c ( u [ a ] ) i s w e l l d e f i n e d f o r Re c > 0 and

2 1

R e ( c - 2 a ) > 0, s i n c e t h e i n v e r s e o f t h e gamma f u n c t i o n i s e n t i r e .

Because

2 F l ( a,a c t) ; ; = #2)V2t-=/2 ( 1 . t ) (c-2 -l)/2Y 8

( !
)C (^)
dz-^

we t h e n have d e r i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g - r e s u l t .
 32.

For a and c r e a l , c > 0, c-2a > 0 and t h e t - l n t e r v a l

0 < T 1 < t < 1

(15) ^ ( a ^ c j t ) = A(a)t(- c +
^/ (l-t)( - 2 C 2 a ) / 2
x

x
[Y
z 2
V 2 ( u
i z
i ) [ i +
°( i u 2 ) ]

- ( l z / 2 u
l ) 3/2( l l
1 I U Z ) [ B
ol( l) z +
z /(l+iz l)0(u- )]|
1 1
2

u n i f o r m l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t as u^ -»

where u.^ = ( l / 2 ) t a n h ~ , / i , 1 -

A(a) = (r(c)r(c-2a)/(r(c-a)) )(2u 7r) / , 2

1
1 2

B o l ( Z l ) = (l/4')t 1 / 2
-(c(c-2)+3A)t- 1 / 2
+C T ,

T-j^ > 0 and f i x e d .

C o m p l e t e l y a n a l o g o u s l y t o t h e f o r e g o i n g complete asymp-
t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s can be o b t a i n e d f o r
2F^(a,a+l-cjl;t ) _ 1
and

2F^(a,a;c;t) as - a -• » ,

u s i n g t h e complete a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s o f Y-^(z) and Y2(z)

instead of t h e i r asymptotic forms.

• By e m p l o y i n g t h e a l t e r n a t i v e forms o f t h e h y p e r g e o m e t r i c

function and t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e a n a l y t i c c o n t i n u a t i o n o f

the hypergeometric f u n c t i o n , i t i s possible t o deduce v a r i o u s

other asymptotic expansions f o r the hypergeometric function.

For i n s t a n c e , f o r 0 < t < 1

2 F (a,a;c;t) =( l - t ) ( "
1
c 2 a
^ F (c-a,c-ajc;t);
2 a

so we have t h e f o l l o w i n g result.
 For a and c r e a l , c > 0, c-2a > 0 and the t - i n t e r v a l

0 < T x < t < 1

(16) 2 F (c-a,c-a;c;t)-A(a)t(-
1
c + 1
/ )/ (l-t)(
2 2 2 a
- )/
c 2
x

x |z 1 / 2
I 1 / 2 (u l Z l )[l + 0(uj )] 2

- (z 1 / 2
u- )l 1
V 2 (u z )[B
1 1 o l (z ) 1 + z /(l+|z |) 0(u~ )]j
1 1
2

uniformly w i t h r e s p e c t t o t as •* » , where u^,z^,A(a) and

B Q l ( z ) are g i v e n by
1 (15).

As an a p p l i c a t i o n of the a s y m p t o t i c f o r m (16) l e t us

c o n s i d e r the complex z-plane and suppose t h a t F ( z ) = U ( z ) + i V ( z )

i s h o l o m o r p h i c i n |z| < R and c o n t i n u o u s i n |z| _< R.
F u r t h e r m o r e , f o r z = r e " ^ l e t us denote Max 1
F(re 1 - e
) by
0<Q<2ir

M ( r ; F ) , r _< R. Then Cauchy's f o r m u l a f o r the n t h order

d e r i v a t i v e of F ( z ) s t a t e s that

P r o v i d e d F ( z ) ^ M(R;F) we t h e n have from the Maximum modulus

p r i n c i p l e the inequality

(18) | F ( z ) | < %L-

n
M(R;P) J -M} , r < R.
|z|=R | t - z n+1

But for I z j = r < R the i n t e g r a l I I dt

I .., can be

2T? J
jz|=R |t-z| n + 1

worked out [11] and i s found t o be 2 F ( ^ ( n + l ) , ^ ( n + l ) ; l ; (-yr) ).

] L
2

We therefore have the f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t .

For j z | = r < R and o < T x _< ( £ ) 2

< 1 ,
 34,

(19) | F ( z ) | < n<

n
M(R;F) F (^(n+l)^(n+l);l;(|) ),
2 1
2

here 2 F ( ^ ( n + l ) ^ ( n + l ) ; 1 ; (-|) ) f o r l a r g e n i s g i v e n by (16),

1
2

where

u x = 2w,
c = 1
z x = (l/2)tanh (|) _ 1
,
A[a(n)] =r(n)(r(-|(n+l)))- ( 4 7 m ) 2 1 / 2
and
B 0 l ( Z l ) = (l/4)(rR" + Rr" )+ C 1 1
T ,
T 1 > 0 and f i x e d .

A s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f n.'A(n) i s o b t a i n e d by u s i n g t h e d u p l i c a t i o n
f o r m u l a o f t h e gamma f u n c t i o n

(20) T T 1 / 2
(2n) = 2 2 n _ 1
T(n) T(n+l/2).

I t t h e n i s found t h a t

(21) n.»A[a(n)] = 2 2 n + 1
( F ( ^ + 1) ) ( n 7 r ) " / . 2 1 2

I f we now expand t h e gamma f u n c t i o n i n a S t i r l i n g s e r i e s , we

get f o r n l a r g e

(22) n»A[a(n)] ~ 2 ( 2 n ) ' e " ( m r ) n n 1 / 2

or

(23) A[a(n)] ^2( n+1

/ ). 2

T h e r e f o r e , i n view o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r m u l a e o f m o d i f i e d

B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s - f o r l a r g e v a l u e s o f t h e v a r i a b l e we can

r e s t a t e r e l a t i o n (19) as f o l l o w s :

for | z | = r < R and o < T _< ( r R x

- 1
) 2
< 1 ,
 35.

(24) | F ( z ) | < nJ M(RjP) p F ^ n + l ) y | ( n + l ) ; l ^ ) ) ,

n 2

here f o r n l a r g e

n J ^ ^ n + D ^ C n + l ; ! ; ^ ) ) ~ 2(2n) e- (n7r) / 2 n n 1 2
x

x (rR- )- / (l-(rR- ) )- / 1 1 2 1 2 n 2
zJ/ I 2
1 / 2 (2nz ) 1

= ^(2n) e" (rR' )" n n 1 1 / 2

(l-(rR" ) ) 1 2 _ n / 2
sinh(n tanh" (rR- )), 1 1

since z 1 / / 2
I- L / , (2nz ) = (sinh(2nz )) (2nir)" /
2 1 1
1 2

and z 1 = (l/2)tanh" (rR ). 1 - 1

A f u r t h e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n i s obtained by n o t i n g that

tanh" (rR" ) = \ l n (
1
) , 1 1 + r R
1 rR - 1
< 1, and t h e r e f o r e f o r r R < _ 1

l-rR" x

2 s i n h ( n t a n h - ^ r R " ) ) = ±+I*±)*/ 1
{
2
. ( l ^ n/2 1
^ g o t h a t

1-rR l+rR-- 1

i n the estimate (24) f o r n l a r g e , | z | = r < R and

1 2
0 < T
i S. ( r R
) < 1 we now have

(25) nJ F (-^(n+l)^(n+l);l;(|) ) ~
2 1
2

(l/2)./2 ( 2 n ) e - ( r " R ) n n 1 1 / 2
((l-rR" )" 1 n
- (1 + r R " ) ' ) . 1 1 1

The asymptotic form ( 2 5 ) y i e l d s a b e t t e r estimate then

| F ( z ) | _< 2nJ R(R-r ) "

n n _ 1
M(R;F), v a l i d f o r |z|=r, 0 < r < R.

T h i s r e l a t i o n f o l l o w s r e a d i l y from ( l 8 ) upon n o t i n g that

(R-r)"" "" n 1
i s an upper bound f o r t h e i n t e g r a n d .
 36.

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