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The aims of this experiment is to analyse the relationship between pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. Another objective of this experiment was
carried out to demonstrate the vapor pressure curve. The experiment was done by using the
market boiler. Based on the graph, it shown that the curved of pressure and temperature are
directly proportional as the temperature increase with the pressure. The graph of absolute
pressure against dT/dP (measured slope) was slightly deviate compared to absolute pressure
against Tvg/hfg (calculated slope) due to error occurred during the experiment. Theoretically,
the value of dT/dP (measured slope) should be near to the value of Tvg/hfg (calculated slope).
Introduction
When a system undergoes a process the exchange of heat and work between a system
and the surrounding occurred. This process is the field study of thermodynamics. Beside,
thermodynamic also study about the changes in properties of gas and liquid. Gases and
vapours which is some example of thermodynamics substances are often preferred as P-V-T
substances.
The equation of states that relates the pressure, the specific volume or density, and
absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R is obey by an ideal gas
but the not real gas. The ideal gas equation of state has been modified to allow its uses in the
properties of real gas. The activities among the molecules increasing as energy added within
the water caused the number of molecules escapes from a surface until the equilibrium
increases until the state of equilibrium is achieved. This equilibrium state is depends on the
pressure between water surface and steam. The required energy to reach the state of
equilibrium will be reduced when the pressure is lower as the molecule will be easier to leave
the water surface. Saturated temperature is temperature where equilibrium occurs at given
pressure while saturated pressure is pressure where equilibrium occurs at given temperature.
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. Besides that, this experiment was carried out to
demonstrate the vapour pressure curve. This was done by recorded the reading of temperature
Theory
Marcet boiler has been developed for study the relationship between pressure and
temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water all pressure between atmospheric
Thermodynamics deals with interchange of heat and work of a system but only with the
large-scale response of a system that can be observed and measured in experiments. Kinetic
thermodynamics.
3) Volume (V)
The relationship between them may be reduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal
Gas law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is simply:-
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Where,
P= Absolute Pressure
V= Volume
n=Amount of substance (moles)
Ideal gas said to occurred when the gas behave likely as the ideal gas law in terms of
the volume, pressure, moles and temperature. While, the gas differs from the Ideal gas
As the number of energy within the water increases, the activity among the molecules
also increases caused the number of molecule escape from the surface increases until it reach
equilibrium. This equilibrium state depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. The molecule required less energy in reaching the state of equilibrium at lower
pressure as it is easier for the molecule leaving the surface of water. Saturated temperature is
The calculated value of the slope dT/Dpsat gained from the practical results can be
compared with the corresponding value that calculated from the data obtain in steam tables.
Clausius-Clapeyron states :
dT TVfg
( )SAT = ….(2)
dP hfg
dT T ( vf − vg )
( )SAT = ….(2)
dP hf − hg
hf + hfg = hg ….(2)
dT T ( vf − vg ) Tvg
Hence, ( )SAT = = ….(2)
dP h f − hg hfg
As vg >> vf
In which,
B G
H
C
I
E J
420
Average Temperature, T (K)
410
400
390
380
370
360
350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
Slope
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute pressure
𝑇 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 +𝑇 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
a) Temperature average, Tavg ( ͦ C) = 2
81.3 ͦ 𝐶 +81.80 ͦ 𝐶
=
2
= 81.55 ͦ 𝐶
Tavg ( °K) = Tavg ( °C) + 273 = 81.55 + 273 = 354.55°K
356.1°K−354.55°K
b) Measured slope, dT/dP = = 0.155°K/kPa
120 𝑘𝑃𝑎−110𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐾. 𝑚3 𝐾
0.188 = 0.188
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 kJ = 1 kPa. m3
d) Percentage error
0.175−0.188
% error = | |x 100% = 7.43%
0.175
Discussion
Liquid will transform from liquid to steam when saturated liquid inside a container
heated to its boiling temperature. The internal pressure will increases if the steam are not
allowed to escape from the container because the internal molecular energy will increase and
the atoms will more excited. This atoms will collides with each other and split with higher
velocity. Their forces will be higher as their mass remain constant. As it are not allowed to
occupy more area and their forces on them increases, they exerts pressure on the container,
which gradually increases with temperature. Based on the graph, that temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure.
Marcet boiler is the device which we use to observe the relation in between pressure
and temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. The water started to be heated with
constant pressure until it reaching boiling point. A constant volume system was created by
close the valve. At that point, direct relations between temperature and pressure is observed.
We noticed that the valve should be close as it reach boiling point to ensure the
system is in constant volume process, otherwise pressure cannot increased. This action also
keep the water at saturated liquid phase.
Based on the result and plotted graph, the relation between pressure and temperature
is directly proportional. The error between theoretical value and the actual value is 7.43%
which caused by some error. The experiment slope also show a small deviation compared to
theoretical value because of certain error during the experiment.
Recommendation
There are a few of recommendations that can be considered after the experiment is
done. To get the accurate results in observation and reading, the experiments must repeat
three time then get the average reading. Next, we should learn how to read the data properly
to avoid any error during the experiment. Besides, we should learn technique to handle the
equipment to avoid failure in handle the experiment. We also should be alert to turn off the
heater when the pressure reach 10 bar.
Reference