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Heat Exchangers
Heat transfer equipments:
i) Heat exchangers
ii) Evaporators
iii) Dryers
iv) Agitated vessel
Topic Outline
• Types of heat exchangers
• Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD)
• Correction Factor of LMTD
• Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
• Fouling Factors
• Design of heat exchanger
HEAT EXCHANGERS
• Types of heat exchangers:
1. Double pipe heat exchanger
2. Shell and tube exchanger
3. Plate-type exchanger
4. Crossflow exchanger
• One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows
over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between
the two fluids.
Fig 1.2 Shell and tube heat exchanger
(1 shell pass and 1 tube passes (1-1 exchanger))
• The cold fluid enters and flow inside through all the tubes in
parallel in one pass
• The hot fluid enters at the other end and flow counterflow across
the outside the tubes in the shell side.
• Cross-baffles – increase the shell side heat transfer coefficient
Fig 1.3 Shell and tube heat exchanger
(1 shell pass and 2 tube passes (1-2 exchanger))
• The liquid on the tube side flows in two passes
• The shell-side liquid flows in one pass
• In the first pass of the tube side, the cold fluid is flowing
counterflow to the hot shell-side fluid
• In the second pass of the tube side, the cold fluid flows in parallel
(co-current)
Fig 1.4 Shell and tube heat exchanger
(2 shell pass and 4 tube passes (2-4 exchanger))
Fig. 1.5 Shell and tube heat exchanger
Fig. 1.6 Hellical baffle
3. Plate heat exchanger
• Use metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids
• Consist of many corrugated stainless steel sheets separated by
polymer gaskets and clamped in a steel frame.
• The corrugation induce turbulence for improve heat transfer
• The space between plates is equal to the depth of the corrugations
(2 - 5 mm)
• The plates are compressed in a rigid frame to create an
arrangement of parallel flow channels with alternating hot and
cold fluids.
• Major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the
fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids
spread out over the plates.
Fig. 1.6 Plate heat exchanger
4. Cross-flow exchanger
Fig. 1.7 Cross-flow heat exchangers: (a) one fluid mixed (gas)
and one fluid unmixed; (b) both fluids unmixed.
• A common device used to heat or cool a gas such as air
• One of the fluids, which is a liquid, flows inside through the tubes,
and the exterior gas flows across the tube bundle by forced or
sometimes natural convection.
• The fluid inside the tubes is considered to be unmixed, since it is
confined and cannot mix with any other stream.
• The gas flow outside the tubes is mixed, since it can move about
freely between the tubes, and there will be a tendency for the gas
temperature to equalize in the direction normal to the flow.
• For the unmixed fluid inside the tubes, there will be a
temperature gradient both parallel and normal to the direction of
flow.
t2
Where: t1
Tlm
Thi Tco Tho Tci ---------------- Eq. (7)
Thi Tco
ln
Tho Tci
Figure 4.9-4(a) Correction factor to LMTD for 1-2 and 1-4
exchangers (Geankoplis, 4th ed.)
Figure 4.9-4(b) Correction factor to LMTD for 2-4
exchangers (Geankoplis, 4th ed.)
Example 2 Temperature Correction Factor for a Heat
Exchanger
A 1-2 heat exchanger containing one shell pass and two tube passes
heats 2.52 kg/s of water from 21.1 to 54.4 0C by using hot water
under pressure entering at 115.6 and leaving at 48.9 0C. The outside
surface area of the tubes in the exchanger is Ao = 9.30 m2.
Solution:
The temperatures are as follows:
Thi = 115.6 0C Tho = 48.9 0C Tci = 21.2 0C
Tco = 54.4 0C
Heat balance on the cold water, assume Cpm of water of 4187 J/kg.K
and Tco – Tci = (54.4 – 21.1) 0C = 33.3 0C = 33.3 K
Tlm
115.6 54.4 48.9 21.1 42.3C 42.3K
115.6 54.4
ln
48.9 21.1
Calculate the Z and Y values using Eq (5 & 6)
From Figure 4.9-4(a), FT = 0.74
Using Eq. (3),
Tm FT Tm 0.74(42.3) 31.3C 31.3K
q CC TCo TCi UA
THo TCi THi TCo
----------- Eq. (13)
THo TCi
ln
Hi Co
T T
•Combining Eq. (8) with the left side of Eq. (12) and solving for
THi. 1
THi TCi (TCo TCi ) ----------- Eq. (14)
•Subtracting TCo from both sides,
1 1
THi TCo TCi TCo (TCo TCi ) 1(TCo TCi ) ----------- Eq. (15)
•From Eq. (8) for Cmin = CC and Cmax = CH ,
----------- Eq. (16)
Cmin
THo THi (TCo TCi )
Cmax
•This can be rearranged to give the following:
Cmin ----------- Eq. (17)
THo TCi THi TCi (TCo TCi )
Cmax
•Substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (17),
Solution
Assuming that the exit water temperature is about 370 K,
the cp for water at an average temperature of (308 + 370)/2 =
339 K is 4.192 kJ/kg.K (Appendix A.2).