2nd NRDF Book of Abstracts

Republic of the Philippines
Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College

of Agriculture and Technology
Research and Development Services Office
Mandaon, Masbate
In coordination with
Commission on Higher Education
Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges
Provincial Government of Masbate
Volume 2, April 2016

ISSN: 2362-8146
2nd National R&D Forum

Across Disciplines
Linking Knowledge and Practices for
Sustainable Global Development
April 14-16, 2016

Bituon Beach Resort,
Mobo, Masbate
ABOUT THIS BOOK
This Book of Abstracts is published by the Research and Development Ser-

vices Office of the Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agri-
culture and Technology that aims to bring together new dynamics that have
emerged in each of the key domains of education, research and innovation,
society and culture, environment and science and technology. It is believed
that sharing of new knowledge across disciplines are core foundations in the
promotion of a nurturing science towards development goals.
Abstracts published in this book are from the articles submitted for presenta-
tion along different subthemes during the plenary session of the 2nd National
R & D Forum Across Disciplines organized and hosted by the College.
CONTENTS
About this Book

Messages
College President
Vice President for Administration and Finance
Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dean of the Graduate School
Director, Research and Development Services
CHED Endorsement
PASUC Endorsement
Program of Activities
List of Abstracts
Abstracts
Overview and Objectives
Steering Committee
Editorial and Publication Staff
ii
DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL STATE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Office of the College President
Mandaon, Masbate
MESSAGE
I am overwhelmingly delighted and proud that once again our humble insti-
tution conducts this 2nd National Research and Development Forum. I salute the
organizing committees who have been keenly cognizant of the significance of gath-
ering together to share new knowledge from the pool of scholars.
I must stress the vital parameters embedded in the vision of the Higher Edu-
cation Roadmap 2 that “public higher education institutions, especially SUCs, shall
significantly contribute to the urgent tasks of alleviating poverty, creating new
knowledge, hastening the pace of innovation, and increasing productivity”. The aca-
deme indeed has a great role to play in uplifting the quality of life of the humanity
through continuous quest for excellent ideas and innovations.
I applaud sincerely the Presidents of the participating SUCs and the heads of
the different educational institutions for sending their researchers in this essential
academic pursuit. May our researchers continue to strive not only for the better but
also for the best for a solid future as far as search for new knowledge is concerned.
To all the participants, we warmly welcome you to the Province of Masbate.
ERWIN H. MALTO, PhD

SUC President II
iii
Office of the Vice-President for Administration
and Finance
Mandaon, Masbate
MESSAGE
Warm Christian greetings!
Societal development is largely dependent on research. Researches are con-

ducted to discover solutions to problems brought about by the ever-growing com-
plexities of time and environment.
The conduct of the 2nd National R&D Forum in this part of the country is an
avenue for academicians, scientists, and researchers to present, discuss, and dis-
seminate new and innovative ideas that may contribute to the pool of knowledge
and subsequently redound to the transformation of the society.
May this three-day National R&D forum be a fruitful endeavor to every par-
ticipant.
Godspeed. Mabuhay po tayong lahat!
EFREN G. CAJURAO, PhD

Vice-President for Administration and Finance
iv
Office of the Vice-President for Academic Affairs
Mandaon, Masbate
MESSAGE
It is my distinct pride to congratulate the participants and the paper pre-
senters in this very remarkable event, the 2nd National Research and Development
Forum, hosted by the Research and Development Services of the Dr. Emilio B. Espi-
nosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology (DEBESMSCAT). In-
deed, holding this scientific endeavor provides an avenue for the exchange of sig-
nificant research findings that will eventually contribute to the continuous search
for new and functional knowledge that would have impact to the unending quest
for mechanisms needed as input to the much-coveted phenomena of change and
societal progress which the world now is much dependent on, to meet the ever-
changing and dynamic needs of mankind.
It is a fact that being a researcher is a tedious task. One has to experience

lots of challenges, hardships, and a lot more personal inconveniences, but on the
other side of it is the fulfilment of one’s passion to quench inherent intellectual cu-
riosity and creative inclinations which is gratifying and worth working for. The
knowledge that you may share in this activity, which is founded by empirical and
rational underpinnings, would be a legacy to this current generation and the next
generations to come for the continuous improvement of human lives in this ever-
changing world. It is therefore encouraged that this kind of scholarly engagements
be raised to a higher level.
Congratulations and Godspeed.
PROLUCEN C. VELARDE, PhD

Vice-President for Academic Affairs
v
Office of the Dean of the Graduate School
Mandaon, Masbate
MESSAGE
Warm Greetings to the participants of the 2nd National Research and De-
velopment Forum hosted by the lone state college in the province of Masbate. The
NRDF which embraces the theme, “Linking Knowledge and Practices for Sustainable
Global Development” is an avenue for a scholarly exchange of information,
knowledge, and innovative ideas. Genuine involvement in research endeavors by
intelligent individuals and scientists from the academe will contribute greatly to the
country’s desire to find solutions and mitigate social and environmental problems
confronting the nation and the world today. This forum will also be an opportunity
to listen and learn from the speakers who can dish out fresh ideas and insights
along research undertakings, thus, promoting result-oriented researches.
On behalf of the DEBESMSCAT Research and Development Council mem-

bers, I sincerely recognize the support of the State Universities and Colleges by
sending their researchers to share and bring about scientific contributions to the
research society for Sustainable Global Development.
Godspeed to all of us, participants in the 2nd NRDF.
vi
Office of the Director of R&D Services
Mandaon, Masbate
MESSAGE
Greetings of Peace and Joy as we hold the 2nd National Research and De-
velopment Forum across Disciplines this April 14-16, 2016 at Bituon Beach Resort,
Mobo, Masbate.
This gathering of researchers and scholars from different State Universi-

ties and Colleges and other educational institutions all over the Philippines, pro-
vides an avenue for the sharing and exchange of significant findings and creating
new knowledge from and among the participants through paper presentations that
would ensure sustainable growth and development.
To the Research and Development Council, the working committees who

“walked” with me from conceptualization up to the realization of this activity, my
gratitude to all of you from the deepest part of my heart.
A salute to all of the participants for taking part in the success of this oc-
casion.
Congratulations to all of us.
MORENA C. BUAYAN, EdD

Director, Research and Development Services
vii
viii
ix
2nd National Research & Development Forum Across Disciplines: “Linking
Knowledge and Practices for Sustainable Global Development”
April 14-16, 2016
Bituon Beach Resort
Mobo, Masbate
PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES
Day 1 (April 14) - Arrival of Guests & Participants
8:00 AM – 12:00 PM - Billeting of participants/registration

Part 1
1:00 PM - 3:30 PM - Opening Program
Doxology - DEBESMSCAT Chorale
Philippine National Anthem - DEBESMSCAT Chorale
Welcome Address - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

SUC President II
- Hon. Vince Homer B. Revil

Governor
Province of Masbate
- Hon. Percival D. Castillo

Mayor, Municipality of Mobo
Presentation of Participants - Dr. Prolucen C. Velarde

Vice Pres for Academic Affairs
Introduction of the - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

Keynote Speaker SUC President II
Keynote Speech - Dr. Fay Lea Patria M. Lauraya

University Professor, Bicol University
Lead Person Innovation Grants,
Commission on Higher Education
Awarding of Plaque of - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

Commendation to the Assisted by the members of the Research
Keynote Speaker & Development Council
Intermission - DEBESMSCAT Ambassadors
Introduction of the - Dr. Morena C. Buayan

Plenary Speaker I Director for Research & Development Services
Talk of the Plenary Speaker I - Dr. Safary Wa-Mbaleka

American Scholar, Author, Editor, Associate Professor
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies

Commendation to the Assisted by the Members of the
Plenary Speaker Research & Development Council
Intermission - DEBESMSCAT Chorale
Closing Remarks - Dr. Efren G. Cajurao

Vice Pres for Administration and Finance
MS. IRIS B. CASTILLO and MR. MICHAEL O. OGAYA

Master and Lady of Ceremony
x
Part II
4:00 PM – 7:00 PM - Cultural Tour to the Rodeo Festival Arena
7:00 PM – 9:00 PM - Fellowship Dinner at Racknell Bar & Grill
9:15 PM - Return Trip to Bituon Beach Resort
Day 2 (April 15) Plenary Session

Prayer - Ms Milagros A. Celedonio
Faculty- College of Arts and Sciences
Philippine National Anthem - Dr. Novy R. Clores

GAD Focal Person
Introduction of the - Dr. Renee A. Lamela

Plenary Speaker II Dean, Graduate School
Message of the Plenary Speaker II - Engr. Lorvi B. Pagorogon

Campus Director
Philippine Science High School
Central Mindanao Campus

Commendation to the Assisted by the Members of the
Plenary Speaker Research & Development Council
MS. IRIS B. CASTILLO

Lady of Ceremony
Parallel Paper Presentation To be conducted in designated venues

9:30 AM—5:00 PM
Day 3 (April 16) - Closing Program and Awarding Ceremonies
8:00 Am – 11:00 Am - Closing Program and Awarding Ceremonies
Prayer - Miss Milagros A. Celedonio

Professor, Arts and Sciences
Philippine National Anthem - Assisting Public Address System
Awarding of Plaque of - Chairman & Members

Recognition to the Research and Development Council
Moderators/ Facilitators
Awarding of Certificates of - Chairman & Members

Participation Research & Development Council
Closing Remarks and Words - Dr. Morena C. Buayan

of Gratitude Director for Research & Development Services
MR. RODOLFO B. BURAC, JR.

Master of Ceremony
xi
List of Abstracts
ENVIRONMENT
Governance and Bio-ecological Functionality of Guinhadap Fish Sanctuary 1

and Marine Reserve, Guinhahap, Monreal, Masbate, Philippines
Ronnel R. Dioneda Sr. and Xylene April A. Dioneda, Bicol University, Legazpi City
Raul B. Burce and David N. David, World Wide Fund for Nature, Quezon City
Deforestation of Masbate, 1870-1946 2

Renato N. Pelorina, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite
Pelagic Fishery and Coastal Habitats of Asid Gulf, Masbate: 3

Assessment and Challenges for Management
Victor S. Soliman, Ronnel R. Dioneda, Sr., Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr.,
Bicol University, Legazpi City
Doris V. Dalanon, Deolito B. Bonsato, Ronald R. Balangawan, Brent S. Tumbaga,
Ariel M. Amarille
Masbate School of Fisheries, Milagros, Masbate
Inventory of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Advocacy 4

Initiatives of the Local Government Units of Ilocos Sur
Rico G. Gagto, Severino G. Alviento, Ramil T. Batin, Elizabeth M. Gacusana
North Luzon Philippines State College
Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Pioduran, Ligao, Oas, Libon 5

and Rapu-Rapu, Albay
Angelo P. Candelaria and Christian L. Baiño, Bicol University, Legazpi City
Hazard Reduction and Vulnerability Analysis of the Sagumayon River, 6

Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines
Medel E. Aligan, Oliver E. Aligan, Ana G. Bilaro, Medel E. Aligan, Jefferson Cipriano,
Analiza Gratil, Fe D. Ataiza, and Edmundo O. Estor, Bicol University, Legazpi City
Floral and Faunal Assessments of Coastal and Terrestrial Environments 7

of AAM-PHIL Natural Resources & Development Corporation Mining
Concession, Panamaon, Loreto, Dinagat Island, Philippines
Rey N. Cossid, Joel Mercado, and Gerardo O. Kitche
CARAGA State University, Butuan City
Visitors’ Perception and Motivation Towards Ecotourism 8

Ruby S. Melchor, Cebu Normal University-Cebu City
Environmental Characterization and Human Activities in Freshwater Areas 9

of Camotes Island, Cebu Philippines
Serapion N. Tanduyan, Genes M. Pasaje, Ricardo B. Gonzaga,Wilfredo G. Anoos,
Homer Gaciano, Norbero B. Andrade, Eva P. Muaña, Gabriel T. Muaña, Leif Erickson
Tampus, Jonar Gonzales, Berenice T.Andriano, Lorenzo B. Andriano
and Aderito Gonzales II
Cebu Technological University - Cebu Campus
Sea Urchin Grow-out Culture in La Union, Philippines 10

Valentino V. Prado, Rogelio M. Estacio, Gerry N. Galvez and Richard N. Rivera
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union
Pest Infestation of Cultured Caulerpa lentillefera in Large Culture Structure 11

in the Marine Waters of San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines
Serapion N. Tanduyan, Berenice T. Andriano, Ricardo B. Gonzaga and Edito Costan
Cebu Technological University-San Francisco, Cebu Campus
A Disaster Risk Profiling System of Local Community with Vulnerability Analysis 12

Sharine T. Aquino
Camarines Norte State College
xii
List of Abstracts
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

Assessment of the Recodo Marine Reserve in Asid Gulf, Masbate with Notes 13
on its Commercial Scallop Fishery
Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr. and Victor S. Soliman, Bicol University Tabaco Campus, Taba-
co City
The Effects of Fermented Fish Entrails, as IMO Mixed In Mudballs, 14

in the Production of Fish Pond Bangus (Chanos chanos)
Maria Lourdes B. Bicua, Jeffry J. Arevalo; Louie C, Jamora
Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology
Herald R. Tambal, Department of Agrarian Reform, Masbate Provincial Office
Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Carabao Mango 15

for the Inhibition of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Fidel Ivan T. Labutong, Janet Stephanie F. Pastores, Angelyn C. Yeung and Lola
Domnina B. Pestaño, University of Santo Tomas
Effect of Using Mud Substrate on the Spawning Rate and Egg Development 16
of the Mud Clam Anodontia edentula
Milessa H. Arganoza, Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City
Seaweed Organic Fertilizer 17

Enone V. Tepait, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union
Pitaya Peel Snack Products 18

Shirley Pelayo-De Leon, Eulogio A. Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology-Cavite
Campus
Fecundity Functions of Scallop Chlamys vexillum in Asid Gulf, Masbate 19

Christian D. Cabiles and Victor S. Soliman, Bicol University Tabaco Campus
The 2 in 1 Mariculture Farming System 20

Valentino V. Prado, Gerry N. Galvez and Richard N. Rivera,
Prevalence of Goat Coccidiosis in Antipas, Cotabato 21

Precious Amor A. Beso, Garry D. Lasaga, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan,
Cotabato
Goats (Capra Hircus) on Urea Treated Rice Straw 22

Efren G. Cajurao, Sr. Chona C. Cajurao, Edwin L. Alcantara, Marilyn S. Orsolino
SWOT-based Strategic Options for the DA-DEBESMSCAT Center for Agricultural 23

Development Project
Louie C. Jamora, Renee A. Lamela, Erwin H. Malto, Chona C, Cajurao, Alan A. Llarena
and Jeffry J. Arevalo, Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture
and Technology
Educator’s Extension Engagement on Carabao Dairy Farming: 24

An Experiential Approach
Dr. Herminigildo S. Villasoto, Arellano University, Manila
In Vitro Anthemintic Efficacy of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii) and Tuba-tuba 25

(Jatropha curcas) Extracts against Large Stomach Worm (Haemonchus contortus)
Garry D. Lasaga and Emerlie R. Okit,
University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato
Compliance to the Essential Composition and Quality Factors of the Tropical Fruit 26
and Distilled Wines Produced in the Bicol Region, Philippines
Carina B. Orden, Bicol University, Tabaco Campus
xiii
List of Abstracts
Attitude of Vegetable Farmers in Northern Philippines towards ASEAN 27

Integration
Victoria M. de Padua and Eduard Biado
Production Performance of Pigeon Pea (ICP 88039) in Varying Levels 28

of Phosphorus-Rich Organic Fertilizer
Conrado B. Surigao, Jr. III and Mark Anthony C. Abella
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Electron Microscopic Identification Of Wolbachia Bacteria In Culex Mosquito from 29
Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, And Cebu City, Philippines
Milagros M. Greif,
Cebu Normal University, Cebu City
Larvicidal Effects of Some Botanicals for the Control of Mosquitoes 30

G.B. Viste, J.Q. Silvestre, F.M. Camalig, V.A. Agpasa, P.P. Fontanilla,
and R.C. Silvestre
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Design, Construction and Test Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) Sheller 31

Shielamae S. Lozano and Roy N. Laquidan,
Shredded Aseptic Packages as an Admixture to Higher Compressive Strength 32

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Guillermo O. Bernabe and Edna Arrojado,
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Combination of Arachis Hypogaea (Peanut) Shell and Zea Mays (Corn) Cob 33
in Making Particle Board
Joselinda M. Golpeo and Rhodora N. Buluran,
General Information System for the Residents of San Vicente, Quirino, Isabela 34
Roman Alex F. Lustro, Jerome Ballesteros, Mark Cyrus Santiago and Ruel Julian
Isabela State University-Ilagan City Campus, Ilagan City, Isabela
Bridges Along Asian Highway 26 in the Province of Isabela 35

Kristel B. Capelo, Mary Angeli P. Castillo, Marc Carlo B. Lemu
and Sandrover C. Manaligod
Isabela State University – Ilagan City Campus, Ilagan City, Isabela
Integrated Library Management System (ILMS) of North Luzon Philippines State 36

College
Ramil T. Batin, North Luzon Philippines State College
Design and Fabrication of Waste Plastic Oil Converter 37

Elmo C. Rapsing, Jr.,
Drying Characteristics of Commercially Important Seaweed in Cabinet-Type Drier 38

Jaime I. Manuel, Jr. Rogelio M. Estacio,
Philippine Electronics Industry: Export Productivity and Performance 39

Ira C. Valenzuela,
Technological University of the Philippines
xiv
List of Abstracts
Teaching of Multi-Paradigm Programming in CS Introductory Course: A Needs 40

Assessment Analysis
Mark Dervin N. Mingoy
Distance Education as an Alternative in Enhancing the Accessibility

41
of Undergraduate Courses in Masbate
Cherry Blancaver, Jescil Grace V. Tabugara and Vincent M. Clores
Cyberbullying: The DEBESMSCAT Students’ Experiences 42

Eunice B. Barredo, Jojie B. Ferriol, Darlene C. Magbanua and Rowelyn M. Ramiso
Development of Styrofoam Cutter: An Instructional Tool for Art Classes 43

Allen A. Alejandro
Isabela State University-Ilagan Campus, Ilagan City, Isabela
Computer Waste Disposal Practices of Internet Shop Owners in Ligao City 44

Arly B. Balingbing
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Nabua, Camarines Sur
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
The Economic Life of the Agtas of Peñablanca, Cagayan, Philippines 45

Darin Jan C. Tindowen
University of Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley
Pantawid Pamilya: Breaking the Poverty Cycle 46

Bernadette F. De La Cruz, Susan R. De La Cruz, and Georgia D. Demavibas
Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City
The Perceived Impact of the Research Culture of ISPSC: 46

A Basis for Research Policy
Jonathan L. de la Cruz,
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Socio-Economic Desirability of a State Colleges’ Extension Campus in a Coastal 47

Town in the Bicol Region, Philippines
Seth B. Barandon
Kwentong Bayan ng mga Subanen: Phagalungan sa Kulturang Pangkasarian 48

Resna R. Garay at Julieta C. Cebrero
J. H Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur
xv
List of Abstracts
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Catching Fish and Coping with Life: The Case of Fishing Communities in Ticao Island 49
Nilo N. Cardiño, Jr. and Renee A. Lamela
Socio-Economic Benefits of Bamboo-Craft Entrepreneurship: The Case of Rinconada 50

Bamboo Entrepreneurs
Seth B. Barandon
Loss of Productivity: An Effect of Traffic Congestion to Students and Workers 51

Cristina Luisa S. Peñafiel
De La Salle University, Dasmariñas City
People’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Dengue in Two Barangays 52

with High Dengue Incidences in Cebu City, Philippines
Elena B. Lozano,
Cebu Normal University-Cebu City
Gay Lingo in Cagayan Valley 53

Eddison B. Tuliao
Portrayal of Filipino Women in Magic Realism Short Stories 54

Glysedi Vive B. Alonto
Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay Bukidnon
Inked by the Legend: Whang-Od and the Kalinga Tattoo Art 55

Demetrio P. Anduyan, Jr.
Probing Determinants of TOEFL Scores towards Policy Reevaluation 56

Remedios C. Bacus, Christise C. Espera and Rivika C. Alda
School and Beyond: Exploring Factors of English Language Proficiency 57

Remedios C. Bacus and Rivika C. Alda
Communicative Competence of Public School Teachers in the Province of Cebu 58

Tizza Marie M. Navarro, Monique E. Cordova and Renan O. Elcullada
Employability of Bicol University College of Arts and Letters Graduates 59

Reina O. Habalo, Bicol University, Legazpi City
Industry Need for AB English Language Practicum Trainees 60

Gemma B. Bellena
From English Plus to English 1 and 2: Assessing Transfer of Grammar Skills 61

Jocelyn I. Bartolata, Maria B. Sarte and Ma. Celina Eladia B. Meneses
Correlates of Students’ Attitudes Towards English with their Academic Performance 62

in English Subject
Erwin L. Purcia, Department of Education, Calbayog City Division, Samar
Performance ng mga Piling Paaralang Sekundarya sa Distrito ng Alicia at Diplahan, 63

Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao, Philippines
Rosario V. Tagotilla, Zamboanga Sibugay Division, Zamboanga Sibugay
Regina I. Cuizon, J.H. Cerilles State College, San Miguel, Zambaonga del Sur
xvi
List of Abstracts
Influences in the Choice of Track of Incoming Senior High School Students 64

Jona M. Royo and Renee A. Lamela
Effects of Documentary Films on Students’ Attitude Towards Science: A Pretest and 65

Posttest Study
Vergel P. Mirana and Ana E. Mirana
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Camarines Sur
Mother Tongue- Based Instruction: Policy to Practice 66

Tizza Marie M. Navarro, Ethel L. Abao, Remedios C. Bacus, Rivika C. Alda
and Christise C. Espera, Cebu Normal University-Cebu City
The Meaningfulness of the National Achievement Test 67

Juliet S. Rance, Ruby W. Rabas, Jackelyn N. Pelostratos, Jay-ann Y. Cinco,
Shiela S.Etac and Bernard M. Barruga
Cross-Border Mobility and Reciprocity of the Teaching Professionals across ASEAN 68

Members
Catalina M. Canasa, Jennifer D. Paño & Venus M. Cortes
Determinants of Research Performance: The TUP Perspective 69

Francisco D. Esponilla, II
Technological University of the Philippines, Manila
Assessment of the Implementation of Inclusive Education among Children and Youth 70

with Special Needs
Donna B. Remigio
Philippine Normal University-North Luzon Campus
Reaching the Unreached: A Challenge for Filipino Educators 71

Helen Bihag-Boholano and Mary Lou C. Go Puco
Predictive Validity of Bicol University College Entrance Test to the Licensure 72

Examination for Teachers
Hazel B. Vergara, Ma. Bernadette B. Arimbay and Mr. Ray Artimus P. Hinlo
The Use of Tangrams and Geoboard in Finding the Perimeter and Area of a Polygon: 73
A Proposed Lesson Design
Jolito B. Podador, Miljem O. Iyana, Gloricel A. Anuaga, Jennifer B. Hambre and Christine V.
Cubillo
Bohol Island State University, Calape, Bohol
Job Satisfaction and Employability of Education Graduates of Western Philippines 74

University-Quezon Campus
Jergen Jel C. Labaria
Western Philippines University, Quezon, Palawan
Professional Profile of the Bachelor of Science in Food Service Management 75

(BSFSM) Graduates Batches 2009-2011
Emilda Elcano-Escolano
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in an e-Learning Environment as a Link 76

for Sustainable Global Development
Ranjith Kingston Gladstone
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, Silang, Cavite
xvii
List of Abstracts
Level of Awareness and Extent of Observance of the 1 st Year CAS Students of North Lu- 77
zon Philippines State College on the 3Rs
Severino G. Alviento and Giddel Praise A. Floresca
DEBESMSCAT College Entrance Test: A Revisit 78

Morena C. Buayan, Marivic C. Llarena, Sarah J. Abawag, Eleno H. Castillo and Minda L. Jazul
Assessment of Agriculture-Related Programs in Region 1 79

Arnelie G. Laquidan
Computer-Based Training to Supplement Course in Consumer Electronics Servicing 80

Ian P. Benitez
Effectiveness of Course Management System in Teaching Computer Subjects 81

at Far Eastern University
Adelaida A. Saldivar
Far Eastern University, Manila
Cascading Responsibilities of HEI Administrators Towards the Establishment 82

of School Safety
Dr. Jennifer D. Paño
Cebu Normal University
Varayti at Varyasyon ng Wikang Subanen sa Zamboanga Del Sur 83

Julieta C. Cebrero
JH Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur
Transcription Discrepancy in the Absence of a Working Orthography: The Case 84

of Masbatenyo-Speaking Teachers
Emy Lalaine D. Escarlan and Sherwin E. Balbuena
Fundamental Practices of Exemplary Leadership in Higher Education Institutions 85

Elreen A. Delavin, Erwin H. Malto, Renee A. Lamela, Prolucen C. Velarde,
Jessica M. Alcantara, Richie C. Velarde, Morena C. Buayan
Mainstreaming Exceptional Children in the Classroom: A Case Study 86

Gerald Jay R. Bañez, Baby Jhon C. Repiso, Dona Marie R. Cristobal, Meljoy Z. Desaliza, Gellie
V. Lapida, Rose Ann D. Paje, Marife R. Riva, Marita M. Rojas, Raiza M. Padasas and Elreen A.
Delavin
Community Extension Services of the Teacher Education of HEI’s: Basis 87

for a Sustainable Community Enhancement Program
Elreen A. Delavin, Rocel A. Turco, Raiza M. Padasas, Marivic C. Llarena and Novy R. Clores
The nth Star Circumscribing the Original Star 88

Gaudencio R. Arranguez, Jr., Maria Rose C. Ruado and Rocel A. Turco
xviii
ABSTRACTS
ENVIRONMENT
Governance and Bio-ecological Functionality of Guinhadap Fish

Sanctuary and Marine Reserve, Guinhadap,
Monreal, Masbate, Philippines
Ronnel R. Dioneda Sr. and Xylene April A. Dioneda,
Raul B. Burce and David N. David,
World Wide Fund for Nature, Quezon City
The eight-year old Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Monreal was first
described from a PCRA in 2009 and reassessment in 2011. During this
period, reef condition deteriorated from 48% to 31% live cover. The 7
hectare MPA, inclusive of a 10 hectare core zone is quite small to have
significant impacts in terms of spillover, protection of vulnerable habitats
and resilience to disturbances. The assessment at Itiw-itiw reef resulted
to MPA area expansion to 227 hectares, covering a 72 has sanctuary
that is almost seven times larger than the existing. The recently legislat-
ed MPA protects a healthy reef area with good to excellent coral condi-
tion (72.32-83.84% live cover) and the diverse and dense reef fish as-
semblage. The present LGU-centered MPA governance was rated
good although it failed along institutionalization of MPA management. A
decision has to be made between the top-down schemes or download
MPA management to a community-based management entity. Monitor-
ing and evaluation capability, financing, management plan and regula-
tion enforcements are identified weak areas. The MPA is just a small
representative of the total marine ecosystem of the town. Monreal must
learn the lessons from many places in concentrating management to a
priority area and neglect the sizeable.
Keywords: MPA governance; Monreal, Masbate, fish sanctuary, marine

reserve
1
ENVIRONMENT
Deforestation of Masbate, 1870-1946

Renato N. Pelorina
Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite
This study is an inquiry on the deforestation of Masbate Island from the per-
spective of environmental history from 1870 to 1946. Archaeological studies
conducted in Masbate show that the province had been one of the few plac-
es inhabited by Filipino ancestors. Masbate was once likened to a paradise
because of its pristine luxuriant forest that practically covered the whole is-
land prior to Spanish colonization. The island had been the haven for vari-
ous types of flora and fauna which are not endemic in other islands in Cen-
tral Philippines. In the course of time, however, Masbate’s forest had been
exploited to the extent that it had been seriously denuded paving the way
for the loss of its biodiversity. Extensive grassland emerged after forest cov-
er had been removed from the major part of the island. After World War II,
Masbate had the widest cogonales area in the Philippines making the island
less productive for agricultural purposes. Rather than by the kaingiros, the
study argues that the deforestation of Masbate had been perpetrated by the
Spaniards and the Americans who colonized the Philippines for almost four
centuries with the collaboration of the elite. The loss of forest reserves in
Masbate can be clearly attributed to the colonizers’ insatiable appetite for
wealth.
Keywords: Masbate Island; colonization; environmental history; deforestation
2
ENVIRONMENT
Pelagic Fishery and Coastal Habitats of Asid Gulf,

Masbate: Assessment and Challenges for Management
Victor S. Soliman, Ronnel R. Dioneda, Sr., Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr.
Doris V. Dalanon, Deolito B. Bonsato, Ronald R. Balangawan,
Brent S. Tumbaga, Ariel M. Amarille
Masbate School of Fisheries, Milagros, Masbate
Sardines are a major catch in the fisheries of Asid Gulf contributing 2700 mt/
yr or 26% of total fishery production. Bottom-set gillnets, handlines and
trawls compose 70% of all fishing gear types operated. Highest catch rates
were recorded for drift gillnet, beach seine and trawl ranging from 95-180 kg/
trip. An analytical assessment of Sardinella fimbriata revealed the sardine is
exploited beyond the level that could be sustainable. Three areas in the gulf
were surveyed to assess their coral reefs and reef fishes namely Guinlob-
ngan Island, Guinawayan Island and Nagarao Island. Legally-declared ma-
rine protected areas (MPA’s) have been established in each of the latter is-
lands, while the former is apparently managed privately. Live coral reef cover
in Guinlobngan Island is fair to good as opposed to poor to fair in Guina-
wayan and Nagarao Islands. Biomass of coral reef fishes is higher in
Guinlobngan than in the two islands. The major challenges to managing the
fishery and coastal habitats of the gulf pertain to reducing fishing effort and
protecting and enhancing its coral reefs and associated habitats. The role of
MPAs is crucial to revive the gulf’s coastal ecosystem and protect scallop
and other invertebrate fisheries.
Keywords: sardines; marine protected area; assessment
3
ENVIRONMENT
Inventory of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change

Advocacy Initiatives of the Local Government Units of Ilocos Sur
Rico G. Gagto, Severino G. Alviento,
Ramil T. Batin and Elizabeth M. Gacusana
This study aims to find out the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Cli-
mate Change Advocacy (CCA) initiatives of the Local Government Units
(LGUs) in the Ilocos Sur. The instrument used in this study is part of the
project of the DOST PCIERRD: “Regional Disaster Science and Man-
agement”. This undertaking became part of the research activity of
State Universities Colleges Region I. The gathered data of DRR and
CCA Initiatives of LGUs includes the inventory of DRR & CCA studies;
listing of the various DRR and CCA - related studies conducted and/or
implemented in the community; existing hazards maps; DRR and CCA-
related capability building activities; multi-hazard early warning systems
implemented or available in the community; various networks and link-
ages established by community in relation to DRR and CCA-related ac-
tivities; and issues and concerns dealt with by the community related to
DRR and CCA initiatives. The yielded inventory is submitted to DOST
and will be integrated in a centralized web-based information system in
the region which will become a source of DRR and CCA documents
available for policy makers, planners and development workers for fu-
ture activities in relation to disaster risk reduction and climate change
mitigation and adaptation efforts in the country.
4
ENVIRONMENT
Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Pioduran, Ligao, Oas, Libon

and Rapu-Rapu, Albay
Angelo P. Candelaria and Christian L. Baiño,
Coastal vulnerability assessment using the Integrated Sensitivity, Expo-

sure and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Vulnerability Assess-
ment (ICSEA-C-Change) tool provides deeper understanding of poten-
tial impacts of climate change to coastal zones. Vulnerability ratings
were obtained using rubrics which were presented to the stakeholders
during the focused group discussions. Derived scores were then aver-
aged and consolidated to come up with the overall vulnerability rating.
These ratings were based on the resources and status of the coastal
barangays. Specifically considered as basis was the communities’ reli-
ance to near-shore fishing, fisheries ecosystem dependency, population
and the areas water quality. Ratings resulted in identifying 12 barangays
out of 23 that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts such as
waves, storm surges, sea level rise, increase in surface temperature,
and extreme rainfall. These are Buenavista and Basicao (Pioduran);
Catburawan (Ligao); Tapel, Nagas and Maramba (Oas); Talin-Talin,
Pantao, Macabugos and Tambo (Libon), and; Buhatan and Villa Hermo-
sa (Rapu-Rapu). Assessment results were highly influenced by the ab-
sence of three major marine habitats, i.e., coral reefs, seagrass/
seaweeds and mangroves in the coastal areas. Likewise, 11 barangays
out of 23, which were Marigondon and Malidong (Pioduran); Maonon
and Cabarian (Ligao); Badian and Cagmanaba (Oas); Apud and Rawis
(Libon), and; Galicia, Hamorawon and Poblacion (Rapu-Rapu) obtained
moderate vulnerability scores. This was attributed to the presence of
marine habitats that although in poor state, may serve its ecological
functioning when properly protected. Highly vulnerable barangays must
be prioritized in coastal rehabilitation and disaster risk reduction man-
agement planning. Parameters encompassing the sensitivity and adap-
tive capacity of each barangay must be taken into consideration to re-
duce potential impacts brought by factors attributed to climate change.
Vital information from the assessment will serve as basis for developing
strategic plans for improving the climate change adaptation strategies of
the local government units.
5
ENVIRONMENT
Hazard Reduction and Vulnerability Analysis of the Sagumayon River,

Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines
Medel E. Aligan, Oliver E. Aligan, Ana G. Bilaro, Medel E. Aligan, Jefferson
Cipriano, Analiza Gratil, Fe D. Ataiza, and Edmundo O. Estor,
The Sagumayon River is one of the two river systems that greatly affects
Legazpi City, Albay, Philippines. The effects of pollution, changing weather
patterns, climate and societal pressures had changed drastically the river.
An assessment of the social, cultural, economic and historical aspects of the
River provided a contextual understanding of its impacts on the residents. An
analysis of the relevant geotechnical characteristics of the soils along its river
banks could provide an indication of its vulnerability to erosion, settlement
and slope failure. A topographic map, hydrographic map, cross sections and
longitudinal profiles along an 800 meter study area of the River were utilized
in identifying potential areas prone to landslides and flooding. In-situ and ex-
situ tests revealed the type of soil, physical characteristics and susceptibility
to certain settlement and slope failure. The study recommended that the in-
dex properties obtained be used in conjunction with cross-sectional survey
data of the river banks to analyze the stability of the slopes. Remedial
measures should be provided to secure against further surface erosion. In
the design of structures to be built on the area, there is a need to validate the
soil properties by drilling more bore holes to ensure stability of structures.
Keywords: Sagumayon River; geotechnical properties; hazard reduction; vul-

nerability analysis
6
ENVIRONMENT
Floral and Faunal Assessments of Coastal and Terrestrial Environ-

ments of AAM-PHIL Natural Resources & Development Corporation
Mining Concession, Panamaon, Loreto, Dinagat Island, Philippines
Rey N. Cossid, Joel Mercado, and Gerardo O. Kitche
CARAGA State University, Butuan City
Floral and Faunal Assessments of Coastal and Terrestrial Environments of

Mining Concession in Loreto, Dinagat Island, funded by AAM-PHIL Natural
Resources & Development Corporation in December, 2011. Rapid baselining
may form a basis for determining adverse impact of mining activity and basis
for monitoring and evaluation by the Department of Environment & Natural
Resources (DENR). Baselining is a decision tool for both project proponent
and DENR. Because of the resource-extractive nature of AAM-PHIL NRDC
activity, environmental baselining is important, thus, this study. Inventory of
forest woody vegetations (≥3cms. in diameter) found in 10 square plots (20
meters x 20 meters) located in three topographical gradients. Faunal obser-
vations were made based on visual, vocalization or print/signs and interview
of residents. Coral reef and reef Fish underwater assessment, using fish vis-
ual census was done in conjunction with Line Intercept Transect (LIT) of
three 50-meter lines. In this study, from sampling area of 4,000 square me-
ters, a total of 818 individuals were counted. These individuals comprise 72
Species distributed in 55 Genera and 31 Families. Most numerous individu-
als belong to same Family-Myrtaceae. Plot 8 has the most number of spe-
cies with 26, making it the richest plot. It also has the most number of genera
with 25 out of a maximum of 55, and has the most number of families at 17.
Plot 9 is most even. The plot with least even value in all parameter is Plot 6.
Plot 10 is most diverse of 10 plots, at 0.932. Plot 9 at 0.916. The least di-
verse is Plot 5 at 0.813. IV ranking of highest ten species are, from highest
rank to 10th rank are: Xanthostemon verdugonianus; Tristania/Tristanopsis
decorticata; Syzyphus vidalianum; Teijsmaniodendron ahernianum; Pouteria
macrantha/villamilii; Wrightia laniti; Semecarpus sp; Casuarina rumphiana;
Callophyllum blancoi; and, Diospyros philosanthera. Beach type plant spe-
cies grow along foothills. These are Barringtonia asiatica, Casuarina equise-
tifolia, Terminalia catappa, Nypa fruticans and some pioneers belonging to
Euphorbiaceae. Mangroves can be found at the west coast where there is a
wide tidal flat. Most mangroves, at western side, are Bruguiera (busain, poto-
tan), Exoecaria agallocha, Ceriops tagal and few Rhizophora. There is no
sea grass bed along the pacific side. high live coral cover was observed on
transect 1 with 59% live coral, followed by transect 2 with 54.6%.
7
ENVIRONMENT
Visitors’ Perception and Motivation Towards Ecotourism

Ruby S. Melchor, Cebu Normal University-Cebu City
Weaver (2008) mentioned that there are a existing destinations that are
almost like ecotourism but are actually not, this has clouded the percep-
tions of the. This study is to determine the perception and motivation of
visitors towards ecotourism as anchored on the theory of Kotler (2006),
psychological traits that most heavily influence consumer buying are
motivation, perception, learning and beliefs, and attitudes. Results re-
vealed that visitors’ perception of an ecotourism is scenic, beautiful en-
vironment and that it is adventure in a natural area. The lowest in per-
ception is visiting parks and protected areas. As for motivation, the visi-
tors are likely to visit an ecotourism site if the site can provide the oppor-
tunity to bond with family or friends and if the site allows them to view
wildlife. Being the newest destination is not a motivational factor. As for
what an ecotourism site should offer, the visitors want to engage in pas-
sive activities and partly agree that there should be activities that entail
risk or challenging activities. There is gap between the activities offered
in the ecotourism destinations with regards to the psychological factors
that influence the buying behavior of a visitor.
Keywords: ecotourism; perception; motivation
8
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Characterization and Human Activities

in Freshwater Areas of Camotes Island, Cebu Philippines
Serapion N. Tanduyan, Genes M. Pasaje, Ricardo B. Gonzaga,Wilfredo
G. Anoos, Homer Gaciano, Norbero B. Andrade, Eva P. Muaña, Gabriel
T. Muaña, Leif Erickson Tampus, Jonar Gonzales, Berenice T.Andriano,
Lorenzo B. Andriano and Aderito Gonzales II
Cebu Technological University - Cebu Campus
Camotes Islands is a group of Islands situated at the Northeastern part

of Cebu, Philippines. It has freshwater areas like rivers, lake, watershed
and waterfalls which are distributed throughout the 4 municipalities
found in Camotes Island namely: San Francisco, Poro, Tudela and Pi-
lar. Hence, this study was conducted to find out the environmental char-
acterization and human activities in freshwater areas of Camotes Is-
land. Results show that in San Francisco there are 4 freshwater areas
which are Lake Danao, Magamay, Awihaw and Gansuli. Poro has 6
freshwater areas namely: Bagakawa watershed, Panganuron Falls,
Bangisig Falls, Kapasanan Spring, Anas, Lake and Sta. Rita watershed.
Tudela has only 1 freshwater area which is Busayfalls. Then Pilar has 2
freshwater areas:Canug-kay watershed and Toburan watershed. Physi-
co-chemical parameters of the different freshwater areas in Camotes
Islands include: Dissolve Oxygen (DO) which ranges from 0.3 to 7.9
(ppm); water temperature 270C – 330C; Salinity 1- 17 (ppt); water depth
0.30 to 73meters; pH 4.4 to 9.8 and air temperature ranges from 240C
– 300C. Human’s activities include fishing, washing clothes, bathing,
agriculture and business like: tourism. The common activities found in
the freshwater areas in Camotes Island are fishing and agriculture activ-
ities. Fauna found in the different freshwater areas include: tilapia, mud-
fish, freshwater eel, catfish ,, freshwater shrimps, freshwater snails,
golden apple snail and freshwater crabs. Agriculture activities include
corn and rice planting on the peripheral parts of the freshwater areas
and pastureland. The most common trees found in the different fresh-
water areas in Camotes Island are: Lubi (Cocosnucifera cv.), Magtalisay
(Terminaliafoetidissima), Handaday-og(Atzeliarhomboidea) and
Bangkal (Naucleaorientalis)
Keywords: environmental characterization; freshwater; Camotes Is-

lands
9
ENVIRONMENT
Sea Urchin Grow-out Culture in La Union, Philippines

Valentino V. Prado, Rogelio M. Estacio, Gerry N. Galvez
and Richard N. Rivera
Primary stakeholders, i.e., coastal fishermen and community to include the

local government unit were mobilized through a simple IEC initiative that
gave impetus to initial steps toward coastal protection and management of
the sea urchin resource. Sea urchin culture, as a reproductive reserve to pro-
mote ecological integrity, biological stability, livelihood and stakeholders’ ca-
pacity to manage coastal resources was adopted. Lessons learned include
that government organizations-private industry-academe partnership is in-
strumental in forwarding future agenda to include the crafting of CRM/ ICM
plan and programs, resource sharing and capacity building initiatives. Such
also paved the way of understanding and giving importance and significance
of the once lost sea urchin resource that employed a significant number of
fishermen families in the eastern coast of the West Philippine Sea. The One
Town One Product (OTOP) adoption of the sea urchin industry, among oth-
ers, recognizes the need to strengthen present and past efforts to improve
the sea urchin fisheries of the locality and be able to respond to the challeng-
es and opportunities set forth by the global market in the ASEAN region.
Keywords: sea urchin, CRM, IEC, grow out culture, coastal resource
10
ENVIRONMENT
Pest Infestation of Cultured Caulerpa lentillefera in Large Culture Struc-

ture in the Marine Waters of San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines
Serapion N. Tanduyan, Berenice T. Andriano, Ricardo B. Gonzaga
and Edito Costan
Cebu Technological University-San Francisco, Cebu Campus
Larger edition of the culture structures of Caulerpa lentillefera was made in

order to maximize production of the commodity in the marine waters of San
Francisco, Cebu. There were 3 large cages made measuring 3 meters length
x 4 meters wide and subdivided into 3 layers such that each representing the
surface layer, middle layer and bottom layer. Each layer is further subdivided
into three representing 3 replicates. An allowance of 1 foot from top and on
the bottom were provided for preventing the exposure of the plant to the sur-
face and preventing the bottom layer to sag to the bottom. Each layer is dif-
ferently covered with plastic screen and nylon screen to serve as substrate
of the plant. Each layer was subdivided into two having different walling and
flooring materials (the net and the plastic) screen. Each subdivision was
stocked with 500 grams of Caulerpa plant and these cages were set at differ-
ent types of bottom (sandy, rocky and muddy). Sampling of the plant was
done every 15 days for 2 months in order to determine its growth. Results
show that the cultured Caulerpa plant was infested with pests belonging to
the Order Sacoglossa (Sacoglossans). The pests were identified as Berthe-
linia rottnesti and Lobiger souverbii after one month of culture. These pests
are described as sap sucking slugs and are found to inhabit or blending with
the algae, Caulerpa sp upon which it feeds (Debelius, 1996). The pests had
the highest length of 15 mm and a width of 13 mm while the smallest
measures 4 mm both in length and width. All the sites were attacked by the
pests where site 1 (muddy substrates) has the highest infestation level fol-
lowed by site 3 (sandy substrates) then site 2 (rocky substrates). In sites 1
and 3 all the stocked Caulerpa were eaten by the pests while in site 2 there
was a minimal grazing of the plant. Results further show that Caulerpa cul-
tured in plastic and net screen cage in site 2 has a minimal growth increment
of the plant.
Keywords: pest infestation, Caulerpa lentillefera, large culture structure, ma-

rine waters of San Francisco, Cebu
11
ENVIRONMENT
A Disaster Risk Profiling System of Local Community

with Vulnerability Analysis
Sharine T. Aquino
Camarines Norte State College
The Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO)

is the lead agency in disaster management tasked to do planning, organiz-
ing, monitoring, and responding to vulnerable communities at the barangay
level during disaster and/or state of calamities. The study aims to identify the
(1) Respondent’s level of awareness on the presence of different tools to fa-
cilitate the consciousness regarding disaster prone areas in terms of: Printed
Materials; Website; Mobile Phones; Audio – Visual Media; and Human Re-
source? (2) Challenges encountered by the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduc-
tion Office with the existing practices? (3) Appropriate features of the system
(4) Level of acceptance in Disaster Risk Profiling System of the Local Com-
munities with Vulnerability Analysis in terms of: Functionality; Usability; Relia-
bility; Performance. In undertaking this study the descriptive method of re-
search was employed. Pertinent information was assessed prior to the con-
duct of series of interviews and the administration of the survey question-
naire. It is noted that there are different communication channels used in the
community to facilitate consciousness but it showed that the respondents
marked it as “Slightly Aware”. It proves that the study will help to address the
challenge in information dissemination before, during and after the disaster.
It was also noted that the system was built with appropriate features to ad-
dress the identified challenges encountered by the respondents in using the
existing process of doing their task. The system was very acceptable based
on the system evaluation in different criteria. Having an overall average
mean of 4.86 interpreted as “Very Acceptable”.
Keywords: disaster, disaster risk reduction, human vulnerability
12
Assessment of the Recodo Marine Reserve in Asid Gulf, Masbate

with Notes on its Commercial Scallop Fishery
Antonino B. Mendoza, Jr. and Victor S. Soliman
Bicol University Tabaco Campus, Tabaco City
The Recodo Marine Reserve is the only marine protected area in Asid Gulf
that is legally declared through an ordinance by a local government. The re-
serve covers more than half of the gulf’s area; five of the eight islands in
Cawayan, Masbate and of the 13 islands in the gulf. The reserve was as-
sessed of its major coastal habitats (i.e., coral reefs, seagrass-seaweed beds
and mangroves) to determine their status and provide updated information to
the local government for improved management. Coral reefs in most of the
reserve were totally degraded. Only the Namatyan and Guinlobngan Islands
were found to have intact live corals. Mean cover of live coral in the two is-
lands was 53.86% equivalent to “good” coral condition. Most mangrove for-
ests were converted to fishponds. A thin strip of mangroves exists in Malbog
and Pananauan Rivers. Nine species of seagrasses and 11 species of
seagrass-asssociated seaweeds were found. The seagrass-seaweed beds
are threatened by high siltation and anthropogenic disturbances. Nineteen
species of coral reef fishes belonging to five families (Namatyan) and 16
species and seven families (Guinlobngan) were identified in the two islands.
The management strategy elaborated (i) adopts a biodiversity radiation site
for the spatial expansion of a marine protected area network interlinked with
(ii) showcasing of technologies and law enforcement complementing biodi-
versity conservation. Enhanced management of the reserve should also pro-
tect and sustain production of the three commercial scallops in the gulf. Its
scallop fishery significantly contributes to the economy of Cawayan and it
represents the largest scallop yield from any single site in the Philippines.
13
The Effects of Fermented Fish Entrails, as IMO Mixed In Mudballs,

in the Production of Fish Pond Bangus (Chanos chanos)
Maria Lourdes B. Bicua, Jeffry J. Arevalo; Louie C, Jamora
Herald R. Tambal
Department of Agrarian Reform, Masbate Provincial Office
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) industry is regarded as the backbone of the Philip-

pine aquaculture. However, improvement of water quality had been a chal-
lenge to fish pond raisers. This study determined the effects of fermented
fish entrails mixed in mud balls on (i) the production of bangus under fish
pond settings, and (ii) water quality of the pond. The study was laid-out in
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three treatments and
three replications. In the fermentation of fish entrails, 1:1 ratio was used or
one kg of fish entrails per kg of molasses which was fermented for 14 days.
The Fermented Fish Entrails (FFE) were strained and mixed with mud and
molasses at a ratio of 1:1:1 and formed into balls used as treatments. Treat-
ment 1 had no mud balls (Control), Treatment 2 had 300 g and Treatment 3
used 500 g applied in each pond with per m3 brackish water and 5 pcs ban-
gus fingerlings. Water analysis was conducted at Regional Soil Laboratory,
Naga City. The weight gain of fish were 116.67 g, 133.33 g and 225.00 for
Treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Treatment 3 had the lowest pH value
and highest turbidity level. Analysis of Variance revealed that mud balls had
significant effect on the growth of fish, pH and turbidity. Based on the re-
sults, mud balls could be a treatment to fish pond water since the higher the
amount of mud balls applied, the lower the level of pH and the higher the lev-
el of turbidity which is good because it indicates that living microorganisms
are present, and help produce and supply food for the fish in the form of
planktons.
Keywords: bangus, fermented mud ball, brackish water, turbidity, percent hy-
drogen
14
Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Carabao Mango for the

Inhibition of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Fidel Ivan T. Labutong, Janet Stephanie F. Pastores, Angelyn C. Yeung
and Lola Domnina B. Pestaño
University of Santo Tomas
Anthracnose, a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeospori-

oides, is well-known as one of the top leading causes of postharvest losses
in mango fruit and the most serious biological constraint which restricts man-
go production in tropical regions including the Philippines [1]. To inhibit the
growth of this microorganism and prolong the shelf-life of carabao mangoes,
drying was employed to reduce the moisture content up to 12%. Three math-
ematical models (Laplace Transform Model, Page Model and Non-linear De-
composition Model) were examined to describe the drying behavior of the
thin mango slices at 60, 70 and 80°C using a hot air batch dryer that was de-
veloped to prevent the growth of microorganism. Laplace Transform model
gave the best fit with the least total error. Qualitative tests done after 5
weeks predicted a drying temperature of 60°C with the most appealing dried
mango color, texture, odor and more efficient drying time.
Keywords: Anthracnose, drying kinetics, mathematical modeling, carabao

mango
15
Effect of Using Mud Substrate on the Spawning Rate and Egg

Development of the Mud Clam Anodontia edentula
Milessa H. Arganoza
Anodontia edentula also known as imbao is a commercially important mud

clam that lives in the sandy- muddy substratum near mangrove areas in Pa-
nay and Guimaras Islands. It was observed that fewer mud clams have been
harvested due to overexploitation. Thus, successful culture of this mud clam
in the laboratory is important. This study aims to determine the effect of one
factor, the use of mud substrate, in the rearing of A. edentula to its spawning
rate and egg development. Spent clams were divided into two groups. One
group was placed in 50-l aquaria/white basins containing mud from the col-
lection site and the other group was placed in 50-l aquaria/white basins with
no substrate. Monitoring of spawning rate and egg development were done
every week. T-test was used to determine if there is a significant difference in
the spawning rate and egg development of the clams reared with and without
mud substrate. Histological examination of the gonads reveals that follicle
size and egg- number are generally higher in clams reared with mud sub-
strate than to those reared without. Spawning rate is also higher in clams
reared with mud substrate. Thus, for aquaculture purposes, it is recom-
mended that clams should be reared with mud substrate for faster spawning
rate and egg development.
16
Seaweed Organic Fertilizer

Enone V. Tepait
The research endeavor on the seaweed organic fertilizer production was

conducted on September 2013 at the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University, North La Union Campus, Fisheries Research and Training Insti-
tute, and the field trials on the effect of the seaweed extract as organic ferti-
lizer was conducted at the research farm of the North La Union Campus ,
Sapilang, Bacnotan, La Union. The study aimed to determine the nutrient
component of the seaweed extract, determine the best concentration of sea-
weed extract and the effect as organic fertilizer to the growth and yield of se-
lected crops, such as vegetables, ornamentals and fruit crops. The seaweed
organic fertilizer was extracted through fermentation of about 3 months from
the collected waste brown seaweeds specifically sargassum spp and hormo-
physa spp along the coast lines of Paraoir, Balaoan, La Union. The N-P-K
component was analyzed at the Department of Agriculture Regional Field
Office 1, Soil Laboratory Unit. City of San Fernando, La Union. The field trial
on the effect as foliar organic fertilizer were applied to the Ornamental:Rose,
Vegetables : Okra, eggplant. Pole sitaw and Sili and Fruits: Papaya and ba-
nana. The application of the organic fertilizer was applied once a week.
Monthly sampling of the growth was done and flowers and fruits were also
sampled on the yield performance. Results in the field trials on the effect of
the seaweed as organic fertilizer noted that in most of the experimental
plants , the best concentration of solution used was between 1:1(1 cup sea-
weed extract is to 1 gallon of water) and 1:2 ( 1 cup seaweed extract is to 2
gallons of water) wherein the growth and yield are comparable to the rec-
ommended commercial fertilizer (Giant Crop), and vermi tea and sericulture
waste tea as organic fertilizer.
17
Pitaya Peel Snack Products

Shirley Pelayo-De Leon
Eulogio A. Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology-Cavite Campus
Regardless of its numerous nutritional qualities, fruit and vegetable peels

were often thrown as a trash or as rubbish. Peels are seldom consumed not-
withstanding the benefits a consumer may gain. This study explored the ac-
ceptability of Pitaya peels in selected snack products. The peel was utilized
based on its nutritional components that promotes well – being needed for
health maintenance called anti-oxidants. For the reason of this foregoing
fact, the Pitaya peel snack products were conceived. Pilot formulation on the
Pitaya peel snack products were prepared and tested for acceptability in
terms of its sensory qualities. The most acceptable preparation was utilized
and subjected for sensory evaluation among the three groups of respond-
ents. The results showed that the developed Pitaya peel snack products reci-
pe were rated very acceptable to all food tasters as proven in the appear-
ance, aroma, taste, texture and color of the products. There is no significant
difference in the acceptability responses of the evaluators. The respondents
unanimously settled that the formula were easy to follow, prepare and does
not require sophisticated equipment. It can be explored for commercial en-
deavor.
18
Fecundity Functions of Scallop Chlamys vexillum in Asid Gulf, Masbate

Christian D. Cabiles and Victor S. Soliman
Bicol University Tabaco Campus
This study focused on “fecundity functions” whereby fecundity (i.e. number of

eggs per female) as dependent variable was functionally related to three sets
of independent variables namely environmental (salinity – ppt, water temper-
ature - °C, and pH – negative log of ion); endogenous (protein and fat con-
tent) and weight and morphometric measures through regression analysis.
Fecundity of scallop Chlamys vexillum had a range of about 5000 to 12000
eggs per female which has a direct functional relation (R2 = 0.28 to 0.98)
and significantly related to weight and morphometric measures (p < 0.05).It
means that as a measure increases, egg count increases. Fecundity and
egg diameter revealed that when mean egg count was high, the scallop pos-
sess smaller eggs while when eggs were large, mean egg count was low. It
simply indicates that decreasing egg number per female because eggs
where getting larger. Fecundity seemed not to be influenced by the exoge-
nous factors because the variations in temperature and salinity were low
while pH remains constant at 7. Fat content had a linear downtrend from
June to January. The animal seemed to require lower body fat content at
spawning. Protein content had a parabolic trend with peak in November and
lowest in January. This suggests immediate reduction of protein before
spawning. Two peaks of spawning season were observed in the scallop
Chlamys vexillum. The first peak (August to November) coincided with the
early part of the northeast monsoon while the second peak (June to July) co-
incided with latter part of the southwest monsoon. Gonado-somatic Index in-
dicates spawning in or near January.
19
The 2 in 1 Mariculture Farming System

Valentino V. Prado, Gerry N. Galvez and Richard N. Rivera,
Overfishing and degradation of coastal environment led to low fish catch

and unproductive fishing efforts of sustenance fisherman. At present
they remain as one of the poorest sector of the society. A need to pro-
vide additional source of income remains a challenge, hence the poten-
tial of sea farming both seaweed and sea urchin was explored. Coined
as 2 in 1 plus mariculture farming system, it encourages family house-
holds to work together in a system of production; optimizing coastal
family productivity. The 2 in 1, as a diversified and integrated maricul-
ture farming system maximizes the use of limited culture area and
boosts productivity of a family. In a 200m2 open-water grow out culture
area, production of seaweed and sea urchin serves as an alternative
source of livelihood producing food commodities for local market with
export potential. Direct benefit is a return on expenses of 87 and 67%
for fresh seaweed and sea urchin respectively. The said farming system
promotes entrepreneurship enhancing financial stability and social pro-
gression within the family or to community in general. Value addition of
the product will increase family profit by 14-65%. Sustained collabora-
tion and involvement of key players in coastal fisheries management is
sought for successful family or community-based adoption of the 2 in 1
mariculture farming system. The Local Government Unit (LGU) provides
the path for its pilot implementation, and with appropriate training and
market assistance as wheels of development, families adopting the mar-
iculture farming system promote community-based fisheries enterprise
in general.
Keywords: mariculture, seaweed, sea urchin, farming system
20
Prevalence of Goat Coccidiosis in Antipas, Cotabato

Precious Amor A. Beso, Garry D. Lasaga
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis among

goats in Antipas, Cotabato from May to June 2015 at the College of Veteri-
nary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato. The
experimental animals came from the Oblates Galilei farm, Sitio Bugwak, Ma-
langag, Antipas, Cotabato. McMaster technique was used as diagnostic tool
for the detection of coccidiosis in relation to age and sex. Oocyst culture was
also used for the identification of common Eimeria spp. in goats. Results re-
vealed that out of 44 goats examined, 30 (68.18%) were positive of coccidio-
sis. It was observed that goats aged 0-3 months old had the highest preva-
lencerate compared to the >6-12 months and >12 months age group. Statis-
tical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the preva-
lence of the disease in relation to age () and sex (= 0.140) of goats in Anti-
pas, Cotabato. Eleven Eimeria spp. were identified: E. ahsata, E. alijevi, E.
apsheronica, E. caprina, E. caprovina, E. christenseni, E. hirci, E. jolchijevi,
E. ninakohlyakimovae, and E. parva. Eimeria arloingi had the highest preva-
lence in the first (0-3 mo.) and third (>6-12 mo.) age groups. It is also the
most pathogenic Eimeria species occurring in goats of the Oblates Galilei
farm. The results of the present study may be utilized to control parasitism in
goats involving coccidia.
Keywords: prevalence, coccidiosis, goats, eimeria, oocyst
21
Goats (Capra Hircus) on Urea Treated Rice Straw

Efren G. Cajurao, Sr. Chona C. Cajurao, Edwin L. Alcantara
and Marilyn S. Orsolino
The research was conducted for three months to determine the effects of
urea treated rice straw in different treatment durations. 21 heads of native
doelings were randomly assigned using randomized complete block design
to the seven experimental diets. These diets were rice straw added different
levels of urea at different treatment durations namely: treatment A; 1% urea
treated for two weeks, treatment B; 3% urea treated for two weeks, treatment
C; 5% urea treated for two weeks, treatment D; 1% urea treated for four
weeks, treatment E; 3% urea treated for four weeks, treatment F; 5% urea
treated for four weeks, and treatment G; control, fed conventional feedstuffs.
Goats fed conventional feedstuffs increased their body weight and obtained
positive weight gains. Feeding urea treated rice straw with different levels of
urea resulted to the loss of weight of goats but not to a significant level
(P>0.05). Goats fed rice straw with 1% urea treated for four weeks had the
slightly lower loss of weight compared to the other levels. Feeding rice straw
with 3% urea in two treatment durations resulted also to a slight decrease in
weight of goats. A significantly higher dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.05) was
obtained by goats fed rice straw with 1% urea treated for four weeks during
the 3rd month of feeding period. Those goats given rice straw with 3% urea
treated for four weeks obtained slightly efficient feed conversion (DMI/Loss
of weight). The addition of urea had increased the crude protein (CP) content
of rice straw. The increase in CP content is directly proportional to the
amount of urea added. Treating rice with urea for 4 weeks slightly enhance
the CP content of rice straw.
Keywords: goats, urea-treated rice, treatment duration
22
SWOT-based Strategic Options for the DA-DEBESMSCAT

Center for Agricultural Development Project
Louie C. Jamora, Renee A. Lamela, Erwin H. Malto,
Chona C, Cajurao, Alan A. Llarena and Jeffry J. Arevalo
The Philippine Department of Agriculture (DA) has embarked on a project

with Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial Sate College of Agriculture and
Technology (DEBESMSCAT) called Center for Agricultural Development in
the province of Masbate to help improve agricultural productivity. An environ-
mental scanning was conducted to determine the different internal and
external factors that may affect the implementation of the project. A qualita-
tive investigation was done by asking stakeholders (n=30) enumerate the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Five answers
with the highest frequencies each for S, W, O and T were used, analyzed
and juxtaposed in a four-quadrant matrix with four combinations namely S-O,
S-T, W-O and W-T for each quadrant. Strategic options were formulated per
quadrant by: (S-O) using strengths to take advantage of the opportunities; (S
-T) counteracting threats by using strength of the project; (W-O) overcoming
weaknesses by taking advantage of the opportunities; and (W-T) overcoming
both weaknesses and threats. Out of 100 maximum combinations for all
quadrants that can be formulated, only the 40 most important and feasible
strategic options were presented. Results of the study emphasized the reali-
zation of the commitment of the implementers particularly the students, pro-
jects in-charge and DEBESMSCAT administration in achieving the different
targets of the project. By this investigation, the developed concrete and
SWOT-based strategies can be used to assist the implementers make the
project successful.
Key words: SWOT analysis, strategic options
23
Educator’s Extension Engagement on Carabao Dairy Farming:

An Experiential Approach
Dr. Herminigildo S. Villasoto
Arellano University, Manila
This study was to explore the experiences of the educator’s on extension as

the implementer in the extension services among farmers in Masalipit, San
Miguel, Bulacan towards sustainable dairy farming. The study is reflective
and analytical type of research; it used phenomenology as a primary ap-
proach of the inquiry towards of the journey unfolding experiences. Altogeth-
er, the researcher shared common aspirations and dreams with the dairy
farmers in Masalpit, San Miguel, Bulacan towards sustainable dairy farming.
Cognizant of the individual talents and skills, he had developed the synergy
to jumpstart the transformation of community extension practice and extends
it beyond the confines of the campus. Thus, the dairy carabao dispersal pro-
ject is a concrete manifestation of authentic community engagement and
partnership with the dairy farmers. The question is, whether the carabao dis-
persal project I son its way towards sustainable dairy farming. The research-
er fully convinced that all the efforts are geared towards the proper and right
direction. As to when this will be realized depends on the strength of the
partnership and commitment of the school and community to pursue the
goals mutually and collectively towards sustainability. Thus, community ex-
tension and outreach services as one o the tri-focal functions of higher edu-
cation should not just be considered as work, discipline realted or fulfilling a
professional task but rather, be internalized as personal responsibility.
24
In Vitro Anthemintic Efficacy of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii) and

Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas) Extracts against Large Stomach Worm
(Haemonchus contortus)
Garry D. Lasaga and Emerlie R. Okit
An in vitro study on the evaluation of the efficacy of Makabuhay (T. rumphii)

and Tuba-tuba (J. curcas) extracts against the egg and adult Haemonchus
contortus was conducted from April 2010 to July 2010 at College of Veteri-
nary Medicince, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato. The
adult motility assay showed that both plant extracts induced adulticidal activi-
ty against H. contortus. Results demonstrated that the anthemintic efficacy of
the plants extracts was dose and time dependent. The 60% and 70%
Makabuhay concentrations required 15 hours to attain the ED 50. The 90%
Tuba-tuba concentration was able to kill 50% of the adult worms (ED 50) on
the 12th hour. The 70% Makabuhay and 90% Tuba-tuba concentrations
were most effective among the plant concentrations tested based on the time
observed to attain the ED50 and kill the adult H, contortus. Egg hatch assay
revealed that both plant extracts induced a concentration-dependent egg
hatching inhibition. For the Makabuhay extract, the 60% and 70% concentra-
tions exhibited the highest mean percentages of egg hatching inhibition at
99.07% and 99.69%, respectively. Statistical analysis for Tuba-tuba extract
revealed no significant difference between the effects of 90%, 80%, 70% and
60% concentrations on egg hatching inhibition.
25
Compliance to the Essential Composition and Quality Factors of the

Tropical Fruit and Distilled Wines Produced
in the Bicol Region, Philippines
Carina B. Orden
Bicol University, Tabaco Campus
The standards for tropical fruit wine and distilled wine were given by the Phil-
ippine National Standards (PNS) to set the quality and safety for the wines to
be globally competitive. The essential composition and quality factors re-
quired for tropical fruit wines were pH, ethanol content (EC), methanol con-
tent (MC), titratable acidity (TA), volatile acidity (VA) and total soluble solids
(TSS); the distilled wines required the EC, MC and TA. Seventeen (17) tropi-
cal fruit wines and four(4) distilled wines were analyzed. The pH by glass
electrode, TA by titration, VA by steam distillation and titration, TSS by re-
fractometry, EC by Specific Gravity Method, and MC by Direct Injection Gas
Chromatography. Mean pH was 3.72 ± 0.19. for tropical fruit wines and 3.81
± 0.06 for distilled wines. Mean TA was 0.74 ± 0.33% for tropical fruit wines
and 0.25 ± 0.18% for distilled wines. Mean VA was 0.33 ± 0.15% by vol. for
tropical fruit wines and 0.20 ± 0.10% by vol. for distilled wines. Mean EC was
13.20 ± 2.53% by vol. for tropical fruit wines and 28.40 ± 4.10% by vol. for
distilled wines. Mean TSS was 10.07 ± 2.71° Brix for tropical fruit wines and
8.78 ± 0.82° Brix for distilled wines. There was no detection of methanol for
all the wine samples. There were deviations in the EC, VA, TA and TSS from
the standard and no deviation in the pH. Further studies are recommended
to check the conformity of the wine parameters to the standards.
Keywords: tropical fruit wines, distilled wines, essential composition and

quality factors, PNS
26
Attitude of Vegetable Farmers in Northern Philippines

towards ASEAN Integration
Victoria M. de Padua and Eduard Biado
This study was conducted to assess the attitude of vegetable farmers to-
wards ASEAN Integration. The data were drawn from 100 selected farmers
using stratified, purposive random sampling, gathered through personal in-
terview using a questionnaire schedule and were analysed using frequency
percentages, rank and weighted mean. Majority of vegetable farmers were
married, male, Roman Catholic, had high school education, 49.85 years av-
erage age, 3 children and farm leaseholders, preferred to plant eggplant in
1.487 square meters farm size with 2,267 kgs production. Few were aware
about ASEAN Integration who learned it from Television. They claimed that
ASEAN Integration has much effects especially on the expanded market,
provides access to market, better financial, technical, managerial and other
business supports, sets open trade and improved quality production as the
positive effects while stiff competition and decreased productivity as the neg-
ative effects which were perceived to surely happen. Some of the recom-
mended good agricultural practices in AFTA were adopted.
Key words: ASEAN integration, attitude, vegetables
27
Production Performance of Pigeon Pea (ICP 88039) in Varying

Levels of Phosphorus-Rich Organic Fertilizer
Conrado B.Surigao, Jr. III and Mark Anthony C. Abella
This study on production performance of pigeon pea in varying levels of

phosphorus-rich organic fertilizer was conducted from October 22 to
February 11, 2015 at Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State Col-
lege of Agriculture and Technology to assess the following parameters:
the number of days to flowering state, height of the plant after 100 days,
number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, weight of seed in
kilogram. This study employed the Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three (3) different organic fertilizer amount replicated four
(4) times. Six hundred pigeon pea seed of ICPL 88039 were considered
as a treatment. A total of 90 kilograms of pelletized organic fertilizer
were used for the three replications. Treatment A 50g of pelletized
chicken manure/plant; Treatment B - 100g of pelletized chicken manure/
plant; Treatment C - 150g of pelletized chicken manure/plant; Treatment
D - control (no organic fertilizer). Results showed that Treatment C (150
grams of pelletized organic fertilizers) gave an edge over other treat-
ments in days to flowering and plant height. Number of pods per plant,
number of seeds per pod and weight of pigeon seed per plot were domi-
nated by Treatment C compared to other treatments. The higher phos-
phorus amount of organic fertilizer applied to plant considerably offer
better plant performance both on the growth and yield parameters.
Keywords: pigeon pea; phosphorus, organic fertilizer
28
Electron Microscopic Identification Of Wolbachia Bacteria In Culex

Mosquito From Upper Rhine Valley, Germany,
and Cebu City, Philippines
Milagros M. Greif
Wolbachia infections were detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from the

Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, and Cebu City, Philippines, by electron mi-
croscopy. Species of 5 different autogenous and anautogenous populations
of Culex pipiens from Germany and 1 population of Culex quinquefasciatus
from the Philippines were used in this study. Larvae of mosquito were sam-
pled from different localities and were reared to the adult stage for further
processing. The abdomens of female mosquitoes were used for electron mi-
croscopic study. Females from different populations exhibited higher rates
than did the males, and, likewise, Cx. pipiens populations that were autoge-
nous showed higher infection rates of Wolbachia than did anautogenous in-
dividuals. In Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, males were infected at
33.33% and females, only 10%. The ultrastructure of Wolbachia was studied
in the ovaries of species belonging to Cx. pipiens complex by means of
transmission electron microscopy. The bacteria exhibited typical morphology
for Wolbachia with 3 enveloping membranes.
Keywords: Wolbachia, Culex pipiens, Germany, Culex quinquefasciatus,

Philippines
29
Larvicidal Effects of Some Botanicals for the Control of Mosquitoes

G.B. Viste, J.Q. Silvestre, F.M. Camalig, V.A. Agpasa,
P.P. Fontanilla, and R.C. Silvestre
Mosquito-borne illnesses causes more than 300 million human clinical cases
each year worldwide. Indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical insecticides
caused adverse impact on the environment and disturbance of ecological
balance. Plants are rich source of alternative agents for the control of mos-
quitoes because they possess bioactive phytochemicals. The study aimed to
determine the: a.) Effect of botanical extracts such as hagonoy
(Chromolaena odorata), lantana (Lantana camara), marigold (Tagetes erec-
ta), makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against
mosquito larva; b.) Most effective botanical against mosquito larva; and c.)
Lethal time 50 and LT 90 of different botanicals. Fifty mosquito larvae in 25
ml water where applied with 75 ml of botanical extract. Treatments were: T0-
water, T0+ commercial insecticide, T1 marigold, T2 neem, T3 hagonoy, T4
lantana, T5 makabuhay. Result revealed that larvicidal activity of hagonoy is
(100%), lantana (94%) and marigold (90%) and did not differ significantly to
the commercial insecticide (100%). Hagonoy was the most effective botani-
cal against mosquito larva. The LT 50 and LT 90 of hagonoy is 1.68 and 2.51
hours; lantana is 3.18 and 5.42 hours; marigold is 3.34 and 5.91 hours;
neem is 5.46 and 8.78 hours, while makabuhay is 15.44 and 26.56 hours.
Keywords: mosquito, larvicide, botanical, hagonoy, crude extract
30
Design, Construction and Test Performance of Mungbean

(Vigna radiata) Sheller
Shielamae S. Lozano and Roy N. Laquidan
The study was conducted to design, construct and test the performance of
Mungbean Sheller. The design and construction of the machine was from
November to December 2015 at the Agricultural Mechanization Division,
Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
(PhilMech), Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Testing was done at Brgy,
Bumbuneg, San Gabriel, La Union on January 2016. Results revealed signif-
icant differences in terms of shelling capacity, blower loss, cracked beans,
and shelling recovery. Unshelled mungbean and shelling efficiency results
revealed not significantly different. The recorded highest shelling capacity of
the machine is 169.73 kg/hr, lowest blower loss of 16.06 percent, lowest
cracked beans of 0.06 percent, and highest shelling recovery of 78.70 per-
cent. Unshelled mungbean ranges to 1.24 to 3.49 percent and shelling effi-
ciency ranges to 96.51 to 98.76 percent. The machine cost is Php 24,879.15.
Considering the assumption used, the investment can be recovered in 19
days.
31
Shredded Aseptic Packages as an Admixture to Higher Compressive Strength

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Guillermo O. Bernabe and Edna Arrojado
The main objective of this study is to determine the potential of shredded aseptic
packages as an admixture to higher compressive strength Autoclaved Aerated Con-
crete. More specifically, it seeks to determine the compressive strength of the con-
ventional Autoclaved Aerated Concrete; determine the density of the Conventional
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete and the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with an admix-
ture of Shredded Aseptic Packages; determine the compressive strength of Auto-
claved Aerated Concrete with shredded aseptic packages as an admixture; and to
determine the difference in compressive strength of the Conventional Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete and the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with shredded aseptic
packages as an admixture. The research design used in this study to test the hy-
pothesis is experimental method. The design attempts to examine the effects and
influences of factors to other conditions as control and manipulation are applied up-
on subjects. It determines the cause and effect relationship of several variables af-
ter interventions are done to a group. The result will be compared to the result of the
other group called control group with similar characteristics but was withheld with
such interventions (Bouing, 2006). Based from the findings raised, the researchers
have drawn the following conclusions: The controlled sample surpassed the mini-
mum standard compressive strength of the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete of 2 MPa
as prescribed by the ASTM C 1386-98 which can be found on Appendix A.The sam-
ples with 1%, 2%, and 3% shredded Aseptic Packages have all surpassed the mini-
mum standard compressive strength of the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete of 2 MPa
as prescribed by the ASTM C 1386-98 which can be found on Appendix A. Also, the
optimum mixture design for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with an admixture of
Shredded Aseptic Packages is the sample with 2% Shredded Aseptic Packages
because it gains the highest compressive strength among the 3 samples with an
admixture of Shredded Aseptic Packages. Since the density of samples of Auto-
clave Aerated Concrete with 1%, 2%, and 3% are all smaller than the controlled
sample or the conventional Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, the Autoclaved Aerated
Concrete with admixture of shredded aseptic packages is considered to be light-
weight. Only the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with 2% admixture of Shredded
Aseptic Packages has a potential to increase the compressive strength of the Auto-
claved Aerated Concrete. To come up with a more reliable findings and conclu-
sions, the group recommends the future researchers to prolong the Autoclaving
time of the Autoclave Aerated Concrete in order to prove whether the time in Auto-
clave Machine really strengthen the compressive strength of the Autoclave Aerated
Concrete with shredded aseptic packages; have an Autoclaving machine that auto-
matically maintain the pressure of the chamber in order to diminish the human error
factor of the study; Vibrate the samples more properly in order to fill even the small-
est of voids in the sample; conduct a comparative study on the difference in cost
between the conventional Autoclaved Aerated Concrete and the Autoclaved Aerat-
ed Concrete with an admixture of Shredded Aseptic Packages; The future research-
ers may use different material ratio, conduct more study regarding the Most Effec-
tive Mixture Design of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with shredded aseptic packag-
es in order to validate the reliability of the findings of this study or to find a more Ef-
fective Mixture Design, conduct more study regarding other admixture to Autoclaved
Aerated concrete in order to find the most effective admixture to it.
32
Combination of Arachis Hypogaea (Peanut) Shell and Zea Mays (Corn)

Cob in Making Particle Board
Joselinda M. Golpeo and Rhodora N. Buluran
The main objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of using Arachis
hypogaea (peanut) and Zea mays (corn) in making particle board and testing it
in terms of Screw Withdrawal Resistance, Water Absorption and Thickness
Swelling. The researchers used experimental method in this study in obtaining a
good quality particle board. Based on the data gathered, the following where re-
vealed: Product A consisting of twenty-four percent (24%) of Arachis hypogaea
(peanut) shell, thirty-six percent (36%) of Zea mays (corn) cob and 40% of Urea
formaldehyde (adhesive) sustained a load of 10 kilograms; Product C was 9.25
kilograms and Product B was 8.25 kilograms in screw withdrawal resistance
test; Product A consisting of twenty-four percent (24%) of Arachis hypogaea
(peanut) shell, thirty-six percent (36%) of Zea mays (corn) cob and 40% of Urea
formaldehyde (adhesive) had 2.941 percent; Product C had 7.692 percent in
thickness swelling test; and Product B had 12.037 percent; Product C thirty-six
percent (36%) of Arachis hypogaea (peanut) shell, twenty-four percent (24%) of
Zea mays (corn) cob and 40% of Urea formaldehyde (adhesive) had 22.285 per-
cent; Product A had 23.503 percent in water absorption test; and Product B had
26.628 percent and Product A had 23.503 percent in water absorption test.
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were derived: Product A com-
posed of twenty-four percent (24%) Arachis hypogaea (peanut) shell and thirty-
six percent (36%) Zea Mays (corn) cob has the highest Screw Withdrawal Re-
sistance; Product A, composed of twenty-four percent (24%) Arachis hypogaea
(peanut) shell, thirty-six percent (36%) Zea Mays (corn) cob and 40% of Urea
formaldehyde (adhesive), has the lowest percentage difference on Thickness
Swelling and showed the highest loss in thickness; and Product C, composed of
thirty-six percent (36%) Arachis hypogaea (peanut) shell, twenty-four percent
(24%) Zea Mays (corn) cob and 40% of Urea formaldehyde (adhesive), has the
lowest percentage difference on Water Absorption and showed the lowest
weight loss. The following recommendations may be considered for further re-
searches: Corn cobs and peanut shells can be utilized as a raw material in mak-
ing a particle board that is suitable for decorative uses and as a material for
acoustic wall panels; Field exposure test must be conducted to determine its ac-
tual effectiveness in wood industry; Use of hot compress in board produc-
tion for firmer particle boards; and mechanical properties tests such as Modulus
of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity and Internal Bond testing for a profound com-
parative of the products.
33
General Information System for the Residents

of San Vicente, Quirino, Isabela
Roman Alex F. Lustro, Jerome Ballesteros,
Mark Cyrus Santiago and Ruel Julian
At the dawn of the 21st Century the world has witnessed the rise of the age
information and communications technology. Computers and the like have
totally changed the landscape, we face the world today with less defined bar-
riers and borders. Computers have to make work easier and faster. It should
hasten transactions and alleviate the turnaround time of clients; be it in the
public or private sector. The study aimed to develop a Computerized General
Information System for the residents of San Vicente, Quirino, Isabela. The
study was anchored upon the System Development Like Cycle (SDLC), Con-
ceptual mode utilizing its waterfall Rapid Application Development and
among others. It involved environmental scanning, planning, designing, test-
ing and evaluating. The developed system was tested and evaluated to de-
termine its performance which include quality of information, its economic
benefits, control and security, effectiveness and efficiency of services. The
researchers found out that the system was able to address issues such as
lesser time in issuing reports.
34
Bridges Along Asian Highway 26 in the Province of Isabela

Kristel B. Capelo, Mary Angeli P. Castillo,
Marc Carlo B. Lemu and Sandrover C. Manaligod
Isabela State University – Ilagan City Campus, Ilagan City, Isabela
The Philippines has a huge stock of bridges along local and national road
networks. There are about 7,600 national bridges under the responsibility of
the national government thru the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH). In the province of Isabela, there are 92 bridges that connect people
in the different municipalities, cities and other neighboring provinces. There
are thirty nine (39) out of the total number of 92 bridges in the province were
located along Asian Highway 26 (AH26). The aim of this study is to evaluate
the conditions of the thirty nine (39) bridges along Asian Highway (AH26) in
the province of Isabela. A descriptive – evaluative method of research and
actual site visit was conducted to survey each bridges. Also, visual inspec-
tion was administered around the location of the bridges to identify possible
factors that may affect it. The common defects noted are cracking, rebar, ex-
posure, scaling, spalling, scouring, slope erosion and water leakage The
most damage – prone element of a bridge is the abutment. The damages of
the bridges are caused by age, change in weather, natural calamities, vehi-
cle load and loads other than vehicle load. Some damages occur as worse
result of minor damages. Human activity is also a factor that causes damage
to bridges. The most damaged and critical bridge among the bridges as-
sessed is the Paza Bridge.
35
Integrated Library Management System (ILMS) of North Luzon

Philippines State College
Ramil T. Batin
Colleges and universities generally maintain library which helps to support

their academic programs and facilitate the delivery of quality education to
their service clienteles – the students. In order to keep abreast with the de-
mands of the dynamic society, libraries need to be updated with the current
breakthroughs of technology to be at par with international standards. This
study was conducted to design and develop an Integrated Library Manage-
ment System for North Luzon Philippines State College (NLPSC). Specifical-
ly, it determined the existing procedure in the library management system of
the college library, the hardware and software requirements needed for the
proposed library system, describe the features by the system, and test the
acceptability of the system. The developer made use of the descriptive-
developmental type of research. In the development of the system, the de-
veloper used Unified Process which is not simply a process, but rather an
extensible framework which should be customized for specific organizations
or projects. The elaboration, construction and transition phases are divided
into a series of time-boxed iterations. Each iteration result in an increment,
which is a release of the system that contains added or improved functionali-
ty compared with previous release. This study focuses on the automation of
the existing library system of North Luzon Philippines State College. The sys-
tem covers the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), circulation of library
materials, and cataloging. The system delimits its services to the students,
faculty and staff of the said institution.
36
Design and Fabrication of Waste Plastic Oil Converter

Elmo C. Rapsing, Jr.
The study focused on the design and fabrication of a waste plastic oil con-
verter as an effort in finding environment-friendly means of waste recycling. It
is an alternative solution to increasing problem of waste disposal by convert-
ing waste plastics into a resource. Pyrolysis process was the basis in the
design and fabrication of the equipment. It is a prototype/laboratory scale
model that will serve as baseline in developing technology for energy recov-
ery from waste plastics. The volume of the reactor was 452.39 cu.in. with
holding capacity of 200g/batch of Type 6 (Polystyrene) waste plastic. The
equipment was tested for five trials using 200g of Type 6 plastics per trial.
The temperature was controlled at 3800C and operating hour of 2 hours. Test
result showed that the equipment is functional with average conversion ca-
pacity of 83.3 ml/hr, conversion efficiency (wt %) of 78.1%, waste reduction
efficiency (wt %) of 94.3% and oil recovery of 883 ml oil/kg of plastic.
Keywords: design, fabrication, waste plastics, Type 6 (Polystyrene) plastic ,

pyrolysis, waste plastic oil converter, conversion capacity, conversion effi-
ciency, waste reduction efficiency, oil recovery
37
Drying Characteristics of Commercially Important Seaweed

in Cabinet-Type Drier
Jaime I. Manuel, Jr. Rogelio M. Estacio
This study sought to develop drying technology on seaweeds particularly eu-

cheuma spp. Using cabinet type drier that will promote lesser drying time and
maintain the useful substance present in the seaweeds as well as its natural
color, that will eventually result to better quality dried seaweed and will in-
crease its market value providing additional income for seaweed growers
making seaweed production attractive to coastal folks as a livelihood. The
result of the study on drying temperature revealed that eucheuma dried at
100°F and 150°F temperature level obtained the rating with descriptive
equivalent of high in terms of color intensity. Thus, the colors of the dried
product at this level of drying temperatures were approximately maintained.
This study showed to that a solar Cabinet-type drier speeds up the drying
and removal of the moisture content of the product up to zero moisture re-
duction resulting to better color of the dried product.
Key words: dried eucheuma, cabinet-type drier, seaweed color intensity
38
Philippine Electronics Industry: Export Productivity and Performance

Ira C. Valenzuela
Technological University of the Philippines
With the continuous advancement of technology in the country and vast op-
portunity to engage in business, it is a great privilege of Filipinos to work in
electronic companies or start their own electronic business. Even foreign
countries invest in the country because of hardworking Filipinos and low-cost
production that Philippines can offer. With this regard, it can be inferred that
electronic industries continuously grow and production is constantly increas-
ing. It even opened itself in exporting electronic products to be able to sup-
port high demand of people from outside of the country since there are many
foreign investors that outsource to the country. This study showed the
monthly and yearly growth of export performance of electronics industry that
covers the year 2006 to mid of 2015. Since there are a lot of subsectors of
electronics, the researcher identified which of these subsectors contribute
greatly in the economy of the country.
Keywords: comparative analysis, education, general weighted average, level

of diligence, level of participation, Mann-Whitney u test, punctuality, regular
high school, science high school, simple random sampling, time of studying,
t-test
39
Teaching of Multi-Paradigm Programming in CS Introductory Course:

A Needs Assessment Analysis
Mark Dervin N. Mingoy
Computer programming is really a difficult task which leads to conduct many

studies to lessen and eradicate this difficulty and complexity especially in learn-
ing programming. This study aims to assess the current state of teaching pro-
gramming in the CS introductory course and the possibility of the inclusion of
teaching multi-paradigm programming in the CS introductory course. It utilized
the qualitative research method and was conducted to the professors and in-
structors who are handling programming subjects of the different higher educa-
tional institutions (HEIs) in the Province of Masbate. The study revealed that
varied single programming paradigms were used to teach CS introductory
course. Procedural, functional and object-oriented were the preferred and most
widely used programming paradigms. Teaching of structural programming para-
digm was often the suggested paradigm. The respondent’s bases and prefer-
ences for teaching such programming paradigm are the abilities and skills of the
novice programmers and its marketability in the future. The results further
showed that the common programming paradigm used to teach CS introductory
course was imperative programming paradigm. Professors and instructors were
not aware of the possible effects of teaching single programming paradigm to its
succeeding course which is the programming paradigm-shift. The possible im-
plications of teaching multi-paradigm programming were the chance to design
and to learn the top-down way of thinking, the easiness to adjust to another pro-
gramming paradigm, the elimination of the programming paradigm-shift and the
increase of ability to learn new programming language however some did not
agree to its positive implications because no programming language will be
mastered, there will be confusion and complexity in comparing programming
paradigms, learners will focus only the syntax and the time constraint to include
it in the CS introductory course. Indeed, the chance of the inclusion of multi-
paradigm programming in the CS introductory course may vary on the resources
and preference of the school, consideration on the ability and skills of the learn-
ers and the programming language market demand. It is suggested that there
should be standardization of the curriculum or there should be inclusion of the
multi-paradigm programming in the introductory course of Computer Science.
Keywords: programming, programming paradigm, CS introductory course, pro-

gramming paradigm-shift
40
Distance Education as an Alternative in Enhancing the Accessibility

of Undergraduate Courses in Masbate
Cherry Blancaver, Jescil Grace V. Tabugara and Vincent M. Clores
This research aimed to determine if distance education could be the solution to

accessibility concerns among undergraduate students in Masbate. Answers in
the questionnaire were complemented with insights gained from interviews
and empirical observations. The results revealed that the student-respondents
are all willing to pursue their undergraduate courses however access and per-
sonal/financial circumstances are factors that affect their decision. Access to
undergraduate courses is a concern for the students hence the present meth-
ods of instruction delivery in higher education institutions in Masbate specifi-
cally in DEBESMSCAT is still not very accessible and could not be taken con-
veniently by the students. Of the 7 enumerated concerns, travel concerns
ranked first. The geographic feature of Masbate as well as the sea and road
conditions result into access challenges. Travel concerns puts additional bur-
den on the financial situation of the students. There is little knowledge about
distance education among the student – respondents necessitating the need
for information campaign. The ICT tools and software are slightly accessible
implying that the available ICT tools in the province is not yet enough to pro-
vide a very good and convenient access for those who would like to use them.
The primary location of access to the ICT tools is in computer shops and inter-
net cafes. The student – respondents consider themselves as “Slightly Com-
petent” in using ICT tools implying that the level of competence is still quite
low. Cellular networks are the communication infrastructure that Masbateños
rely on heavily as an effective means of communication as there is no landline
connecting the city to each of the municipalities. Finally, using the Distance
Education Aptitude and Readiness Scale (DEARS) revealed that the student -
respondents is now ready to take a distance education. A blended – mode of
offering a distance education course would be the best option since it com-
bines attending schedule traditional face – to – face lectures and activities that
would facilitate traditional face – to – face interaction. A blended mode of de-
livery could also lessen the heavy use of ICT tools and may significantly less-
en the expenses and risk of travel since the students would come only person-
ally to the college during agreed face – to – face sessions and major examina-
tions.
41
Cyberbullying: The DEBESMSCAT Students’ Experiences

Eunice B. Barredo, Jojie B. Ferriol, Darlene C. Magbanua
and Rowelyn M. Ramiso
This study aimed to gain a better understanding of cyberbullying issue to be

able to prevent or avoid it and resolve issues on this in the most effective
way. Cyberbullying is an Internet issue for so long, committed online on such
platforms as Facebook, Twitter, text, video, and through direct email. Cyber-
bullying also can affect the mental and psychological aspects of the individu-
als’ lives that will lead them to think suicidal decisions because of shame, de-
pression, anxiety, and threats. This study was conducted in DEBESMSCAT,
Mandaon, Masbate and the college students were the respondents. The re-
searchers asked them some questions regarding this issue, on how cyber-
bullying affect their lives and on how they will be able to overcome their ex-
periences. It also helped enlighten them about this issue to be aware and be
sensible and responsible before posting some pictures/videos to avoid
cyberbullying. With so many technology devices available and the cyber
world virtually unsupervised, there is a lot of room to someone to act mali-
ciously. This research also can help them to become open-minded in the
world of cyberbullying, to enable them to get some information regarding this
issue. Based from the results, it was found out that respondents thought of
taking their own lives because they felt pressured, embarrassed, and felt
they had no other alternatives. But other victims of cyberbullying had
learned to overcome its effects, ignored them and moved on with their lives.
Keywords: cyberbullying, DEBESMSCAT students’ experiences
42
Development of Styrofoam Cutter: An Instructional Tool for Art Classes

Allen A. Alejandro
Isabela State University-Ilagan Campus, Ilagan City, Isabela
The study aimed to develop an instructional tool purposely intended for art clas-
ses and other instructional uses. The developed Styrofoam Cutter is handy in-
structional tool for hand-on activities and exercises to further develop manipula-
tive skill among drawing students. It is an innovation of the existing cutters. The
project was proven to arouse and elevate the interest not only among students
and teachers but also with artists, craftsmen, and stage decorators who uses
polystyrene materials as medium in creating crafts and artworks. Through its
interchangeable cutting wires, the Styrofoam cutter can be used in demonstrat-
ing simple sculpture, low and high relief sculpture using polystyrene material as
medium. It is also a helpful tool in the development of knowledge and manipula-
tive skill in lettering and letter cutting in terms of technique, proportion, stability
and style. Furthermore, the cutter is proven to be a helpful tool for rapid proto-
typing, in creating model objects for technical drawing presentations and
demonstrations. Although the project is for instruction, it could be an essential
tool in creating miniature and other art products and crafts. With all these fea-
tures, the Styrofoam cutter is limited in cutting and sculpting polystyrene materi-
als. The cutter is heated via electrical resistance to approximately 200°C. As the
wire passed through the Styrofoam to be cut, the heat from the cutting wire va-
porizes the material just in advance of contact. The consistency of the kerfs
made by the cutting wires will depend on the speed and constancy of movement
during the process of cutting. The deepness of the cut is limited only by the cut-
ting wire depth. Width of cut is limited depending on the fabricated design of the
cutting wires. The Styrofoam Cutter is made up of locally available materials.
That is why the cost of this instructional tool is very affordable. The project was
proven to be helpful in the introduction of new concepts in designing and sculpt-
ing using Styrofoam as a medium essential to develop manipulative skills thus,
promoting artistry and creativity among its users. The instructional tool was eval-
uated by group of students, teachers, artists, and art and sign owners. It was
evaluated based on seven (7) criteria; functionality, aesthetics, workability, dura-
bility, economy, safety, and instructional applicability of the instructional tool.
The instructional tool was rated by thirty (30) respondents from the academe
and other users which gained an overall rating of 4.75 which means that the in-
structional tool is highly acceptable.
Keywords: Styrofoam, instructional tool, art class, development, innovation
43
Computer Waste Disposal Practices of Internet Shop Owners

in Ligao City
Arly B. Balingbing
This descriptive survey aimed to determine the computer waste disposal

practices of internet owners in Ligao City. The data were gathered from 15
internet owners in the business district of Ligao City through questionnaire
and informal interview. Statistical tools used are frequency count and
weighted mean technique. Findings showed that from the fifteen internet
shops operated, computer sets available for use were ranging from 15 to
30 units. All internet shop attendants / staff were graduate of computer
technician or knowledgeable in computer hardware. Internet shops re-
placed computer components/ parts twice in a year. On actual waste dis-
posal practices along storage and disposal both were rated as often. While
on actual computer waste disposal practices along collection it was rated
as seldom. One of the criteria in computer disposal the study revealed that
internet owners did not practice the landfill the computer waste. To con-
clude, the computer waste disposal practices by internet owners in Ligao
City do not have a policy/ guideline mandated by the LGU Ligao city. The
proposed action plan may be used by LGU Ligao in creating city ordinance
to address this computer waste.
Keywords: computer waste, disposal practices, city ordinance
44
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
The Economic Life of the Agtas of Peñablanca, Cagayan, Philippines

Darin Jan C. Tindowen
University of Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley
In today’s world, one of the bases of economic development is on the pres-

ence of technology. However, not all communities and groups can have an
access to the different technologies created by man. And one of these
groups is the Agtas of Penablanca, Cagayan, Northern Philippines. This
study is conducted to determine the different economic activities, seasonal
activities, and coping strategies for survival of the Agtas. 25 Agta families
were the respondents of the study through In-depth interview and observa-
tion as the main instruments used by the researcher to gather the needed
data of the study. However, key informants and the elders were also identi-
fied to validate the data gathered by the researcher. Results showed that the
economic activities of the Agta community are foraging, livestock and poultry
production, making and selling hard brooms, farming, and some families are
recipients of the Pantawid Pamilya Program of the Government. The income
that they earned from their economic activities is just enough to sustain their
daily needs. Moreover, seasonal activities and coping strategies for survival
include fishing, paid labor, tour guiding inside the Callao cave, recipients of
the different outreach and extension activities conducted by Non Govern-
ment organizations and schools and universities located in Tuguegarao city
and in Penablanca, Cagayan, and some of them are compensated during
cultural festivals and other events by presenting their Talip or indigenous
dance. And as an offshoot of this study, a proposed productivity program
was developed to help uplift the economic conditions of the Agtas.
Keywords: Agtas of Penablanca Cagayan, economic activities, seasonal ac-

tivities, coping strategies
45
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Pantawid Pamilya: Breaking the Poverty Cycle

Bernadette F. De La Cruz, Susan R. De La Cruz, and Georgia D. Demavibas
4P’s, a conditional cash transfer program in the Philippines pay extremely

poor household-beneficiaries in order to fulfill the country’s commitment to
the number one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 4P’s send
10,235,256 school children aged 6-18 from a total of 4,353,597 registered
households with an average of two to three children. We analyze this pro-
gram in Iloilo, Philippines. We show that this program can be made efficient
by selecting beneficiaries and calibrating transfer for a maximum breaking of
intergenerational poverty cycle of hunger, health and achieve higher educa-
tion.
Keywords: conditional cash transfer, ESGPA-PA, household beneficiaries,

Millennium Development Goals
The Perceived Impact of the Research Culture of ISPSC:

A Basis for Research Policy
Jonathan L. de la Cruz, Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
The challenge of globalization demands critical attention to research culture

in order to generate knowledge and discover new strategies for improving
the quality of human life. This study was conducted to describe, analyze and
interpret the status of research culture along research capability, outputs,
dissemination and utilization and its perceived socio-cultural, economic and
political impact. The study utilized 162 randomly selected faculty of the six
campuses of the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, employing triangula-
tion method. Using Pearson r, findings revealed that research utilization sig-
nificantly influenced its socio-cultural, economic and political impact. On the
other hand, research capability, research outputs and research dissemina-
tion do not show significant associations to socio-cultural, economic and po-
litical impact.
Keywords: research culture, research Impact, descriptive design, Philippines
46
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Socio-Economic Desirability of a State Colleges’ Extension Campus in

a Coastal Town in the Bicol Region, Philippines
Seth B. Barandon
A government project to be worthy of financing should be geared towards

generating not only income but also social and economic benefits to vari-
ous stakeholders. This descriptive-survey assessed the socio-economic
feasibility of the establishment of an extension campus of Camarines Sur
Polytechnic Colleges in Balatan, Camarines Sur. It determined the socio-
economic characteristics of the respondents and their perceived benefits
for the residents of Balatan, business sector, local government unit, pro-
spective enrolees in Balatan. Convenience sampling was used for the 106
respondents chosen randomly. Data were gathered thru interview using 3-
item guide. Follow-up questions were posed to elicit information that will
support prior answers. Data were was organized and quantified using per-
centage. Results revealed that the perceived benefits are opportunity for
employment within Balatan, prospect to establish new business, and in-
crease in tax collection. Additionally, other benefits identified are the in-
crease in literacy rate, development of tourism industry, and opportunity
for infrastructure development. The proposed project will significantly con-
tribute to the social and economic development of Balatan.
Keywords: social development; socio-economic feasibility; descriptive sur-

vey design; Balatan, Camarines Sur; extension campus
47
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Kwentong Bayan ng mga Subanen: Phagalungan

sa Kulturang Pangkasarian
Resna R. Garay at Julieta C. Cebrero
J. H Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur
Salamin ng lahi, kabuuan ng karanasan ng isang lipi, ang panitikan.

Masasalamin , dahil dito makikita ang nakaraan, damdamin at maging mithi-
in ng mga mamayang bumubuo sa isang lahi o pangkat in particular. Ang
mga nabibilang sa isang lahi ay hindi nakakaalpas sa mga larawang ipina-
pakita sa literatura. Babae, lalaki, bata man o matanda ay naipipinta sa liter-
atura at maging ang mga tungkuling kanilang ginagampanan sa lipunang
kinabibilangan. Kwentong bayan ng mga Subanen sa Zamboanga del Sur,
bayan ng Lapuyan ang ginawang lunsaran upang makikita ang papel na gi-
nagampanan ng kababaihan at kalalakihan sa kanilang lipunan. Inalam mula
sa kanilang kwentong bayan kung ano ang mga tungkulin ng mga babae at
lalaki at tingnan kung ang mga tungkuling ito ay kasalukuyan pa nilang pin-
apractice. Pamaraang indehinus o pangkatutubo ang ginamit sa pangongo-
lekta ng datos at deskriptibo naman sa pagtalakay at pagsusuri. Batay sa
resulta nakita na mayaman ang tribung Subanen sa kanilang kwentong
bayan at natuklasan na nangingibabaw ang positibong tungkulin ng kaba-
baihan at kalalakihan na hanggang sa kasalukuyan ay nananatili.
Mga susing salita: Subanen, katungkulan, phagalungan, kwentong bayan,

lipunan
48
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Catching Fish and Coping with Life: The Case of Fishing Communities
in Ticao Island
Nilo N. Cardiño, Jr. and Renee A. Lamela
The Philippines is one of the world’s leading fish producers. Once thought to
be inexhaustible, the Philippine seas are yielding less than it used to be-
cause of neglect and abuse in many forms. This study dealt on the assess-
ment of fishing practices and living conditions of fishing families for purposes
of policy formulation. Involving 130 fishermen in the eleven coastal baran-
gays of San Fernando, Masbate, this study made use of the descriptive-
evaluative survey method and personal interview to gather data about the
traditional fishing practices and socio-economic situation of the fishing com-
munities. Results show that the fishermen are middle-aged and married male
fishermen, majority of whom are less schooled. Mostly relying on fishing as a
source of living, their families have a very low income suggesting that fishing
cannot suffice family needs. The most common method of catching fish is
through using fishing lines. Families spend their meagre income mostly on
food. And bad weather is the most common problem encountered by the
fishermen. The respondents received assistance from the government only
in the form of safeguarding the fishing areas. It is recommended that the
government must urge national agencies to formulate strategies and policies,
implement livelihood-training programs, and provide socio-economic sup-
ports to ameliorate the dismal situation of the fishing communities.
Keywords: catching fish, coping with life, fishing communities, policy formulation
49
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Socio-Economic Benefits of Bamboo-Craft Entrepreneurship:

The Case of Rinconada Bamboo Entrepreneurs
Seth B. Barandon
Bamboo entrepreneurship is one of the key instruments in uplifting the so-

cio-economic status of the poor and under privileged people in Rinconada
area. This study evaluated the socio-economic benefits of bamboo craft
making on the entrepreneurs of the district. Additionally, the study also
covered the profile of the entrepreneurs, the supply and demand of the
product, and income generate. Using descriptive-survey, data were ob-
tained from 60 purposely chosen bamboo entrepreneurs from a list given
by the Department of Trade of Industry. A 12-item researcher-made ques-
tionnaire was the main gathering tool supported by interview and observa-
tion. Results revealed that the social benefits derived by the bamboo en-
trepreneurs can able to communicate to more networks, adequate support
to education of children is being provided, and television sets, while eco-
nomic benefits is having their own house with sanitation. The bamboo en-
trepreneurs can satisfy the hierarchy of needs for shelter, security and so-
cial communication while the families of bamboo entrepreneurs were so-
cially and economically benefited from their business.
Keywords: descriptive-survey, indigenous material, micro-enterprise, Rin-

conada area, socio-economic impact, technology
50
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Loss of Productivity: An Effect of Traffic Congestion

to Students and Workers
Cristina Luisa S. Peñafiel
De La Salle University, Dasmariñas City
This study investigated the existence of the “Loss of Productivity” as the

most evident and long-standing effect of traffic congestion and how it affects
the daily lives of students and workers. The researchers utilized bottom-up
approach as its conceptual framework. This research is qualitative in nature
utilizing thematic framework and apply purposive-expert sampling to pick the
following respondents that represent the Government and Workers: (1) Mr.
Emilio M. Llavor, Project Officer V of Metropolitan Manila Development Au-
thority, and (2) Atty. Jose Sonny Matula, National President of Federation of
Free Workers. The researchers also utilized systematic random sampling to
get the perspectives of students, wherein the researchers interviewed every
50th students to represent the students affected by traffic congestion. This
study unveiled that due to time lost caused by traffic congestion, loss of
productivity exists and it really affects the daily routine of students and work-
ers. It causes energy drain, moral damage, affects relationship with their love
ones and causes unemployment to workers due to time wasted being stuck
in a traffic jam. Establishment of new infrastructure, continuous improvement
of road networks and improvement of transportation system is a must in or-
der to make a free flow traffic.
51
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
People’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Dengue in Two

Barangays with High Dengue Incidences in Cebu City, Philippines
Elena B. Lozano,
Dengue vector control requires effective participation of the local communi-

ty. People’s knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys provide a suitable
format or tool to evaluate existing programs and to identify effective strate-
gies for behavior change. Presently, there is no sufficient data available on
the people’s knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dengue in areas of
Cebu City with high dengue incidences. The study aims to evaluate the
people’s knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dengue in 2 Baran-
gays of Cebu City with high dengue incidences during the last 2 years
based on the data from the Department of Health. A cross sectional study
was conducted among the residents of Barangays Lahug and Guadalupe,
Cebu City, Philippines. In each Barangay, 50 respondents (>18 years old)
were chosen randomly. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared,
validated and used to collect information regarding the knowledge, attitude
and practices regarding dengue fever from the residents. P correlation
showed that in Barangay Lahug there is a positive relationship between
knowledge on dengue and age p-value (0.367) while in Barangay Guada-
lupe the result showed a negative result, p-value (.035). For t test results,
both Barangays have moderate knowledge and moderate preventive prac-
tices about dengue.
Keywords: dengue viruses, mosquito, knowledge, attitude and practices
52
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Gay Lingo in Cagayan Valley

Eddison B. Tuliao
Bekimon comes from two words: “becky or beki,” gayspeak for bakla or young
gays and “jejemon,” which refers to the strange text and internet language that
has gained widespread usage among netizens and mobile phone users in the
Philippines. It is the new term for gay lingo or gay speak. The study focused on
analyzing the bekimon among gays in the province of Isabela. Specifically, it fo-
cused on identifying the common gay language and the ways by which these
terms were formed. The terms were classified further using the model proposed
by Baytan in 2008. In addition, the study determined how these gay terms func-
tion when used in sentences during conversations and finally, their code-
switching patterns. The study is auto-ethnographic in nature where the re-
searcher assumed an observer-participant role. The design is descriptive and
the data were gathered through observation, participation and documentary
analysis. The participants of the study are the gays in the province of Isabela
who were taken by way of purposive and convenience sampling. The study re-
veals that most of the terms used by gays in the city of Ilagan are formed most-
ly by way of adding affixes like ky/ny/j/iz/ez and others (i.e. kyota (bata/young),
junakiz (anak/child), julalay (alalay/helper), kyoho (baho/odorous), ditis (ditto/
here). The second most used pattern is the use of names of famous persons or
places and even those known in the locality (i.e. Artemia Bacud (arte/over act-
ing), Coco Martin (thief), Sahlee Cariño (Sali/join), Julie’s Bakeshop (plastic/
hypocrite), Ines Beltran (inis/peeved), Judge Dakila Castro/Daxby Lora/
Governor Daks Cua ( well-endowed), Purita Dychitan (poor), Philippine Normal
University, PNU ( regular in size). The other terms are formed by way of chang-
ing sound, use of acronyms, shortening a word or phrase sameness of sound
and changing the meaning of the borrowed words. Using the Baytan’s model in
classifying gay terms, Ilagan’s bekimon were mostly classified under personality
or behavior (i.e. matinggera (someone who likes stealing), Kring-Kring Gonza-
les (crazy/insane); the next are classified under emotional or psychological state
(i.e. bokot (fear), Elena Ariola (horny), Dr. Irorita Gazzingan (very angry/irate);
others were on body (i.e. nutri bun (penis), bubelya ( breasts), kipay (vagina);
some are classified under sex and sexual activity (i.e. bayastra (masturbate),
shelag (have an erection), jerbam (paid sex) and the rest are those under identi-
ty and terms for address and endearment. Most of the gay terms are function-
ing as adjectives, verbs and adverbs. The gays code switch often using the intra
-sentential pattern and occasionally use tag-switching and inter-sentential pat-
terns. Code-switching patterns among gays vary depending on the situation and
the person being talked with.
53
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Portrayal of Filipino Women in Magic Realism Short Stories

Glysedi Vive B. Alonto, Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay Bukidnon
This paper examines the Portrayal of Filipino Women in Magic Realism Short
Stories. It aims to identify the positive and negative portrayal of Filipino
women characters and discover gender discrimination in the short stories.
The study utilized a qualitative textual analysis in evaluating the Lexis used
in the portrayal of Filipino women. The study used the Gender Schema The-
ory proposed by Bems (1998) which elucidates the grounds on gender dis-
crimination. The findings show the predominant portrayal of Filipino women
characters in magic realism short stories is negative and stereotyping is the
evident gender discrimination. Also, it explores the changes of traditional and
modern Filipino women portrayal.
Key words: portrayal of women, magic realism, gender discrimination, stere-

otyping, gender schema theory
54
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Inked by the Legend: Whang-Od and the Kalinga Tattoo Art

Demetrio P. Anduyan, Jr.
For thousands of years, indigenous people around the world marked their bodies
with skin – stitched tattoos. This painful form of body art was not just latest fash-
ion: it was a visual language that exposed an individual’s desires and fears as well
as ancient cultural values and ancestral ties that were written on the body. In the
Kalinga. Indigenous tattooing has always served as a system of knowledge that
asserted and inscribed many kinds of information including tribal affiliation, maturi-
ty, status as well as cultural pride and artistic ability. It is an important vehicle for
expressing and reinforcing the psychological dimensions of life, health, warfare,
religion and death. As a cultural practice deeply rooted within the memory of an-
cestral life, tattooing also embodied personal, social, spiritual, through a wide ar-
ray of visual symbols that were ultimately derive from nature. The ethnographic
research method was utilized in this study. The participants of the study are the
Kalingas in Buscalan, Tinglayan in the Province of Kalingo in northern part of Lu-
zon in the Philippines. The selection of the participants is purposive involving
those elders who are knowledgeable about the focus of the study. The non – na-
tives of Kalingas who went to Buscalan to be tattooed by Whang – Od were also
participants of the study using convenience sampling. They were chosen based
on who were present in the area on the time the study was conducted. The de-
signs of the tattoo varies the centipede design is one of the most powerful spiritual
guides that will protect a person. The Centipede design is a sacred symbol for Ka-
linga warriors who regard it as a good omen based on the belief that a centipede
walks on your head all the way down to your foot; thus, implying a long life. The
snakeskin design pattern provides camouflage to enable a warrior to remain unde-
tected and safe from enemies. The snake and crocodile designs are symbols of
protection and good fortune. The designs are believed to deflect spears and axes
and give magical protection to the child’s bearer. The necklace design refers to
the affluence, wealth or prosperity. Furthermore, the eagle design is a symbol of
the messenger of their Good Kabunian. The Spear Design being placed at the
center of the chest were believed to block the pathway of the enemies. The eagle
is an important badge for it clearly identifies to warrior. The fern plant design is
believed to give fertility to women. The present generation who are not natives of
the Kalinga also climb the village of Buscalan to be inked by the legendary Whang
– Od. The non – natives also choose the traditional Kalinga tattoo designs but
most of them choose their own or the contemporary one.
55
EDUCATION AND CURRICULUM
Probing Determinants of TOEFL Scores towards Policy Reevaluation

Remedios C. Bacus, Christise C. Espera and Rivika C. Alda
With the clamor of globalization in the 21st century, benchmarks are set to
ensure students’ capability in coping with the linguistic challenges in the
global workplace. As such, parameters like standardized tests are adminis-
tered to ascertain the quality of instruction. This paper seeks to investigate,
at the cross-country level, the difference between the 2009 and 2013 Test
of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores in four language skills. It
further investigates the influence of the literacy rate, English language ex-
posure and economic status in the scores obtained of the 149 countries.
Using paired t-test, results showed a significant difference in the mean
scores in four language skills and of the four skills, test takers found
“reading test” to be the most difficult. The regression analysis revealed that
of the three identified determinants of TOEFL scores, literacy rate has the
greater influence in students’ proficiency in English. While the country’s
GDP has no bearing on their scores contrary to the findings of other related
studies. Thus, it is imperative that every country must strengthen literacy
through intensive programs that advance reading and writing skills.
Keywords: TOEFL scores, literacy rate, language skills, GDP, standardized
tests, English proficiency
56
School and Beyond: Exploring Factors of English

Language Proficiency
Remedios C. Bacus and Rivika C. Alda
Globalization has made English more important than ever. Through time,
curriculum designers and teacher-practitioners remain steadfast in finding
ways to advance the quality of student learning. To ascertain the quality of
language teaching and learning, parameters like standardized tests are set.
This paper examined, at the cross-country level, the difference between the
2009 and 2013 Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores and
the effect of language exposure to the test takers’ scores. It further investi-
gated the correlation of literacy rate and English language use in the scores
obtained. Using paired t-test to determine the English proficiency of the test
takers and Pearson r to test the correlation of the literacy rate and language
use in the scores obtained, the findings showed a significant difference in the
mean scores. The results also revealed a strong positive linear relationship
between TOEFL scores and literacy rate while no association exists between
TOEFL scores and language exposure. The quality of comprehensible input
is more important than the quantity of language exposure. Active immersion
to language is still an acknowledged fact that contributes to effective lan-
guage learning. Literacy remains a foundational competency that is of pri-
mary importance to language learning. It is then imperative that schools re-
visit language learning curriculum and give emphasis to quality instruction
through authentic language tasks and activities.
Keywords: TOEFL scores, literacy rate, ESL, EFL, comprehensible input,

English language proficiency
57
Communicative Competence of Public School Teachers

in the Province of Cebu
Tizza Marie M. Navarro, Monique E. Cordova and Renan O. Elcullada
In the Philippines, employers look for applicants who can speak and write
English fluently and accurately. As employability is one of the most im-
portant things for the average Filipino people, the need to communicate in
English becomes equally essential. The problem now is that most gradu-
ates cannot express themselves in oral or written English. Thus a closer
look into the educational system has to be done. At the heart of the Philip-
pine educational system is the teacher. The teacher plays a key role not
only in the learning of the student but also in the language acquisition. The
way that a teacher chooses his words to express his ideas immensely and
directly impacts the students’ own choice of words. Such an alarming report
makes the researchers questions the cause of the poor performance of the
student in Cebu Province. This study aims to evaluate and analyze the
communicative competence of the public school teachers in Cebu Province
particularly in the four macro skills of communication namely: listening,
reading, writing and speaking so that findings will become basis for an in-
tervention program. The descriptive research design which is a scientific
method that involves describing the behavior of a subject without influenc-
ing it in any way was used in the study. The survey method wherein partici-
pants answered questions administered through interviews and question-
naires was also used. Simple frequency counts and percentage distribu-
tions were used as statistical tools for the treatment of data. Findings re-
vealed that the teachers both from public elementary and high school are
Above Average in the listening comprehension and reading comprehension
skills. Moreover, results showed that the teachers’ written communication
skill is slightly better than their oral communication skill. Therefore, the
teachers should keep himself abreast with the latest technologies and de-
velopments. They should be encouraged and given support to do further
study and earn post graduate degrees and attend seminars and trainings to
continue grow professionally.
Keywords: communicative competence, pubic school teacher
58
Employability of Bicol University College of Arts and Letters Graduates

Reina O. Habalo, Bicol University, Legazpi City
A pressing concern in higher education is employability of graduates. Higher

education institutions are turning out more graduates than the industry
needs. HEIs therefore need to assess the relevance of curricular programs
and their potential job market. Research-based strategies are needed to pro-
vide students with what they need to gain employment and be successful in
their chosen occupations. This tracer study of the Bicol University College of
Arts and Letters assessed how well the college has trained its graduates. It
found that majority of the graduates are gainfully employed in related work-
places, got their first job within one month to less than three years after grad-
uation, and stayed in that job within one month to less than three years.
Compensation benefits mainly account for staying or leaving of graduates in
their jobs. Almost all competencies learned by the graduates were found
very helpful and relevant to their jobs. Feedback and recommendations from
the employers however indicate a need to revisit the curricular programs to-
wards improvement.
Keywords: employability of graduates, curricular program enhancement,

measures, policy implications
59
Industry Need for AB English Language Practicum Trainees

Gemma B. Bellena
This paper looks into the industry need for AB English Language Practicum
trainees, as an indicator of the need for future AB English graduates. Lan-
guage Practicum (LP) refers to the On-the-Job Training (OJT) for Bachelor of
Arts in English of the College of Arts and Letters, Bicol University. The study
enumerates job descriptions in the market fit for trainees and lists down com-
petency requirements of such job descriptions. The study is anchored on the
questions-oriented model of evaluation, or quasi-evaluation. For its findings,
the five top jobs handled by the trainees include those of: administrative of-
ficer, information officer, customer service representative, clerk, technical/
speech writer. By their ranks, these competency requirements are: collabo-
ration and teamwork; critical thinking, problem solving; life and career; ICT
literacy; communication; information literacy; personal and social responsibil-
ity; citizenship/civic literacy; creativity and innovation; and environmental
awareness. It is therefore concluded that AB English students are better
suited for work related to specific communication purpose. The recommen-
dations are, that: (a) AB English curriculum be geared more to core compe-
tencies related to the business world (b) Language Practicum insists that
sponsoring organizations train students to hone these competencies more,
and not solely to provide extra manpower to do menial tasks.
Keywords: language practicum, on-the-job training (OJT), industry-

academe, AB English
60
From English Plus to English 1 and 2: Assessing Transfer

of Grammar Skills
Jocelyn I. Bartolata, Maria B. Sarte and Ma. Celina Eladia B. Meneses
This explores the effectiveness of grammar skills transfer from English Plus
to English 1 & 2. English Plus addresses the lack of readiness of college
entrants, through the improvement of crucial language skills. The research
used the descriptive-evaluative method. It was anchored on the Construc-
tivist’s Paradigm: “individuals construct new knowledge from their experi-
ences, either by accommodation or assimilation”. It did not it appear that
English Plus takers approximated the competencies of non-takers. English
Plus has no carry-over effect on students taking English 1 and 2. English
Plus takers were NOT able to integrate learning of English grammar as evi-
denced by the disparity in the scores. It is recommended that measures be
undertaken to improve the implementation of the English Plus. It becomes
imperative to provide coping skills and to ensure that there is assimilation
of learning .
61
Correlates of Students’ Attitudes Towards English

with their Academic Performance in English Subject
Erwin L. Purcia
Department of Education, Calbayog City Division, Samar
The attitudes towards English of the second year-A Engineering and Sci-
ence, Education Program (ESEP) students of Calbayog City National High
School for the school year 2014-2015 were identified, categorized and cor-
related with their academic performance in their English subject. Moreover,
profile of the respondents in terms of age and sex was also determined and
moderated to their attitudes towards English and their academic perfor-
mance in their English subject. The descriptive-correlational method of re-
search was used with forty (40) student respondents who were chosen
through universal sampling procedure. A researcher-made questionnaire
with an adopted attitude towards English checklist was administered to
identify the profile/ personal variables of the respondents. The results were
statistically treated, analyzed and interpreted using frequency, percentage
distribution and single regression analysis. The findings showed that there
is no significant relationship that exists between the students’ attitude to-
wards English and their academic performance. Result dictates that the ac-
ademic performance among the respondents is not affected by all means
with their individual attitudes towards English as a subject area. Moreover,
results revealed that age and gender to not moderate nor affect the rela-
tionship of students’ attitudes towards English with their academic perfor-
mance in English subject. It is highly recommended then that the students
must find within them the inner drive to love English as a language for it is
their personal disposition which would lead them to achieve higher aca-
demic performance and further studies to establish the relationship of stu-
dents’ attitudes towards English must be conducted to come up with much
more favorable results.
Keywords: students’ attitudes towards English language, students’ aca-

demic performance in English subject, moderator analysis
62
Performance ng mga Piling Paaralang Sekundarya sa Distrito ng Alicia

at Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao, Philippines
Rosario V. Tagotilla
Zamboanga Sibugay Division, Zamboanga Sibugay
Regina I. Cuizon
J.H. Cerilles State College, San Miguel, Zambaonga del Sur
Layunin ng pag-aaral na masuri at mahambing ang performance ng dala-

wang distrito ng Alicia at Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay. Ginamit ang
kagamitang Division Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System (DIMES)
na may tatlong indikeytor: PBB, Generic at Subject Specific. Inalam din kung
may makabuluhang pagkakaiba ang dalawang distrito. Disenyong kwantitati-
bo sa paraang palarawan sa pag-alam ng performance. Lumabas na ang
PBB performance ng mga paaralang sekundarya sa dalawang Distrito ng
Alicia at Diplahan ay katamtaman puntos lamang. Napakababa ang NAT
result ng Distrito ng Alicia kung ihambing sa Distrito ng Diplahan. Mababa
rin ang puntos sa Enrolment (Gross), kulang sa mga interbensyon pro-
grams at mababa sa English at Filipino Publication. Sa Students’ Transfer-
ring Out kapwa may kakayahan ang dalawang distrito na pigilin ang mga
mag-aaral na lumipat sa ibang paaralan. Walang makabuluhang pagkakaiba
ang dalawang distrito sa kanilang Generic Performance ngunit sa Subject
Specific Performance may malaking makabuluhang pagkakaiba. At dahil
dito, inirekomenda na ipaabot sa kinauukulan ng dalawang distrito ang nag-
ing resulta ng pag-aaral upang matutukan ang mababang performance sa
tatlong indikeytor na may makabuluhan kaugnayan sa performance ng PBB,
Generic at Subject at basehan ng polisya at programa na maitaas ang MPS
ng NAT at para lahat makatanggap ng PBB.
Keywords: performance, PBB, generic, subject performance, DIMES
63
Influences in the Choice of Track of Incoming Senior High

School Students
Jona M. Royo and Renee A. Lamela
The implementation of the Senior High School this forthcoming school year
2016-2017 has brought tremendous anticipations, comments and decisions
on the part of the students, parents, and stakeholders as well. It is on this
end that this study was conducted. It focused on the influences in the choice
of tracks of the incoming Senior high school students. The descriptive survey
method was used in this study with the questionnaire checklist as the primary
tool in the data gathering. The respondents were the Grade 10 students,
from the seven public secondary schools in Mandaon, Masbate. The re-
spondents were randomly selected using the systematic random sampling.
The findings revealed that the influence in the students choice of tracks pri-
marily is the family income, other influences included work opportunities, par-
ents’ influence, distance of home to school, School Performance and facili-
ties, peer influence and the fact least influence is the student aptitude. The
Grade 10 students preferred the Academic Track, others had chosen Tech-
nical, Vocational, Livelihood Track, Sports Track and Arts and Design was
the least preferred Track. It is further revealed that their choice of a certain
track depended largely on the economic status of their own families.
Keywords: influences, tracks, senior high school
64
Effects of Documentary Films on Students’ Attitude Towards Science:

A Pretest and Posttest Study
Vergel P. Mirana and Ana E. Mirana
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Camarines Sur
Documentary films about science have grown significantly in the past decade
or so. The advancement of media technology has provided new opportuni-
ties for documentary films to create an impact. How an individual is influ-
enced by these films has been a subject of many researches. This study in-
vestigated the effects of documentary films on students’ attitude towards sci-
ence. Fourth year BSE Physical Science majors has been the subject of the
pre-experimental one group pretest and posttest study. Several documentary
films including: BBC’s Chemistry: A Volatile History; BBC’s Shock and Awe;
BBC’s Atoms; BBC’s Secrets of Quantum Mechanics; PBS/Nova’s Einstein’s
Big Idea; PBS/Nova’s The Elegant Universe and National Geographic’s Cos-
mos: Space Odyssey, were given as a subject of study, a supplement or an
assignment for one semester in their subject Modern Physics. Using Think-
ing About Science Survey Questionnaire, data on the influence of these films
have been gathered and analyzed. The questionnaire is designed to provide
a profile of how people evaluate science vis-a-vis other important aspects of
culture. Epistemology Science and the Economy. The results of the compu-
tation remarkably showed no significant difference on students’ pretest and
posttest. These films were considered as a mere entertainment, hard to un-
derstand and just a mere FYI.
Keywords: modern physics; documentary films; thinking about science sur-

vey
65
Mother Tongue- Based Instruction: Policy to Practice

Tizza Marie M. Navarro, Ethel L. Abao, Remedios C. Bacus,
Rivika C. Alda and Christise C. Espera,
The use of Mother Tongue both as a subject and as medium of instruction

from Kinder to Grade 3, posed challenges and opportunities for both teach-
ers and curriculum planners/ policy makers. This paper looked into the level
of awareness and extent of implementation of the Mother-Tongue Instruc-
tion. The study used the descriptive-normative method to take into account
the teachers’ responses and to assess their answers during the focus-group
discussion. The respondents were the 500 Grade 3 teachers randomly se-
lected from the Province of Cebu. The findings showed that the teachers’
high level of awareness and high level of implementation have created cer-
tain benefits and opportunities which lead the students to learn and enjoy
their varied learning activities. Through this, both the students and the teach-
ers have become conscious on the significance of the program towards glob-
al understanding.
Keywords: mother tongue instruction, awareness, implementation, challeng-

es, opportunities
66
The Meaningfulness of the National Achievement Test

Juliet S. Rance, Ruby W. Rabas, Jackelyn N. Pelostratos, Jay-ann Y. Cinco,
Shiela S.Etac and Bernard M. Barruga
Assessment of educational outcomes is an essential component of the

school system. The content and methods of assessment should be regularly
evaluated in light of the changing nature of every aspect of the teaching-
learning process. This study aimed to determine the conduct of the National
Achievement Test in terms of: (a) preparations made in the conduct of the
National Achievement Test (NAT); (b) perceptions of teachers regarding the
NAT’s usefulness, reliability and validity; (c) perceptions of teachers regard-
ing the factors that contribute to the NAT having less usefulness, reliability
and validity; and (d) perceptions of the teachers regarding their awareness
level of the factors that contribute to the NAT having less usefulness, reliabil-
ity and validity in their own schools and in other schools. The study reflects
the teachers’ putting the NAT among their high priorities given the prepara-
tions made, their low regard of the NAT’s usefulness, their varying if not con-
flicted and suspicious view of its reliability, and their moderately high regard
of its validity. Though the study is limited in sample size and thus may need
large-scale replication and improvement, its findings and conclusions should
nevertheless be considered whenever discussions on assessment are done.
Keywords: National Achievement Test, national assessment, assessment

validity, assessment reliability, assessment usefulness, assessment prepara-
tion
67
Cross-Border Mobility and Reciprocity of the Teaching Professionals

across ASEAN Members
Catalina M. Canasa, Jennifer D. Paño & Venus M. Cortes
The impetus of reciprocity is to respond to teacher shortages in the ASEAN

countries, increase international mobility and facilitate rapid internalization of
education in ways that are socially accountable (ACDE, 2014). Thus, it is the
intention of this study to look into the ASEAN area of integration and recogni-
tion of Teacher Education qualifications. The study made use of comparative
design about existing laws and policies for teacher education, issues and
concerns, academic preparation, and certificate requirements and prospects
and opportunities to align Philippine education system along the other
ASEAN countries. This qualitative-quantitative study made use of data-
mining technique in identifying the variables. The ASEAN countries herein
studied include: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malay-
sia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Findings re-
vealed that each country has their own set of policies, standards and require-
ments for Teacher Licensure, thus variation may become a limitation to mo-
bility. Identified issues and concerns include: competencies of graduates,
quality of teachers, and English speaking competence. The Philippines has
been actively participating in various ASEAN recognition arrangements in
professional services. On this note, Mutual Recognition Agreement for
Teacher Education is deemed to be a very fertile ground for consideration.
This would emphasize on improving teachers’ professional development, as
well as strengthening and upgrading of existing training institutions, among
others.
Keywords: reciprocity, mobility, integration, policies and standards.
68
Determinants of Research Performance: The TUP Perspective

Francisco D. Esponilla, II
Technological University of the Philippines, Manila
Technological University of the Philippines as a state university adheres to

the research agenda set-forth by the higher education authorities responsive
to the institutional development that contributes to community development
towards national and international horizons. This study sought to determine
the perceived level of research performance of the faculty members for uni-
versity research productivity. A descriptive survey translated into a highly
quantitative statistical treatment was purposively disseminated to the 189 or
60% of the total teaching population in the university. Utilizing the five-points
likert scale, the study revealed that the perceived faculty research perfor-
mance for productivity is average with an over-all mean rating of 3.66. And
run through a regression analysis by extracting the coefficient of determina-
tion (R2), the study showed that there is a significant influence (p ≤ .05
or .005) the research profile and the research environment have to the total
variability in the research performance productivity such as proposed re-
search projects, completed research outputs on scheduled time, published
research outputs in various refereed publications, presented research out-
puts in various fora and conferences, and research outputs applied for Intel-
lectual Property Rights. Extracted correlation coefficients (r ≤ .40) on the oth-
er hand, supported the R2 and revealed that there is a slight correlation
among the independent and dependent variables used in this research work.
Hence, the hypothesis of the study is partially sustained.
Keywords: performance, productivity, respondents’, area of specialization
69
Assessment of the Implementation of Inclusive Education

among Children and Youth with Special Needs
Donna B. Remigio
Philippine Normal University-North Luzon Campus
The study assessed implementation of Inclusive Education among children

and youth with special needs. Investigated were extent salient features of
Inclusive Education is maintained, how well school addresses basic concern
of parents of non-disabled students, inclusion potential benefits, and how
well key persons carry out their roles during phases of implementation. De-
scriptive method, 2 of the 3 administrators, 13 regular teachers, 2 SPED
teachers and 713 parents of disabled and non-disabled children from select-
ed schools in Isabela were considered. Checklist, guided interview/focused
group discussion, observations, weighted mean and standard deviation were
utilized. Overall computed mean of salient features-2.76; potential benefits-
2.97, and carrying out of key persons’ roles-2.97, prove implementation is
evident. Concerns of parents of non-disabled were less evident with overall
computed mean of 2.29. Results imply provisions of appropriate materials,
equipment, in-service trainings, medical data to determine impairment cate-
gories/levels of special child and Individualized Educational Programs (IEP).
Keywords: assessment, implementation, inclusive education, children and

youth with special needs
70
Reaching the Unreached: A Challenge for Filipino Educators

Helen Bihag-Boholano and Mary Lou C. Go Puco
The increased competitiveness and openness that result from globalization

necessitate quality education for workforce viability; however, some children
are denied this necessity. They face challenges in the global community as a
result of inadequate educational opportunities. This deficit is readily apparent
in various parts of the Philippines, thus this study aimed at determining the
position of marginalized youth in terms of two components of education -
functional literacy and numeracy skills - as benchmarks based on the current
level of intellectual capacity in the social areas. It additionally investigated
possible ways these children can contribute to the global community. The
study blended quantitative and qualitative methods to provide rigor in trian-
gulation. The findings revealed that respondents manifested basic academic
skills typical of children with a formal education, and poverty is a major factor
contributing to academic inadequacies.
Keywords: unreached, challenges, basic education, Filipino educators, Phil-

ippines competitiveness, alternative learning system
71
Predictive Validity of Bicol University College Entrance Test

to the Licensure Examination for Teachers
Hazel B. Vergara, Ma. Bernadette B. Arimbay and Mr. Ray Artimus P. Hinlo
This research aimed to provide empirical data on the validity of the BUCET
as an assessment tool which involved the entrants of the BU College of Edu-
cation for SY 2002-2003 to SY 2006-2007. 508 BSED and 545 BEED stu-
dents served as samples. Aside from Descriptives and Correlation, Regres-
sion was also used to determine the predictive validity of the BUCET to the
LET. Study revealed: 1) The entrants were mostly females, from national
high schools, and of low income.; 2) The BSED entrants performed better
than BEED in the BUCET and HS.; 3) The BSED and BEED entrants per-
formed better during their senior year in college.; 4) The BSED graduates'
mean LET performance were better than the BEED.; 5) The CBR
(Composite BUCET Rating) had a strong correlation with college GWA and
across all LET test areas.; 6) 4 out of the 5 BUCET components were valid
predictors of LET general average.; and 7) CBR was a strong predictor of
BEED and BSED LET general average. Recommendations include, the re-
finement of the BUCET by experts and jurors, enhancement activities on col-
lege survival, and maintaining the stringent admission policy in BUCE to fur-
ther increase the graduates’ passing LET percentage.
Keywords: predictive validity, college entrance test, admission policy, regres-

sion, correlation
72
The Use of Tangrams and Geoboard in Finding the Perimeter and Area
of a Polygon: A Proposed Lesson Design
Jolito B. Podador, Miljem O. Iyana, Gloricel A. Anuaga, Jennifer B. Hambre
and Christine V. Cubillo
Bohol Island State University, Calape, Bohol
Tangrams and geoboard are manipulative tools to introduce basic concepts

in plane geometry such as lines and polygons. This action research was
conducted to determine the effectiveness of tangrams and geoboard in find-
ing the perimeter and area of a polygon (triangle, square, rectangle, parallel-
ogram and trapezoid) to the grade seven students of Tubigon West National
High School during the school year 2015-2016. The two selected sections
were based on the most number of students with similar mathematics final
rating in grade six and pre-test scores. There were sixteen study participants
for each manipulative tool. Fifty-six percent tangram users and 75% geo-
board users passed the post-test with at least 60% correct answers far from
the zero percent passing in the pre-test. T-value results also led to the ac-
ceptance of the null hypothesis that there was no significant difference in
means of post-test scores in the use of tangrams and geoboard as manipula-
tive tools in finding the perimeter and area of a polygon. Tangrams and geo-
board are both good alternative enabling tools in finding the perimeter and
area of the five polygons.
73
Job Satisfaction and Employability of Education Graduates of Western

Philippines University-Quezon Campus
Jergen Jel C. Labaria
Western Philippines University, Quezon, Palawan
The study aimed to evaluate and assess the job satisfaction and employabil-
ity of education graduates of Western Philippines University-Quezon Cam-
pus. It also aimed to determine the level of education graduates of Western
Philippines University-Quezon Campus. This study used descriptive statistics
such as frequency counts, percentages, and means to analyze the data that
was gathered through the use of modified CHED Tracer Study survey ques-
tionnaire that was personally administered to 92 education graduates who
served as population in this study. Results revealed that majority of gradu-
ates were employed . The level of employability of education graduates of
Western Philippines University-Quezon Campus was described as high. Re-
spondents are satisfied that their job is challenging and inspires them to do
their best and have a chance to grow professionally in their present job were
described as very high. Despite the high employability level of the teacher
education graduates of WPU-Quezon, the College of Education must still
conduct a thorough graduate assessment program.
Keywords: job satisfaction, employability, employed, teacher education,

graduates, employment
74
Professional Profile of the Bachelor of Science in Food Service

Management (BSFSM) Graduates Batches 2009-2011
Emilda Elcano-Escolano
Professional profile plays an important role in assessing the status of the

graduates. This descriptive survey determined the employment status of the
Bachelor of Science in Food Service Management Graduates (BSFSM) dur-
ing school year 2009-2011. Data were gathered through questionnaire dis-
tributed personally and through electronic means and interview with 90 re-
spondents. Findings showed that most of the graduates are employed in a
private agencies within 7-12 months after graduation on a contractual status
in a job in line with their field of specialization; and majority of the employed
respondents’ encountered problem in job location and working environment.
Among the proposed recommendations to enhance the employability of the
BSFSM graduates are provision of a placement office and strengthening of
alumni association.
Keywords: graduates, employability, food service management professional

profile
75
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in an e-Learning Envi-

ronment as a Link for Sustainable Global Development
Ranjith Kingston Gladstone
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, Silang, Cavite
The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) is critical to ef-

fective teaching in the 21st century for a sustainable learning (Kelly, 2008;
Koehler & Mishra, 2007). However, e-Learning and TPCK seem to be an ox-
ymoron in a learning environment, the reason being TPCK is an appropriate
technology used for pedagogy to deliver content knowledge effectively and e
-learning is all about learning through technology medium (Harris, 2008;
Koehler & Mishra, 2007). How can TPCK contribute to e-Learning environ-
ment for a sustainable learning? Convergent evidence suggest that the con-
cept of appropriateness in TPCK enfolds the efficacy of the learner in an e-
Learning for sustenance (Murdoch, 2010; Riel, 2013; Valanides, 2009). Apart
from the self-efficacy of a learner, there are other elements in the instruction-
al design that contributes to learning. In the information technology world,
research proves that technology has greater contribution for education and
learning. Many research are skeptical about the use of technology for creat-
ing sustainable learning in asynchronous learning platform (Harris, 2008;
Koehler & Mishra, 2007; Riel, 2013). This research paper provides appropri-
ate instructional design to use TPCK as a link to enhance sustainable learn-
ing, eventually a sustainable global development.
Keywords: TPCK, e-learning, self-efficacy, information technology, sustaina-

ble learning, sustainable global development.
76
Level of Awareness and Extent of Observance of the 1st Year CAS

Students of North Luzon Philippines State College on the 3Rs
Severino G. Alviento and Giddel Praise A. Floresca
It is always lectured by the environmental advocates that the three R's - re-
duce, reuse and recycle – definitely help to cut down on the amount of waste
we throw away. The practices of 3R’s conserve natural resources, landfill
space and energy. It is believed that if everyone can help meet this goal and
save natural resources, energy, and money by following the three R's. Other-
wise, landfills everywhere will overflow and our community will run out of
space for our wastes. This study is undertaken to find out the level of aware-
ness and extent of observance of the 1st year students of the College of Arts
and Sciences of North Luzon Philippines State College on the 3Rs. A de-
scriptive-correlational method of research is employed in the conduct of this
study. A questionnaire was used to collect the needed data which was then
analyzed using the frequency counts and percentages, and weighted mean.
On the other hand, the Pearson Product Method of Correlation was used to
determine whether there is significant relationship between the personal pro-
file of the student- respondents and their level of awareness and extent of
observance on the 3Rs.
77
DEBESMSCAT College Entrance Test: A Revisit

Morena C. Buayan, Marivic C. Llarena, Sarah J. Abawag, Eleno H. Castillo
and Minda L. Jazul
The DEBESMSCAT College Entrance Test (DCET) is one of the tools in ac-
cepting entering freshmen college students; aside from the English Lan-
guage Proficiency Test (ELPT). It is composed of a 100 item multiple choice
test to be answered in one hour by the students aspiring to enroll in the Col-
lege. This study assessed the type of items prepared for the test using docu-
mentary analysis. Simple item analysis utilizing the upper-lower 27% index
method by getting the index of difficulty and the index of discrimination was
used in this study. It was found out that only 3% of the items were consid-
ered good items, 22% were fair and more than half of the total items were
found out to be poor. The result revealed that the test items do not cater to
majority of the characteristics of the test takers. It can also be attributed to
other errors of measurement. Hence it is suggested that the DCET should
follow the principles of test item construction, administration and scoring.
and or shall be replaced with the standardized test like the OLSAT Lennon
test.
Keywords: DEBESMSCAT; college entrance test; item analysis; index of dif-

ficulty; index of discrimination
78
Assessment of Agriculture-Related Programs in Region 1

Arnelie G. Laquidan
Anchored on the significant role of agriculture and education in the Ilocos

Region, the assessment of agriculture-related programs was designed to de-
termine its level of effectiveness along instruction, research and extension;
extent of practice along the management functions – planning, organizing,
leading and controlling; and the formulation of a strategic plan for the aca-
deme implementing the programs. Permission was requested to use ques-
tionnaires from previous researches, hence the reliability was set. The data
were gathered from respondents which include the administrators and facul-
ty, and were subjected to statistical tools which included frequency count,
percentages and weighted means. Findings revealed that the institutions
offering agriculture-related programs were of high performance, while the ex-
tent of practices was often being practiced. With the results, a strategic plan
was framed that can aid in the management of the institutions offering agri-
culture-related programs in Region 1.
79
Computer-Based Training to Supplement Course in Consumer

Electronics Servicing
Ian P. Benitez
Test and measurement of Direct Current (DC) is an important part of trouble-

shooting practice of students taking a course in Consumer Electronics Ser-
vicing. However, the lack of skills of new students in measuring voltage can
result to a damaged test instrument due to incorrect test probe connection
and wrong selection of DC range for specific voltage being measured. With
the aim of helping consumer electronics student measure and read voltage
accurately, a Computer-Based Training (CBT) on power supply test and
measurement was developed. The proponent used action mapping and sto-
ryboarding in the development of the learning contents and activities. It con-
tains interactivity and simulation of voltage measurement presenting different
voltage levels, voltmeter range and provision of feedback to the learner. The
Management module was also developed in the delivery of the CBT. The ef-
fectiveness of the system was evaluated using independent sample T-test.
The result of the t computed value revealed that there is a significant im-
provement in the performance of the experimental group. It shows that the
developed computer-based training can be utilized to reinforce students' per-
formance in electronics servicing.
Keywords: computer-based training, e-learning, CBT in consumer electronics

servicing, direct current measurement, action mapping, interactive learning
module, simulation
80
Effectiveness of Course Management System in Teaching Computer

Subjects at Far Eastern University
Adelaida A. Saldivar
Far Eastern University, Manila
One of the primary challenges of higher education institutions (HEIs) is the

call for increasingly flexible and diverse systems to cater to an ever-growing
range of learning needs. Flexible approaches aim to provide learners with a
greater choice as to when, where and how they learn by adopting various
flexible delivery strategies such as online learning, mixed mode delivery, and
self-directed learning strategies. This study investigated the effectiveness of
the course management system (CMS) in teaching Computer Subjects at
Far Eastern University for 1st semester, school year 2012-2013. It explored
the effectiveness of this innovative learning approach as compared to the
conventional method of teaching.
Keywords: course management system, higher education, conventional

method of teaching, learning outcomes
81
Cascading Responsibilities of HEI Administrators

Towards The Establishment of School Safety
Dr. Jennifer D. Paño
Cebu Normal University
It is the intention of this study to determine how the cascading responsibili-

ties of HEI administrators established school safety. This qualitative-
quantitative study made use of an interview and focus group discussion to
identify the responsibilities of each school sector; and a likert scale of the
modified and contextualized instrument from United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster risk-reduction (UNISDR) to evaluate the level of aware-
ness and level of safety. The 22 school representatives specifically com-
prised of Vice President for Administration, university engineer, college
deans, administrative staff, faculty members and students. The study fo-
cused on selected universities in Cebu City particularly, two state universi-
ties, two private sectarian and two private non-sectarian universities. Find-
ings revealed that HEI’s have made efforts to establish a culture of safety in
the institution. Each stakeholder purported responsibilities played, neverthe-
less, efforts is still a work in progress. Disaster risk-reduction is a corporate
responsibility, hence school leadership is crucial to cascade roles, responsi-
bilities to establish a culture of safety.
Keywords: disaster risk reduction, school safety, higher education institution
82
Varayti at Varyasyon ng Wikang Subanen sa Zamboanga Del Sur

Julieta C. Cebrero
JH Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur
Bunga ng heograpikal na lokasyon ng mga lugar nagkakaroon ng varyasyon

ang wika. Ganito ang nagyari sa wikang Subanen na ginagamit ng mga
Subanen na matatagpuan Zamboanga del Sur. Layunin ng pag-aaral na
matukoy ang varyasyong lingguwistikal ng wikang Subanen sa limang (5)
lugar ng Zamboanga del Sur sa pamamagitan ng pangongolekta at pag-
susuri ng mga terminong pangkabuhayan na ginagamit sa mga nabanggit
na lugar. Ginamit ang disenyong kwanti-kwalitatibo. Sa pangongolekta ng
mga datos ginamit ang pamaraang indehinus o pangkatutubo. Deskripti-
bong pamaraan naman ang ginamit sa pagsusuri at pagtalakay sa mga da-
tos. Natuklasan na may varyasyong lingguwistikal—leksikal at morpolohikal
ang limang lugar ng Zamboanga del Sur. Ito’y nagpapakita sa pagkakaroon
ng varyasyon ang wikang Subanen sa nasabing probinsya.
Mga susing salita: Subanen, Zamboanga del Sur , varyasyon, leksikon,

morplohikal
83
Transcription Discrepancy in the Absence of a Working Orthography:

The Case of Masbatenyo-Speaking Teachers
Emy Lalaine D. Escarlan and Sherwin E. Balbuena
One problem in implementing mother tongue-based multilingual education

(MTBMLE) in Masbate is the scarcity of reading materials written in Minasba-
te. Another problem is that few of the available materials contain inconsistent
spellings in the text. Presumably, writers of these materials have their own
way of spelling certain words. In this study, 21 mother tongue teachers in a
school district in the province were tasked to transcribe an oral Minasbate
story. From their transcriptions, 45 words appear to have discrepancies or
variations. There are linguistic issues identified in the variations, such as
spelling, word breaks and hyphenation. In the spelling issue, the teachers
tend to write “i” and “e”, “o” and “u” vowels interchangeably. In the word
break and hyphenation issues, they tend to separate the prefix and the root
word instead of writing them as a single word that indicates either a verb
tense or derivative. The results imply that there are discrepancies in the way
teachers (who are native speakers) spell certain Minasbate words, and it is a
cause for concern to have a working orthography in the language.
84
Fundamental Practices of Exemplary Leadership

in Higher Education Institutions
Elreen A. Delavin, Erwin H. Malto, Renee A. Lamela, Prolucen C. Ve-
larde, Jessica M. Alcantara, Richie C. Velarde, Morena C. Buayan
Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State
College of Agriculture and Technology
The study focused on the Fundamental Practices of Exemplary Leader-

ship in Higher Education Institutions of the Presidents. The respondents
were twelve HEIs’ Presidents and ninety-three key officials in the Prov-
ince of Masbate. Leadership Inventory Practices developed by Kouzes
and Posner was the instrument used, average weighted mean and
Spearman’s Rank Correlation were the statistical tools used. Results
revealed that along with the perception of the HEIs’ Presidents they
“Very Often Practiced” the Fundamental Practices of Exemplary Leader-
ship such as Challenges the way, Inspired a Shared Vision, Models the
Way, Encourages the Heart and Enable Others to Act. While, key offi-
cials perceived that the HEIs’ Presidents just “Often Practiced” it. How-
ever, statistical analysis further revealed the variation of relationship of
the perceptions of the two groups under study. Along the five categori-
zations of the practices, two of which that includes “Models the Way”
and “Enables Others to Act” obtained a strong relationship; “Encourages
the Heart” obtained moderate relationship and “Challenges the Process”
and “Inspired a Shared Vision” obtained weak relationship. Thus, Higher
Education Institutions’ Academic Leaders do usually practice the Five
Fundamental Practices of Exemplary Leadership, which is a manifesta-
tion of their inherent awareness of the nature of their responsibilities.
However, there is a gleam on conveying these practices as perceived
by the key officials. They still have to consider the future they wanted to
create in their organization, enlist the emotions of others and show mu-
tual commitment to a common purpose.
Keywords: fundamental practices of exemplary leadership; leadership

practices inventory; higher education institutions
85
Mainstreaming Exceptional Children in the Classroom: A Case Study

Gerald Jay R. Bañez, Baby Jhon C. Repiso, Dona Marie R. Cristobal,
Meljoy Z. Desaliza, Gellie V. Lapida, Rose Ann D. Paje, Marife R. Riva,
Marita M. Rojas, Raiza M. Padasas and Elreen A. Delavin
A special education provides an opportunity for the exceptional ones to learn

in different aspects. This study finds out the exceptional children in the world
of a regular classroom. The Quantitative (checklist) and Qualitative (open-
ended questions) are the methods and tools utilized by the researchers to
gather the data. The data about the number of exceptional children attended
in a regular classroom, the categories of exceptionalities and the interven-
tions and reinforcements applied by the teachers in all elementary school in
Mandaon South District. The study revealed that the total number of children
with exceptionalities integrated in a regular classroom was 913. In which
these are classified as the gifted and the talented were 490; those with de-
velopmental disabilities were 208; those with sensory, physical and health
disabilities were 139;and those with behavioural disorders were 76. Then,
the interventions and reinforcements effectively applied by the teachers were
given different activities was 26.47%,given enough time and attention was
17.68%,giving remedial class teaching and tutorial with 12.74%,dialogue with
parents/home visitation was 9.80% and let the pupils sit and learn with
0.98%.
Keywords: special education; exceptional children; Mandaon South District
86
Community Extension Services of the Teacher Education of HEI’s:

Basis for a Sustainable Community Enhancement Program
Elreen A. Delavin, Rocel A. Turco, Raiza M. Padasas,
Marivic C. Llarena and Novy R. Clores
Extension services and linkages is a mandate for every Higher Education

Institutions in the country to serve poorest of the poor. The study conducted
was all about the community extension services of the Teacher Education of
HEI’s which will be basis for a sustainable community enhancement program
in the province. Findings revealed that Teacher Education of HEIs performed
extension services with different beneficiaries most specifically children that
respond to the Literacy and Numeracy extension programs. There is a uni-
formity of the extension programs that were conducted by the Teacher Edu-
cation of HEIs in the province. There are problems met by beneficiaries on
the implementation that hinders them to attend the extension program how-
ever, recommendations were given by the beneficiary to address the exten-
sion activities of Teacher Education of HEIs, thus harmonization of the plans,
programs and implementation is recommended to ensure the sustainability
of the extension activities. Further, studies on the extent of implementation of
the extension programs must be conducted.
Keywords: extension services and linkages; beneficiaries; sustainability
87
The nth Star Circumscribing the Original Star

Gaudencio R. Arranguez, Jr., Maria Rose C. Ruado and Rocel A. Turco
In geometry, a regular star polygon is a self-intersecting, equilateral, and

equiangular polygon created by connecting a vertex of a simple, regular, n-
sided polygon to another non-adjacent vertex and continuing the process un-
til the original vertex is reached again, This investigation involves repeated
circumscription of star polygon where n is the number of times the star poly-
gon is circumscribed. Conjecturing is used in acquiring the general ideas, a
process used in Mathematical Investigation as defined by Joseph Yeo of
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Developing a general formula
in getting the area of the nth star circumscribing the original star is the main
objective of this mathematical investigation. The formula was derived from
the area of a regular pentagon and areas of triangles which are the extremi-
ties of the star applying trigonometric relations. The area of a regular penta-
gon with side a is equal to 5/4 a2tan 54°, was derived from the sum of areas
of 5 equilateral triangles with a common vertex in which adjacent triangles
share common legs. The total area of the extremities of a perfect star in the
form of triangles with a base a0 and 72° as base angles is equal to 5/4 a 2tan
72°.The sum of these two formulas formed the area of the perfect star which
is equal to 5/4 a2 (tan 54° + tan 72°). From that formula, the length of the
side of a regular pentagon in a star circumscribing n times the original star is
equal to an = this is the length of the line connecting the vertices of

two adjacent triangles in its extremities. Also, the length of the side of a regu-
lar pentagon inscribed in the original star can be found which is equal to
provided that and n are given. It is supported by

theorems about supplementary angles, area of a regular polygon, and trigo-
nometric relations.
Keywords; inscribed; circumscribed; area; conjecture; extremities; star poly-

gon; regular pentagon
88
NATIONAL R & D FORUM ACROSS DISCIPLINES 2016
Overview and Objectives
The forum presents insightful plenary speakers and focused research presentations that shall bring
together new dynamics that have emerged in each of the key domains of education, arts, science and
technology. The results of these sharing of new knowledge and practices across varied disciplines are
core foundations in attaining sustainable global development that will make way for more pragmatic
approaches, which shall promote a nurturing science that serves society and the environment in the
widest sense. Further, this R & D Forum intends to facilitate direct learning on the part of the partici-
pants through personal encounter session among international educators, researchers and practition-
ers.
Steering Committee
Erwin H. Malto, PhD
SUC President II
Efren G. Cajurao, Sr., PhD
Vice President for Administration and Finance
Prolucen C. Velarde, PhD
Vice President for Academic Affairs
Renee A. Lamela, PhD
Dean of the Graduate School
Morena C. Buayan, EdD
Research and Development Services Director
Editorial and Publication Staff

Morena C. Buayan, EdD
Editor-in-Chief
Renee A. Lamela, PhD
Technical Editor
Bernard M. Barruga, Engr. Louie C. Jamora,
Sherwin E. Balbuena, Reggie Dellosa
Lay-out Artists
1
2nd National Research and Development Forum
Speakers:
Fay Lea Patria Mata-Lauraya, PhD is the former President of Bicol University. She is a
visionary leader, an innovator, a team builder, an achiever, a researcher, a schol-
ar, professor. She is a leader who rose from the ranks, a mother, and a believer
in excellence, innovation and good governance. She is the 7 th President of Bicol
University who is best remembered as the President who has brought Bicol Uni-
versity close to the community through offering programs responsive to the local
needs but at par with international standards. Bicol University had experience
great leaps during her time as President. It became the Center of Excellence in
Teacher Education, Center for Development for Fisheries Education, adopted a
“Green University Strategy” that resulted in a cleaner and safer University. It has
lead all other universities in the region in the march towards internationalization
by emphatically submitting to external assessment and audit to ensure quality
and excellence in its operations. Further, the university became alive in the Cloud
Computing through alive interactive websites, digitalization of library resources.
Prior to her Presidency, Dr. Lauraya was Vice President for Production, Faculty Regent, Dean
of College of Arts and Sciences where she was nurtured much and learned fully well the University’s
Management processes. Her work accomplishments include: President, Bicol Foundation for Higher
Education (BFHE), April 2009 to present; Executive Co-Chair, The Annual Search for Ten Outstand-
ing Teachers of Albay, and Three Outstanding Principals of Albay, Education Quality for Albayanos;
Chairman, Bicol Consortium for Agriculture Resources, Research and Development (BCARRD);
Vice-Chair of the Governing Board, Emergency Paramedic Training Unit (EPTU), Albay Prov-
ince; Regional Coordinator, Philippine Association of Tertiary Level Educatinal Institutions in Environ-
mental Protection and Management (PATLEMAP); Chairperson, Regional Research Development
Coordinating Council; Chairperson, Sagumayon River Management Council in Albay; Member, Albay
Council on Education; Member, Albay Higher Education Contribution Scheme (AHECS); and Member,
Albay-Catanduanes Higher Education Network (ACHEN). Dr. Lauraya, University Professor of Bicol
University, is now the Lead Person of Innovation Grants - K-12 Transition Period, Commission on
Higher Education.
Safary Wa-Mbaleka, EdD, PhD is an American scholar who holds 2 doctorate and 3 mas-
ters’ degrees. He specialized in the fields of curriculum and instruction, applied
linguistics, online education, educational administration, and qualitative research.
He has authored more than 30 journal articles in national and international peer-
reviewed journals, 3 books and 2 chapters. He has taught at several universities
in the USA, Puerto Rico, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Philippines, Kenya
and Myanmar. He has presented at academic conferences and seminars all over
the Philippines, the USA, Mexico, the Bahamas, Belize, Puerto Rico, Cambodia,
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Uganda. Author of Public or Perish: Fear No
More, Dr. Wa-Mbaleka is currently the editor of the International Forum Journal,
a peer-reviewed international multidisciplinary journal at the Adventist Interna-
tional Institute of Advanced Studies, an American university located in Silang,
Cavite, Philippines, where he is also an associate professor. He is also the
founding president of the Asian Qualitative Research Association, based at his university. He is also
the editor-in-chief of Leyte Normal University’s Journal of Education and Society, a national peer-
reviewed journal. He is a peer reviewer of several national and international journals in the Philippines,
Asia, Africa, and the USA. He teaches research methods, qualitative research, academic writing, ap-
plied linguistics, e-learning, and different education courses at both the master’s and doctoral levels.
Engr. Lorvi Barrun-Pagorogon holds a Master of Science in Hydrology and Water Quality
degree from Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), The Nether-
lands and a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering degree, which she
took from Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry (BUCAF). She is a
Fellow of Ford Foundation International (New York, USA) and currently serves as
Campus Director of Philippine Science High School-Central Mindanao. Previous-
ly, she worked at DEBESMSCAT as a faculty of Agricultural Engineering and as
Director of the Research and Development Services Unit. She was involved in
several research projects conducted in some European countries where she was
honed as a researcher and contributed to some significant findings in the course
of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures and bioremediation espe-
cially on research projects like the Júcar River and La-Mancha Aquifer Climate
Change Mitigation Project in Valencia, Spain, the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis
of Jatropha Production Systems in Mali, Africa; and the study on Use of Olive Mill Wastewater to De-
crease Hydrophobicity in Sandy Soil for the Water Reuse Technologies for the Mediterranean Region
Project commissioned by the European Union that was conducted in Xanthi, Greece. Her research
focus revolves around sustainable environment and water resources and she has published papers in
Elsevier-indexed international refereed journals.

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Republic of the Philippines

Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College

Volume 2, April 2016

2nd National R&D Forum

April 14-16, 2016

This Book of Abstracts is published by the Research and Development Ser-

About this Book

ERWIN H. MALTO, PhD

Warm Christian greetings!

Societal development is largely dependent on research. Researches are con-

Godspeed. Mabuhay po tayong lahat!

EFREN G. CAJURAO, PhD

It is a fact that being a researcher is a tedious task. One has to experience

Congratulations and Godspeed.

PROLUCEN C. VELARDE, PhD

On behalf of the DEBESMSCAT Research and Development Council mem-

Godspeed to all of us, participants in the 2nd NRDF.

This gathering of researchers and scholars from different State Universi-

To the Research and Development Council, the working committees who

Congratulations to all of us.

MORENA C. BUAYAN, EdD

8:00 AM – 12:00 PM - Billeting of participants/registration

Doxology - DEBESMSCAT Chorale

Philippine National Anthem - DEBESMSCAT Chorale

Welcome Address - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

- Hon. Vince Homer B. Revil

- Hon. Percival D. Castillo

Presentation of Participants - Dr. Prolucen C. Velarde

Introduction of the - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

Keynote Speech - Dr. Fay Lea Patria M. Lauraya

Awarding of Plaque of - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

Intermission - DEBESMSCAT Ambassadors

Introduction of the - Dr. Morena C. Buayan

Talk of the Plenary Speaker I - Dr. Safary Wa-Mbaleka

Awarding of Plaque of - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

Intermission - DEBESMSCAT Chorale

Closing Remarks - Dr. Efren G. Cajurao

MS. IRIS B. CASTILLO and MR. MICHAEL O. OGAYA

4:00 PM – 7:00 PM - Cultural Tour to the Rodeo Festival Arena

7:00 PM – 9:00 PM - Fellowship Dinner at Racknell Bar & Grill

9:15 PM - Return Trip to Bituon Beach Resort

Day 2 (April 15) Plenary Session

Philippine National Anthem - Dr. Novy R. Clores

Introduction of the - Dr. Renee A. Lamela

Message of the Plenary Speaker II - Engr. Lorvi B. Pagorogon

Awarding of Plaque of - Dr. Erwin H. Malto

MS. IRIS B. CASTILLO

Parallel Paper Presentation To be conducted in designated venues

8:00 Am – 11:00 Am - Closing Program and Awarding Ceremonies

Prayer - Miss Milagros A. Celedonio

Philippine National Anthem - Assisting Public Address System

Awarding of Plaque of - Chairman & Members

Awarding of Certificates of - Chairman & Members

Closing Remarks and Words - Dr. Morena C. Buayan

MR. RODOLFO B. BURAC, JR.

Governance and Bio-ecological Functionality of Guinhadap Fish Sanctuary 1

Deforestation of Masbate, 1870-1946 2

Pelagic Fishery and Coastal Habitats of Asid Gulf, Masbate: 3

Inventory of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Advocacy 4

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Pioduran, Ligao, Oas, Libon 5

Hazard Reduction and Vulnerability Analysis of the Sagumayon River, 6

Floral and Faunal Assessments of Coastal and Terrestrial Environments 7

Visitors’ Perception and Motivation Towards Ecotourism 8

Environmental Characterization and Human Activities in Freshwater Areas 9