True 3D measurements for

enhanced reservoir quantification

Rt Scanner
 Rt Scanner measurements in three dimensions at multiple depths of
investigation (DOIs) quantify even low-resistivity laminated pay
zones to reduce uncertainty and refine your reservoir model
Rt Scanner* triaxial induction service calculates both vertical and
horizontal resistivity (Rv and Rh , respectively) from direct induction
measurements while simultaneously solving for formation dip at
any well deviation. Making measurements at multiple DOIs in three
dimensions ensures that the derived resistivities are true 3D
measurements. The enhanced hydrocarbon and water saturation
estimates computed from these measurements result in more accurate
reservoir models and reserves estimates, especially for formations with
laminations, anisotropy, or faults.

The compact, one-piece Rt Scanner tool has multiple triaxial arrays,

The compact, one-piece Rt Scanner
tool has multiple triaxial arrays for
making true 3D measurements.
each containing three collocated coils measuring at various depths into
the formation. Rv and Rh are calculated at each of the triaxial spacings.
A unique electrode sleeve with short single-axis and collocated triaxial
receivers is used to fully characterize the borehole signal and remove
the borehole effect.
 APPLICATIONS
■ Quantification of laminated
or low-resistivity formations
■ Corrected resistivity for
shoulder beds at any angle
■ Determination of water
saturation, Sw
■ Geometric reservoir modeling
■ Structural analysis
■ Completion design and
facilities optimization

In addition to advanced resistivity measurements, formation dip and

azimuth are available for structural interpretation. The Rt Scanner tool
also delivers standard AIT* array induction imager tool measurements
for correlation with existing field logs. The tool’s innovative single-piece
design requires the addition of only a caliper and the GPIT* general
purpose inclinometry tool to the toolstring to operate. Rt Scanner
service is also fully combinable with most openhole services and the
Platform Express* platform—adding only 7 ft [2 m] to the length of a
Platform Express triple-combo when replacing the AIT resistivity tool.

COLLOCATED COILS
The key to the unique measurement capabilities of Rt Scanner service
is proprietary collocated coil technology. Inducing currents horizontally
and vertically into the formation from one depth point and then receiving
them at another mutual depth point provides measurement of the
formation properties in true 3D. The multiple collocated receivers
also measure at progressively deeper radial depths. The resulting 3D
information contains structural dip, azimuth, and resistivity anisotropy
information, which provides critical contrast in low-resistivity laminated The collocated transmitter and one of the several collocated receivers (left) of the
Rt Scanner tool independently obtain tensor resistivity measurements (right) that
pay and other challenging environments. yield valuable information, especially in laminated formations.
ACCURATE QUANTIFICATION OF LAMINATED SANDS
Conventional wireline induction tools measure mainly Rh . However,
this measurement bias results in low-resistivity readings in anisotropic
resistivity sequences, such as thinly laminated sands and shales. The
conductive shales dominate the resistivity, neutron, and several other
logs, masking pay zones in the sands and producing pessimistic interpre-
tations of hydrocarbon volume.

Rt Scanner service extends the basic AIT induction logs to include Rv Rv

and Rh . These additional measurements in combination with structural Dip azimuth
Rh
dip and azimuth obtained by the tool provide valuable insight to the
resistivity of the sand portion (Rsand ) of laminated formations. A 1D
inversion algorithm is used to determine Rh , Rv, and the bed boundaries
and dip azimuth. The dip-corrected measurements are used to populate
a reservoir model that can incorporate a shale anisotropy factor to
account for the intervening shales. The enhanced saturation estimates
computed with the model account for the geometry of the layers.
The 1D inversion of the Rt Scanner measurements obtained by
the collocated coils produces both dip and resistivity information.
Rh runs parallel to the bedding plane, Rv is orthogonal to Rh.

Core Fshale Water Saturation

600

650
Fshale
Fshale
103
700 ∑Fsand
∑VhRvRh
∑VhRh
750 102

Rsand
800
101 Rshv = 3.2 Sw
Rv

Rshh = 0.56
6 ft
850
100
900 Sw(RvRh) = 0.4
Sw(Rh) = 0.87

10–1
950
10–1 100 101 102 103
Rh
1,000

1,050
The butterfly overlay on the crossplot of Rv and Rh (right) includes input for the shale content (left track). Data corresponding to shales, water zones, and pay zones are shown
in green, cyan, and magenta, respectively. As the horizontal bar is moved in the Sw track, the cumulative sand volume (∑Fsand), hydrocarbon volume from Rv and Rh (∑VhRvRh),
and hydrocarbon volume from Rh (∑VhRh) are displayed. The volume fraction of shale (Fshale) in the left log track is a good match to core from the interval at 850 to 950 ft (left).
 FMI True DIP
FMI True DIP
Shale Density-Neutron AIT 90 in Quality [4,12]
Shale Density-Neutron AIT 90 in ELAN* Sw Quality [4,12]
Crossover ELAN* Sw Quality [12,120]
Crossover 0.2 ohm.m 200 Quality [12,120]
0.2 ohm.m 200 0 deg 90
0 deg 90
Sand Neutron Porosity 39-in Array Rv Total Sw
Sand Neutron Porosity 39-in Array Rv Total Sw Triaxial AIT True DIP
3
0.6 3 3 ft /ft 3 0 0.2 ohm.m 3
200 13 3 ft /ft 3 0 Triaxial AIT True DIP
Dry-Weight 0.6 ft /ft 0 0.2 ohm.m 200 1 ft /ft 0 Quality [4,12]
Dry-Weight
Fraction Density 39-in Array Rh QualityQuality
[4,12] [12,120]
Fraction Depth, Density 39-in Array Rh Flowmeter SwQuality [12,120]
3
1 ft /ft Depth,
3 0 ft 1.65 3 g/cm 3 2.65 0.2 ohm.m Flowmeter
200 S w 0 deg 90
1 ft3/ft3 0 ft 1.65 g/cm 2.65 0.2 ohm.m 200 0 deg 90

X,770
X,770

X,790
X,790

X,810
X,810

X,830
X,830

X,850
X,850

X,870
X,870

X,890
X,890

X,910
X,910 20 ft

X,930
X,930

X,950
X,950

X,970
X,970

X,890
X,890

Y,010
Y,010

Y,030
Y,030

Y,050
Y,050

Y,070
Y,070

Y,090
Y,090

Y,110
Y,110

Y,130
Y,130

Low-resistivity laminated pay cannot be accurately logged with conventional tools. To the right of the log, a 20-ft [6-m] section of FMI* fullbore formation micro-
imager images shows the 60° relative dip and highly laminated formations in this US Northern Gulf Coast well. The neutron log (Track 2) is so severely influenced
by the shale laminations that there is no density-neutron crossover. Resistivity is similarly dominated, with depressed measurements in Track 3. However,
laminated sand analysis based on Rt Scanner measurements accurately quantifies the hydrocarbon in place, including otherwise unidentified pay (Track 4).
In addition, the combination of dip measurements in Track 5 from Rt Scanner and imaging tools enhances structural understanding throughout the well.
TRIAXIAL DIP FOR RESISTIVitY CORRECTION
AND ENHANCED UNDERSTANDING Dip, º Depth, ft Resisitivity, ohm.m
Because Rt Scanner service continuously measures formation dip 0 20 40 60 80 X,500 1.0 10.0 100.0 1,000.0
and azimuth simultaneously with the resistivity measurements in 3D,
advanced corrections can be made for the effects of bed boundaries and
formation dip. The tool’s 3D measurement capabilities provide accurate
X,600
dip and azimuth measurements from a wide range of borehole conditions
and formation environments, including any well angle up to parallel to the
formation layers and in air-filled boreholes.
X,700

X,800 X,800
54-in Rt Scanner Dip AIT 10 in
OBMI Dip AIT 90 in
Rh
0 Gamma Ray 150 Rv
gAPI

X,850 Both the Rt Scanner and OBMI dip measurements show a distinct change
in dip at X,580 ft, indicating an unconformity. The change in dip is also
reflected in the shift of the classic AIT resistivity logs—they overlie the
Y,200 Rt Scanner Rh curve in the low-dip interval above the change, but are between
the Rt Scanner Rh and Rv curves in the underlying interval of higher dip. The
overlay of Rv and Rh in the wet sands also provides a quicklook of the fluid type
in this case.

Y,250 NW Seismic Section SW

Cross-Section 7,856 7,824 7,792 7,760
NW Direction = 120° SE 1,650 1,629 1,607 1,585
416
X,000 X,000
Rt Scanner Dip
Rt Scanner logging of this air-filled borehole revealed significant resistivity 750
anisotropy. The structural dip matches the core information, even in the
lower zone, which has sections of rugose and washed-out borehole. 1,000

1,250
X,500 X,500
1,500
Layer dip is computed over 10- to 50-ft [3- to 15-m] intervals. Although
1,750
at a lower vertical resolution than dip from an imaging tool or dipmeter,
2,000
these measurements are sufficiently robust to provide critical structural Y,000 Y,000
2,250

information and detect major events, such as bed boundaries and

2,500

unconformities or faults crossing the borehole. Additional stratigraphic

2,750
Cretaceous/
insight can be achieved from pairing Rt Scanner dip measurements with Y,500 Y,500 Tertiary
unconformity 3,000

OBMI* oil-base microimager data. 3,250

Stick plots of Rt Scanner triaxial dip measurements can also be used to 3,500

0 90 Cross Section 0 90

scale up from continuous structural content at a single-well scale to the Raw Data Data Used for Cross Section 3,750

Stick Plot 3,952

borehole or surface seismic section. Bridging the gap between image

logs and the seismic section with dip measurements greatly enhances A stick plot was used to link Rt Scanner dip measurements in Wells A and B in
South America. The stick plot was then used to scale up to the seismic section
geometric understanding of the reservoir. to map the reservoirs between the two wells.
CASE STUDIES
Estimating hydrocarbon volume
in thinly laminated sands
Formation evaluation of conventional induction logs from a thinly model that incorporated a shale anisotropy factor determined from
laminated gas-bearing sand calculated high values of Sw. These the massive underlying shale. Instead of the nearly 100% Sw values
classic logs were essentially measuring a bulk value of Rh for the obtained from classic induction resistivity measurements, the
interbedded sands, shales, and mudstones, which range from almost Rt Scanner model calculated Sw between 20% and 50%.
a meter to less than a centimeter in thickness, with most of the layer
The Rt Scanner saturation values were a good match to nuclear mag-
thicknesses in the centimeter range, well below the vertical resolution
netic resonance (NMR) logging and core measurements. Subsequent
of the classic induction tool. The low resistivity resulting from the low-
formation tester sampling downhole confirmed the presence of hydro-
conductivity anisotropic shale layers in turn depressed the hydrocarbon
carbon, and producibility was demonstrated with a drillstem test. With-
volume interpretation.
out the revised Sw values possible with Rt Scanner 3D measurements,
To calculate correct Sw values, the dip-corrected Rt Scanner Rv and the potential of this complex reservoir would have gone unrecognized.
Rh measurements were used in a laminated sand-shale

Bound Water Bound Water

Classic Anisotropic
Neutron-Density Rh (deep) Gas
Shale Crossover Water Classic Water
0.2 ohm.m 200 Anisotropic Anisotropic Borehole Image
Gamma Ray Neutron Porosity Resistivity
Rv (deep)

Pay Anisotropic
Sand Gas Classic Gas
20 gAPI 60 60 % 0 0.2 ohm.m 200 Pay Classic Gas Classic
Anisotropic 0º 120º 240º 360º
Gamma Ray Depth, Sand Fraction Density Induction Resistivity 90 in Sw Fluid Volume Fluid Volume Conductive Resistive
20 gAPI 60 ft 0 1.5 1.65 g/cm3 2.65 0.2 ohm.m 200 100 % 0 50 % 0 50 % 0

X,110
X,120
X,130
X,140
X,150
X,160
X,170
X,180
X,190
X,200
X,210
X,220
X,230
X,240
X,250
X,260
X,270
X,280
X,290

Compared with the analysis of classic induction logs, the Rt Scanner resistivity anisotropy measurements for the laminated sand indicate the presence of hydrocarbon
that otherwise would have been overlooked (Tracks 6 and 7 are the pay flags for the classic and Rt Scanner anisotropic interpretations, respectively). Gas is indicated
by the crossover between density and neutron at X,150–X,155 ft, X,188–X,192 ft, and X,268–X,271 ft.
Resolving bed boundary effects
in high-dip, low-resistivity pay
Induction logs are prone to bed boundary effects in thin-bedded sands. the AIT 10-in [25-cm] resistivity at X,990 and Y,040 ft. The correctly identified
To better understand low-resistivity pay in a channel complex at a rela- true resistivity (Rt ) for the channel sands is greater by
tive dip of 60°, an operator ran Rt Scanner triaxial induction service. The a factor of 4 than the AIT 90-in [229-cm] resistivity value. If only conven-
Rt Scanner measurements identified the low-resistivity pay in the lower tional logs had been used, the effects of the surrounding shale beds
half of the well and resolved the bed boundary effects shown as horns in would have resulted in an inaccurately low estimate of oil saturation
and consequently of reserves.
Dip, º Depth, ft Resisitivity, ohm.m
0 20 40 60 80 1.0 10.0 100.0 1,000.0
Y,900
Rt Scanner
2-ft set

A
Y,000

In Zone A, the conventional AIT 90-in resistivity

Y,100
reads low in the thicker channel sands because of
the surrounding dipping shale beds. The AIT 10-in
resistivity also exhibits significant shoulder-bed
B horns. The Rt Scanner Rv and Rh measurements
correct for the dipping shale beds in Zone A. In
Zone B, the Rt Scanner measurements correctly
identify a low-resistivity pay zone that otherwise
would have been overlooked.
Y,200
54-in Dip AIT 10 in
OBMI Dip AIT 90 in
0 Gamma Ray 150 Rh
gAPI Rv
 Well A
Using dip information to follow turbidite channels OBMI dip
An operator wanted to place additional wells in a productive turbidite Southwest Rt Scanner dip Northeast
sand in Mexico, but seismic information was lacking for following the
X,600
Slumping
sinuous channel body. However, Rt Scanner dip measurements were
obtained during the logging run. Stratigraphic interpretation of the Laterally accreted
overbank deposits
Channel base
Rt Scanner dip information in combination with imaging tool data
assumed a channel geometry with fine accretionary overbank Channel reservoir facies

deposits resulting from the lateral and downstream migration of Channel base
X,800

relatively sinuous and confined subaqueous channels. In this scenario, Lateral accretion
the strike of the bedding in the argillaceous channel base indicates the Channel reservoir facies
direction the channel followed. Channel base X,900

With the channel direction revealed, the next well could be located
330 ft [~100 m]
northeast of the original well. The well trajectory was planned using 3/13/2007
X,000

the dip information, and the same good-quality sands of the turbidite
3/13/2007 1

As shown on the dip direction rose plots to the left, stratigraphic interpretation
channel were intersected. of the Rt Scanner dip information identified the direction of the turbidite channel
from northeast to southwest.

Drilling a successful deepwater sidetrack

in thin-bedded sands
Low-resistivity thin-bedded sands intercalated with shale layers were
insufficiently characterized by conventional logs for placing a sidetrack
in turbidite deposits offshore West Africa. Additional complications
were the possible deformation of bedding by nearby salt deposits and
that the seismic data was often doubtful because of the depth and
seismic resolution.
The DCS analysis found that that as the DOI increases, the average
dip decreases. The same bedding nature was also observed in the
VSP data. Averaging the four sets of dip data achieved a more
realistic structural dip value that could be used to improve reservoir
modeling. With this information, the operator was able to drill a
successful sidetrack.

To better understand this challenging situation, Schlumberger

recommended dip angle measurements at multiple DOIs around the
borehole well. The OBMI2* integrated dual oil-base microimagers New concept of
Borehole filled with drilling mud

and Rt Scanner triaxial induction service were run because they can computing structural dip
Rt Scanner
obtain accurate images and measurements of low-resistivity formations 72 in
54 in
drilled with oil-base mud. The OBMI2 tool recorded dip data around the 39 in
3.5 in
borehole wall at a DOI of approximately 3.5 in [8.9 cm], and the Rt Scanner
tool obtained far-field, radially variant dip measurements at DOIs of 39, OBMI2

54, and 72 in [0.99, 13.7, and 1.8 m]. The Rt Scanner 3D dip measure-
ment was also insensitive to any borehole irregularities, which were
expected in this heterogeneous depositional environment. Formation

Schlumberger Data & Consulting Services (DCS) introduced a improved The new DCS concept for structural dip computation integrates dip measurements
approach to structural dip computation that integrated the two dip obtained at various DOIs. The green dots represent OBMI2 dips, and the red dots
represent Rt Scanner multiarray dips. The green dotted line is a horizontal plane
measurements. The first step was determining the level of confidence fitting the four-dip measurement.
for the Rt Scanner dips with respect to borehole resistivity image dips
from a known formation. The structural dip values were also compared
with the vertical seismic profile to improve the view away from the
borehole and better display large-scale variations in the deposits. The
conventional averaging method was also used to compute another set
of dip values for comparison.
Specifications†
Output Rv, Rh , AIT logs, spontaneous potential, dip, azimuth
Max. logging speed 3,600 ft/h [1,097 m/h]
Combinability Platform Express platform and most openhole services
Max. temperature 302 degF [150 degC]
Max. pressure 20,000 psi [137,895 kPa]
Bore hole size—min. 6 in [15.24 cm]
Borehole size—max. 20 in [50.8 cm]
Outside diameter 3.875 in [9.84 cm]
Length‡ 19.6 ft [5.97 m]
Weight 404 lbm [183 kg]
Max. tension‡ 25,000 lbf [11,205 N]
Max. compression§ 6,000 lbf [26,689 N]
† A standoff is mandatory with this service
‡ GPIT tool is required to be run in combination
§ Limits derived at 302 degF and 0 psi
 www.slb.com/scanner

*Mark of Schlumberger
Copyright © 2009 Schlumberger. All rights reserved. 09-FE-0008