Daisy Ursino's Portfolio: Bruce Riddell

Daisy Ursino’s Portfolio
Bio 105
Bruce Riddell
ID: 0341659
December 14, 2017
Table of Contents
Microscopy Cell Size ………....………………………2
Human Gametogenesis…....………………………….13
Cardiovascular Stress …….………………………….27
Muscle Fatigue……...………………………………..47
Blood and Urinalysis……...………………………….66
Histology Compendium……….……………………..84
Summary………………...…………………………...93
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Microscopy Cell Size Lab

08/31/17
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Student Author Name: Soledad Padilla-Aguilar Team Members Name(s): Daisy Roman
Student Author ID #: 0357085 Team Members ID #’(s):0341659
Lab Assignment #: 0 Team Name: Masters of Mayhem

Lab Assignment Title: Microscopy and Cell Size Date: 2017-08-31
Background
● Cells are the building blocks of all organisms.
● To study Anatomy and Physiology, we have to look at cells through a microscope.
● All sciences, especially Life Sciences use microscopes to study structures that are hard to see with a naked eye.
● Get familiar with parts of cells and anatomical structures
Purpose / Objective(s):
● Learn the parts of a Microscope and how to use them
● Understand how we can use a microscope as measuring device.
● View different slides and understand how they differ
● Understand that cells vary in shape and size
● Learn how to use Cell Size Calculator
Specimen(s):
Table 1 lists the specimens that were viewed and measured by category
Non Cells Prepared Cells Pre-Prepared Cells and Tissues

● Colored Threads ● Self-prepared cheek cells ● Red Blood Cells
● Newspaper Letter “e” ● Simple Columnar
● Adipose Cells
● Human Bone
● Hyaline Cartilage
● Neuron Cell Smear
● Muscle Striated
Materials:
● 2 Nikon Y S2 Microscope
● Methylene Blue to prepare cheek cells
● Toothpick to obtain cheek cells from self
● Blank microscope slide and coverslip to prepare check cell slide
● Various of prepared slides provided by the instructor
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Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:
● Preparing Cheek Cells

1. I scraped the inside of my cheek gently with toothpick.
2. Cheek cells were smeared on the center of the blank microscope slide.
3. A drop of methylene blue was added to the smear.
4. The coverslip was added to the stained smear.
● The specimens were identified and measured using a standard binocular microscope Nikon FY2. (See
Attachments)
● Specimens: Non-Cells, Prepared, Pre-Prepared Cells
1. Each specimen in Table 1 were observed under 10x, 40x, and 100x and were taken pictures of by
cellphone.
2. Estimated counts were made online in the FOV Cell Size Calculator (See Attachments), with the
help of Paint to help with estimation.
Results / Data:
Table 2 shows Average Size Calculations for each specimen in millimeter and microns.
Size ranges at least by about a micron, human bone to red blood cells until colored threads and letter e.
Specimen Average Size mm Average Size μm
Human Bone 0.01 12.93
Hyaline Cartilage 0.03 26.25
Adipose Cell 0.03 26.92
Simple Columnar 0.04 36.46
Muscle Striated 0.05 49.79
Cheek Cell 0.06 55.24
Neuron Cell Smear 0.06 61.70
Red Blood Cells 0.07 73.11
Colored Threads 0.22 221.67
Letter e 0.45 451.67
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Figure 1 Size Range in Millimeters

The Letter e is larger than the colored threads.
Most of the cells shared the same measurement which has me wondering more about each specimen’s cell structure.
Figure 2 Size Range in Microns

Letter e is twice as big as the colored threads
Red blood cells are the largest cells especially out or cheek cells and neuron cells.
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Analysis / Discussion:
• The microscope proved is usefulness in understanding the variation of size of different types of
cells and other non anatomical specimens.
• All specimens besides colored threads and Letter e (non anatomical specimens) demonstrate
similar measurement.
• Non anatomical specimens were above 100 microns.
Conclusions / Further Considerations:

• The microscope is a useful tool in determining range of size in specimens.
• Understanding how to use coarse focus and inner fine focus controls is important for getting a
clear view of specimens and their size in order to measure it.
• As I viewed some specimens in the microscope, such as the Simple Columnar and Red Blood
Cells, I originally though the Simple Columnar was larger than Red Blood Cells, thus I am curious about
understanding the differences in the sizes of each cell and why or maybe my data is incorrect which I
would love comments about to improve.
• This lab can help us later when we learn about actual structures of each tissue so we can name
them and learn their function.
● Understanding healthy cells help us later distinguish bad cells like tumors or cancers
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1: 2 Nikon YS2 Microscope
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Here are the specimens in order from how they are listed in Table 1 followed by the magnification they
are shown in.
Attachment 2: Colored Threads 40x Magnification
Attachment 3: Newspaper Letter “e” under 40x magnification
Attachment 4: Cheek Cells Under 40x Magnification
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Attachment 5: Red Blood Cells Under 400x Magnification
Attachment 6: Simple Columnar in under 400x Magnification
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Attachment 7: Adipose cells under 100x Magnification
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Attachment 8: Human Bone under 400x Magnification
Attachment 9: Hyaline Cartilage 400x Magnification
Attachment 10: Neuron Cell Smear under 400x Magnification
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Attachment 11: Muscle Striated under 40x
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Human Gametogenesis
09/14/17
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Cardiovascular Stress Lab

10/05/17
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Student Author Name: Soledad Padilla-Aguilar Team Members Name(s):

Daisy Roman
Sandra Duong
Student Author ID #: 0341659 Team Members ID #’(s):
03411659
0296774
Lab Assignment Title: Cardiovascular Stress Date: 2017-10-05
.
Background
▪ Under more stress, the heart needs more oxygen.
▪ Stress Test are helpful for doctors to understand how patient’s heart handles stress.
▪ Stress Test are helpful in diagnosing heart disease and determine how to improve condition.
▪ To stress our cardiovascular (CV) system by running on campus and measure Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and
Respiratory Rate at specific time intervals, sitting and standing.
▪ Make correlations between resting and peak elevation of cardiovascular system between classroom and myself.
Hypothesis (ese):
▪ Heart rate (BPM or beats per minute) should increase after aerobic exercise and decrease as we recover during
the (3 minutes, 6 minutes, 10 minutes) time intervals.
▪ Blood Pressure (BP or systolic pressure over diastolic pressure) should increase after aerobic exercise and
decrease as we recover.
▪ Respiratory Rate (RR or amount of breaths in and out per minutes) should increase after aerobic exercise and
decrease as we recover.
▪ I think the heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate will be slightly greater standing than sitting even that
the time intervals.
▪ Males will show higher average height than females because females tend to be shorter.
▪ Older students will have higher blood pressure, respiratory rates and heart rates.
▪ The higher the BMI either females or males, the higher the heart rate systole.
▪ Females will show a higher BMI than males since they are leaner.

▪ Heart Rate
● Used fingers were to press at either inside of the wrist ulnar artery or the carotid artery in the neck
(which was easier for me).
● Counted heart rate, beats per minute sitting and standing before and after aerobic activity using
phone stopwatch
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▪ Respiratory Rate
● Each of us monitored our breathing rate before and after aerobic activity by making tally marks
every time we exhaled.
● Counted respiratory rates by minute while sitting and standing.
▪ Blood Pressure
● Learned how to use a sphygmomanometer (older one and automatic one) and stethoscope to
record blood pressure before and after aerobic activity sitting and standing
● Stethoscope used to listen to systolic and diastolic pressure and was placed under the blood
pressure cuff of the stethoscope
● Making sure the valve on pump is closed, pump air into cuff until it is about 140-150 mmHg
● Lowly open valve until blood pressure sound are audible in stethoscope.
● Record the pressure in where the blood pressure is audible
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▪ For height (in inches), weight, and BMI, this information was calculated and entered in Excel. The information
was shared with other classmates. I used this online calculator to figure out my BMI.
Results / Data:
● Table 1: Personal Data
● Displaying height, Weight, Age and BMI
● I am underweight for my height
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● Table 2: Personal Data (continued)

● Displaying HR, BP, and RR at rest, sitting and standing
● All three factors were higher when I was standing
● Table 3: Personal Data (Continued)

● Displaying after Brisk Walk HR, BP, and RR at peak, and 3, 6, 10 minute Recovery
● All three factors were higher right after brisk walk and slowly decreased with time
● Systolic BP seemed to decrease from rest while Diastole increased
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● Table 4: Shows Height, Age, Weight and BMI for males

●
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● Table 5: Shows HR, BP and RR at rest and standing for males
● Table 6: Shows HR,BP and RR at peak and during 3, 6, and 10 minute recovery
● All factors decreased with time
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● Table 7: Shows Height, Age, Weight and BMI for females
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● Table 8: Shows HR, BP and RR sitting and standing for females

● SD has the highest heart rate for all factors due to older age
● Table 9: Shows change in HR, BP and RR after brisk walk 3, 6, 10 minutes time intervals
● Again SD showed highest HR, BP and RR while DU showed less since she is younger
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● Table 10 (separated since doesn’t fit on one sheet): Averages of all students
● It is true that all factors are higher standing rather than sitting
●
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● Graph 1: Heart Rate vs Stress Conditions

● My Heart rate was very higher compared to mean females at 81.7
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● Graph 2: Comparing Male vs Female Blood Pressure in Exercise

● Males have higher BP Systolic than females.
● at Peak it varies about 20.67 mm Hg
● at 3 minutes it varies 11.6 mmHg
● BP Diastolic switches with each condition for both females and males
● Graph 3: Comparing resting heart rate for self, males and females
● I am at 61.00 beats per minute
● Mean Males are at 74.33 beats per minute
● Mean Females are at 74.33 beats per minute
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● Graph 4: Heart Rate vs Respiratory Rate for female and males

● Males in Blue as heart rate increases Respiratory rate increases
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● Graph 5: Personal Respiratory Rate Sitting vs Standing

● Respiratory rate is higher standing than sitting
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● Graph 6: Comparing Respiratory Rate Self vs Females vs Males

● On average, females had to highest respiratory rates for all conditions
● I did not reach average females but I was closer to males respiratory rate
● Graph 7: Heart Rate Sitting vs Standing

● Heart Rate increases standing by 4 beats per minute
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● Graph 8: BMI vs. Systolic Heart Rate at Peak

● The higher the BMI, the higher the Systolic Blood Pressure
▪ My BMI is low for my height. A healthy BMI for me should be 18.5-24.5 but I am at 17.0.
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▪ I am normal at heart rate: 105/ 71 sitting and 99/74 standing at peak.

▪ Found it strange how heart rate went up at rest. I feel it should be the opposite.
▪ Males have higher BP Systolic than females
▪ Everyone is at a healthy heart rate (60-100 BPM)
▪ As heart rate increased, respiratory rate increases for everyone.
▪ Respiratory rate higher standing than sitting as we as heart rate.
▪ Females had highest heart rate for all time intervals after exercise.
▪ The higher the BMI, the higher the systolic BP.
▪ Males had higher systolic BP than females.
▪ Higher the weight, higher the BMI.

▪ Some of my results do look strange so I have to get that checked.
▪ I would to understand the detail difference between systolic and diastolic at certain conditions.
▪ Differences in respiratory and heart rates sitting vs standing due to gravity while standing and lower muscles are
being used.
▪ Female higher heart beat due to smaller heart than males.
▪ Heavier Weight make heart work hard to pump blood to body.
▪ A higher number of students would be helpful for more correlations
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ATTACHMENTS
In-Process Notes / Raw Data:

● This is the front page of my lab notes.
● This is the back page of my lab notes.
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References / Literature Cited: Medical Practice uses APA Standards for Citations.
1. Information about Stress test and their importance: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stress/
2. Heart Rate Information:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-20057979
3. Respiratory Rate Information: http://fromnewtoicu.com/respirations/
4. Blood Pressure Information:
https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/monitoring-blood-pressure#1
5. BMI Calculation: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm
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Muscle Fatigue Lab

11/09/17
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Sandra Duong
Daisy Roman

03411659
0296774
Lab Assignment Title: Muscle Fatigue Date: 2017-11-09
Background
▪ The major properties of muscles are that they are excitable, contractible, extensible,elastic
and adaptable.
▪ Muscle fatigue is the inability of a muscle to generate force.
▪ Two types of muscle fatigue are nervous fatigue and metabolic fatigue.
▪ Decline in glycogen and built up of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue.
▪ Humans have two types of skeletal muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch.
▪ Fast twitch fibers can generate more force, but are quicker to fatigue compared to
slow-twitch muscles fibers.
▪ Muscle tetany is an involuntary muscle convulsion.
▪ To understand the effects of heart rate and respiratory rates by measuring the amount of
repetitions an individual can complete in one minute before and after lifting three different
weights in attempt to reach fatigue and tetany.
Hypothesis (ese):
▪ There will be a point where my body won’t be able to continue performing a specific
exercise e.g bicep curl after a certain amount of time or reps.
▪ Doing a large number of reps will increase my heart rate and respiratory rate
▪ Males usually lift heavier weights, do more reps, and have higher heart rates and
respiratory
▪ Athletic students might last longer lifting
▪ Subjects with a higher BMI will have a higher post heart rate
▪ Subjects with a higher age will have a higher increase of heart rate and lower resistance
Subject(s) / Specimen(s):
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▪ Data was recorded for myself (SGP), my two female teammates (SD and DU), other female
(EPN) and one male (JSO).
Materials:
▪ Free weights chosen by strength of human specimen such as 4,8, 12 pounds for me
● The pounds of the weight varies by gender and how conditioned the human
specimen is.
▪ A timer
▪ Excel Fatigue Data Spread Sheet

▪ Heart rate and Respiratory rate was recorded first before lifting in a one minute interval.
▪ The first and lightest weight was lifted in a bicep curl in a one minute interval.
● Phone timer used to time reps
▪ Heart rate and Respiratory rate was recorded at peak after reps.
● see Recording heart rate and respiratory rate (below)
▪ Specimen waits 6 minutes and records heart rate and respiratory rate again.
▪ These steps are repeated for the next two reps at different weights (lighter to heaviest).
▪ I got different weights suitable for my strength ( 4,8,12 pounds).
● Group: SD- 4,8, 12 pounds, DU- 3,6,9 pounds
▪ Each load level and amount of repetitions in one minute was input into the excel
spreadsheet.
Recording heart rate and respiratory rate

▪ Heart Rate( BPM or beats per minute)
● · Used fingers to press at either inside of the wrist ulnar artery or the carotid
artery in the neck (which was easier for me).
● Taken measured at rest and at peak after reps and after 6 minutes
● Respiratory Rate (BPM or breaths per minute)

○ Respiratory rate is counted by the number of breaths a person takes per minute.
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○ Taken measured at rest and at peak after reps and after 6 minutes
○ Count by how many times the chest rises
·
Results / Data:
Table 1 : Self data.
● I did more reps at 6 pounds but very low at 10 pounds.
● Heart rate increase with more weight
● Respiratory and Heart rate were pretty constant except at peak after 6 pounds (e.g:
HR:60 bpm to 75 bpm)
SGP
Weight /
Resistance
Level
Ht Resp
Rate Rate
Ht Resp Ht Resp
Reps for 1 SGP SGP
Weight / Mass Rate Rate Rate Rate
Minute or Work 6 6
in Pounds Rest Rest Peak Peak
Fatigue Min Min
SGP SGP SGP SGP
Reco Reco
very very
SGP Low 3.0 27 81.0 87 16 88 16 60 18
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SGP Medium 6.0 30 180.0 87 16 75 30 60 20
SGP High 10.0 19 190.0 86 15 102 24 75 20

SGP Average 6.3 25.3 150.3 86.7 15.7 88.3 23.3 65.0 19.3
Table 2: Daisy’s personal data

● Daisy did more reps at 6 pounds
● Respiratory rate was at its highest after bicep curls at 9 pounds after 6 mins than at peak
● Heart rate is pretty close at peak and after 6 mins except when its goes from 64 bpm to
81 bpm
Partner 1: DU
Weight /
Resistance
Level
Ht Resp
Ht Resp Rate Rate
Reps for 1 Ht Resp
Weight / Mass Rate Rate 6 6
Minute or Work Rate Rate
in Pounds Peak Peak Min Min
Fatigue Rest Rest
DU DU Reco Reco
very very
PART 1 Low 3.0 37 111.0 69 27 72 30 60 30
PART 1
6.0 39 234.0 60 30 78 30 64 18
Medium
PART 1 High 9.0 21 189.0 64 18 80 33 81 42
PART 1
6.0 32.3 178.0 64.3 25.0 76.7 31.0 68.3 30.0
Average
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Table 3: Sandra Duong’s personal data

● The number of bicep curls made drastically declined
● Sandra was able to come back to normal respiratory rate after 6 minutes
Partner 3:SD
Weight /
Resistance
Level
Ht Resp
Ht Resp Rate Rate
Weight / Reps for 1 Ht Resp
Rate Rate 6 6
Mass in Minute or Work Rate Rate
Peak Peak Min Min
Pounds Fatigue Rest Rest
SD SD Reco Reco
very very
PART 3 Low 4.0 35 140.0 88 15 92 16 88 15
PART 3
8.0 15 120.0 85 15 96 18 89 16
Medium
PART 3 High 12.0 4 48.0 85 15 122 20 90 16
103.
PART 3 Average 8.0 18.0 102.7 86.0 15.0 18.0 89.0 15.7
3
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Table 3: Male classmate personal data

● Respiratory rate decrease less than at rest at 6 min recovery
● As a male, he was able to perform more reps
Partner 2: JSO
Weight /
Resistance
Level
Ht
Resp
Ht Resp Rate
Reps For 1 Ht Resp Rate
Weight / Mass Rate Rate 6
Minute or Work Rate Rate 6 Min
in Pounds Peak Peak Min
Fatigue Rest Rest Reco
JSO JSO Reco
very
very
PART 2 Low 6 32 192.0 70 18 75 15 74 11
PART 2
12 32 384.0 74 16 81 13 75 14
Medium
PART 2 High 20 10 200.0 75 15 84 19 66 12
PART 2
12.7 24.7 258.7 73.0 16.3 80.0 15.7 71.7 12.3
Average
Table 4: Female classmate personal data

● Performed more reps than my group as the female
● Respiratory rate did not change much a peak, just by a few breaths and she covered
quickly
Partner 4:
EPN
Weight /
Resistance
Level
Ht Resp
Ht Resp Rate Rate
Reps for 1 Ht Resp
Weight / Mass Rate Rate 6 6
Minute or Work Rate Rate
in Pounds Peak Peak Min Min
Fatigue Rest Rest
EPN EPN Reco Reco
very very
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EPN Low 6.0 34 204.0 57 18 80 23 76 19

EPN Medium 8.0 36 288.0 74 17 82 18 78 16
EPN High 11.0 22 242.0 72 17 83 24 65 16
EPN Average 8.3 30.7 244.7 67.7 17.3 81.7 21.7 73.0 17.0
Table 5: Averages of Human Specimens

● Averages of self (SGP) and others for heart rates and respiratory rates before bicep curls
and after at peak and after 6 minutes
● Data used for graphs 1, 2,3
Graph 1: The relation between repetitions per minute and the weight in pounds
● Reps slowly decrease from 4 to 8 pounds but changed by about 15 reps by 12 pounds
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Graph 2: The relation between Respiratory Rate and the weight in pounds
● On Average, respiratory rate increase as weight increased
Graph 3 :The relation between Heart Rate and weight in pounds.

● Heart rate didn’t increase until lifting 10 pounds
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Graph 4: Comparing Self Weights and Reps in self (SGP)

● I had more reps at 6.0 pounds than I did lifting 3.0 pounds
Graph 5: Comparing Team’s Heart Rate at Peak and Work

● Self in light blue
● Everyone’s heart rate increase with increased work but SD
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Graph 6: Resting Heart Rate & 6 min Recovery Heart Rate

● Shows how heart rate recovered from muscle fatigue for the whole team
● Shows which set of reps (Low-High) took the biggest toll on Heart Rate
● Heavier weight lifting, higher the post heart rate
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Graph 7: Comparing and Contrasting Heart Rate of Team

● SD had the highest heart rate at peak.
● JSO looks like he was able to recover quickly to what his HR was at rest.
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Graph 8: Overview of team’s heart rate at different time periods

● Everyone had low heart rate at rest and increased at peak
Graph 9: Respiratory Rate of Team by Time

● Respiratory Rate increase as weight increased
● JSO respiratory rate decrease quickly after 6 minutes
● Graph 1:
This graph shows the relation between the repetitions per minute and the weight in pounds. It
can clearly be seen that less weight the number of repetitions increase. For four pounds, the
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number of repetitions is 30 or more. In the other hand, for 12 pounds the number of the
repetitions is less than 20.
● Graph 2:
This graph shows the relation between the respiratory rate per minute and the weight in
pounds. It can clearly be seen that a heavier weight the number of respiratory rate per minute
repetitions increase. For six pounds, the number of respiratory rates is between 20 -21. In the
other hand, for 12 pounds, the number of the respiratory rate is 24.
● Graph 3:
This graph shows the relation between heart rate per minute and weight in pounds. It can
clearly be seen that heavier weight the number of the heart rate per minute increase. Between
six pounds and eight pounds, the number of the heart rate per minute is 80. In the other hand,
for 12 pounds the number of the heart rate per minute is between 120 and 140.
● Graph 4:
This graph shows the relation between weight in pounds and reps for one minute. It can be
seen that my hypothesis is a bit true but not completely. At 3 pounds, I was able to do 27 reps.
It increased at 6 pounds but went down after lifting 10 pounds. This is the same with DU, EPN
and JSO. While DU AND EPN increase reps at the second heaviest weight, JSO was constant by
doing 32 reps at 6 and 12 pounds. However, my hypothesis is true for Sandra who went from 35
reps at 4 pounds, 15 reps at 4 pounds.
● Graph 5:
This graph shows heart rate at peak vs the work needed. SGP,DU JSO, and EPN look like the
answer my hypothesis that the greater work, the higher the heart rate however, SD looks like
the more work she had to do, the lower her heart rate. This is since she lifted 12 pounds, most
out all of the females and only did 4 repetitions. Although, I thought work would increase as the
weight gets heavier, it does not. SD put more work to her two previous repetitions that her
muscle fatigue faster at the end.
● Graph 6:
Graph shows both the resting heart rate prior to the experiment, and the heart rate after 6
minutes of recovery. The red representing the Base Heart Rate and the blue representing the
Post lab heart rate, we can observe that students who worked with the lower weights had their
heart rates go back to normal after 6 minutes. On the other hand, data shows that when
students worked with heavier weights their heart rate after 6 minutes was still elevated. This is
due to the need for oxygen used to break down glucose and create more fuel for the body
(ATP).
● Graph 7:
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The graph shows all human specimens heart rate in all three conditions (HR at rest, HR at peak,
HR after 6 minutes recovery. Heart rate varied on average to everyone. For example, on
average, heart rate did not change much from rest to peak but did change at recovery.
However, everyone else’s saw an such a bigger increase from rest to peak. Sandra’s average at
peak was very high at 103.3 bpm.
● Graph 8:
This graph shows all human subjects heart rate at rest, peak and 6 minute recovery. As
hypothesized, heart rate rose up at peak and decreased back at recovery. JSO was able to
recover quickly. He started at 73.0 bpm, rose to 80.0 bpm and down to 71.7 bpm. SGP’s heart
rate was able to go below than rest at the 6 minute recovery. SGP started at 86.7 bpm, rose to
88.3 bpm, and down to 65.0 bpm. Everyone else’s heart rate decrease but not below what they
started. It is a bit strange because I thought that currently fit and athletic students would do
this. It would be interesting to do this lab with different sport teams.
● Graph 9:
This graph shows how respiratory rate, as hypothesized, rose and decreased back at recovery.
SD was very above average while JSO was below average. It might be that we have have much
variation in our data since SD is the oldest and JSO is a male. However, everyone else is in their
late teens or early twenties.

● It is harder and harder to do more repetitions on highest weight.
● After doing so many reps on any weight but especially the last weight, the muscle gets
tired until the point we can lift anymore.
● Data shows male can lift heavier weights longer. However, more data is needed to asses
what type of males (e.g size, age, athletic).
● Athletic students were be able to recover quickly and lift heavier weights for a longer
period than others by looking at EPN’s reps. She started with higher weight than all the
girls in my team and was able to lift up to 11 pounds at 22 reps per minute. Thus, she
was able to recover quickly and lift heavier weights.
● Increasing the weight used in bicep curl will slow repetition but heart rate will increase,
making the body work harder and the heart faster until we reach fatigue.
● Creating graphs based on correlations was very interesting. Weight/mass in pounds
correlating to Heart Rate showed a great correlation. The graphs types used to show the
correlations clearly, like comparisons of resistance in pounds and repetition per minute,
had a much different scatter pattern.
● I wonder if results would be different if we used our non dominant arm.
● Clearly, a normal woman will tend to lift less weight and do less reps than men. With
our data, the one male did prove this. Both genders were able to lift weights with a
steady increase of respiratory rate and heart rate.
○ Our muscles need glycogen to function. If not, the lactic acid builds up and
decreases the muscles’ ability to contract and our muscles fatigue.
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ATTACHMENTS
In-Process Photos:
Image 1: A few of the weights I used (Subject: Soledad SGP)
Image 2: Subject: Sandra Duong (SD) lifting weights (9

pounds total)
Research:
Muscles used in a bicep curl.
● Biceps Brachii: two headed muscle made of inner short head and outer long head
○ short head originates in coronoid process of scapula (shoulder blade)
○ long head originates in supraglenoid tuberosity of scapula
○ functions to flex elbow and supinate forearm
● Brachialis: underneath lower part of biceps brachii

○ originates at the distal half of anterior humerus
○ functions for elbow flexion
● Brachioradialis: outer side of lower arm and forearm

● originates at lateral condyles of humerus into the lateral distal part of the radius
● functions of elbow flexion
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How does a muscle contract?

○ originates at lateral condyles of humerus into the lateral distal part of the radius
○ functions of elbow flexion
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So.. Why does the muscles get tired?
If there is no O2, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain cannot do its job.Thus, it must
gain ATP from other sources. So the muscles resort to anaerobic contraction. However, this
type of contraction can lead to build up of metabolites and decrease pH in muscle cell which
affect biochemistry needed for actin and myosin to slide against together. This is what we felt
when we just couldn’t do anymore bicep curls.
Laskowski, M. E. (2015, August 22). 2 easy, accurate ways to measure your heart rate. Retrieved
November 01, 2017, from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-20057979
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Respirations. (n.d.). Retrieved November 01, 2017, from

http://fromnewtoicu.com/respirations/
Choueiri, R. (n.d.). What Muscles Does the Bicep Curl Work? Retrieved November 07, 2017,
from https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-bicep-curl-work-5309.html
Experiment: EMGs during Muscle Fatigue. (n.d.). Retrieved November 09, 2017, from
https://backyardbrains.com/experiments/fatigue#prettyPhoto
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Blood and Urinalysis Lab

11/16/17
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Daisy
Sandra

Lab Assignment Title: Blood and Urinalysis Date: 2017-11-16
Background
▪ Blood Glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans.
▪ Our bodies tightly regulate blood glucose levels as part of metabolic homeostasis.
▪ Glucose is stored in the skeletal muscles and liver cells in the form of glycogen.
▪ Urinalysis is used to screen or help diagnose conditions like urinary tract infections and or metabolic
conditions
▪ The blood glucose meter uses tests strips in which blood is absorbed and the meter analyzes the
glucose on the individual’s system.
● To observe how blood glucose reacts to a dose of sugar (sucrose) after a period of time
● Determine how and why blood glucose levels rise or descend
● To understand how sugar is digested and metabolized in our bodies
● To compare and understand correlations and differences between ourselves and others
● Assist us in learning how to use medical tools and measure blood sugar and urinalysis
Hypothesis (ese):
▪ Once individual take a dose of sugar, their glucose levels will spike up at 20 mins and start
descending back down at 40 minutes
▪ Students with diabetes,hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia will have different results compared to your
average healthy student
▪ If blood sugar does not fall back to normal, it might she signs for diabetes
▪ Students might see a positive glucose and maybe protein indicator after consuming sugar.
▪ Diabetic or hypoglycemic students will have different levels of blood glucose than other subjects.
These 3 sections constitute your Experimental Design / Plan.
Subject(s) / Specimen(s):
Blood glucose and urinalysis were gathered from the following subjects:
DU SD SGP MRPG IJA JC
Gender F F F F F F
Age 17 35 20 18 19 18
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BMI 28 22 17 28.6 21.6 28.3
Materials:
Material: Use: Picture:
Anti bacterial Hand Sanitizer - Used to reduce

& bacteria and germs
Dishwasher Soap before handling any
instruments or
patients
- Used to wash
instruments
Paper Towels - Used to scrub hands

with sanitizer or after
hand wash to clean
hands properly
- Used to sanitize
tables
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Latex Gloves - Prevent bacteria from

traveling from one
organism to the other
Diabetic Lancets - Needles used to

puncture skin for a
blood sample
-
Sharps Container - Used to dispose all

lancets
Glucose Test Strips - Plastic disposable

strips used to gather
blood sample for
blood glucose meter
Paper cups - Paper cups used to

gather urine sample
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Glass Test Tube - Urine is poured from

the paper cup to this
tube
- Urine is easier to test
Instrumentation:
Instrument: Use: Picture:
Blood glucose monitor Glucose monitor is used to

measure blood glucose levels
Urinalysis Reagent Strip Used to measure metabolites

in the urine
Procedure for Blood Glucose:

1. Record students name, age, and BMI
2. Thoroughly wash/sanitize hands
3. Gather necessary materials/instruments
4. Test baseline glucose level
a. Prepare lancing device with a new lancet
b. Charge lancet device
c. Turn on glucose meter and insert glucose test strip
d. Disinfect finger with alcohol. The middle finger works best since it is thicker.
e. Once ready prick finger and squeeze finger
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f.
Place blood sample on the test strip and wipe off excess blood from finger with
paper towel.
g. Read glucose meter and record results. Blood glucose is measured in mg/dL.
5. Repeat this process at 20 minutes and 40 minutes post dose.
Procedure for Urinalysis

1. Take a paper cup into the restroom.
2. Collect a urine sample in the paper cup.
3. In the classroom,transfer the urine sample into the test tube. Do not fill it up all the way.
Just enough for the urine strip soak in the urine.
4. Place the urinalysis strip into the urine sample.
5. Hold the strip in the test tube for about 30 seconds. Make sure the strip’s indicators are
covered in urine.
6. Remove the strip and place on a paper towel. Put the test tube on test tube rack.
7. Match all indicators with the color key on the urinalysis strip container and color panel on
excel.
8. Record results by taking a picture.
9. Repeat this process at 40 minutes post dose.
Results / Data (See Attachments):

▪ Table 1 shows my personal blood glucose and urinalysis data.
▪ Table 2 shows blood glucose data for all subjects.
▪ Table 3 shows urinalysis data for all subjects.
▪ Graph 1 shows blood glucose for all subjects over time.
▪ Graph 2 shows blood glucose at 20 minutes post dose and whether it does or doesn’t have a
correlation with BMI.
▪ Graph 3 compares means of blood glucose of all subjects.
▪ Graph 4 shows blood glucose at 20 minutes at 20 minutes post dose over initial blood glucose.
▪ Graph 5 shows urine panel averages for all subjects at baseline and 40 minutes and averages.
▪ Graph 6 shows if there is a correlation between pH and leukocytes.
▪ Graph 7 shows shows blood glucose of all subjects.
▪ Graph 8 shows urine panel for myself.
Analysis / Discussion (See Attachments):

▪ Graph 1 suggests that there a similar pattern in shifts of blood glucose. The data shows that everyone
was below average at initial blood glucose except SD and JC. I might be because they the something
before lab or they might have to get there both sugar checked by the doctor since both of their blood
glucose was at its highest at peak and just decreased. At 20 minutes post dose, everyone was once
again below average except JC and VA. My personal data is actually at average beside my initial
blood pressure. Everyone was pretty close to average at 40 minutes post dose.
▪ Graph 2 shows no correlation between blood glucose and BMI of patients. I thought BMI would help
me explain the differences in SD and JC. However, SD’s BMI is 19 and JC’s is 28.3. Many subjects
have a BMI of 28 but had different results, thus BMI cannot be a factor for these shifts. It may be
these subjects amount of sugar or metabolism.
▪ Graph 3 shows the mean of blood glucose of subjects of all of time periods. Everyone is close to
average (SGP: 111.7, MRPG: 103.7, IJA:113.0). However again JC is above average at 137.3. This
makes me question if her blood glucose is okay since in graph 1 I did question why she started with
such a high blood glucose at initial and went back to average at 20 minutes and 40 minutes post
dose. It might also just be because of her metabolism.
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▪ Graph 4 shows blood glucose of all subjects at 20 minutes over initial blood glucose. According to the
data, there is a positive correlation between blood glucose at 20 minutes and initial blood glucose. It
is likely that blood glucose will increase after initial pre dose.
▪ Graph 5 shows that everyone is mostly above average for pH. The average pH is 3.5. Everyone was
everywhere, the highest was at 7.5 for DU and the lowest was at 3.5 for IJA. According to research,
4.5-8 should be a normal pH, showing that our kidneys are creating urine properly. However, IJA
might need to be checked if it happens again or they something acidic for breakfast. Myself, MPRG
and JC did have a trace of protein since we dosed on a protein granola bar. However, glucose
interesting since myself, SD, DU, were high in than everyone else. Research says that glucose
greater than 130 mg/dL is too much so we are okay since we were at 100.However, others did have
similar dose so I wonder why their data is different.
▪ Graph 6 shows that there is a correlation between pH and leukocytes. Although we didn’t see a big
trace of leukocytes, I think medical professionals may use this correlation to see of a patient has a
kidney infection. If pH is abnormal and there are leukocytes, then the patient may need treatment.
▪ Graph 7 shows that I am close to average at 20 minutes and 40 minutes post dose but under at initial.
DU is also under average at initial, close to average at 20 minutes and stays high. SD starts high and
get to average at the end. MPRG and IJA is pretty close to average, however IJA blood glucose rose
very much at 20 minutes post dose. JC is like SD but her average is higher than average. I am
interested in learning more about why their blood glucose was like this.
▪ Graph 8 shows that my blood glucose stayed high even before dosing. It’s strange since I know I
have a high metabolism and I ate breakfast a while before lab. However, I did see a change of trace
of protein after dosing on protein granola bar.

▪ My hypothesis that a normal and healthy student will have lower blood sugar before consuming sugar
and will rise after was true except for JC. She started with very high blood sugar pre dose and
decrease at 20 seconds post dose and back to close to average at 40 minutes post dose.
▪ Taking a dose of sugar quickly changes your blood glucose in minutes.
▪ If an individual’s blood glucose level did not fall back in time, it might be signs of diabetes.
▪ I am hoping the reason my blood glucose was at 100 the whole time was just a misreading of urine
strip since that might be a sign of diabetes.
▪ Although it is reasonable that the rise of protein in urine might be from food, it can also be from kidney
disease that can cause protein to leak in urine , in the condition called proteinuria. It was very
interesting trying to connect metabolites to understand why certain things happened. I can see why
medical professionals use these instruments to check patients in order to know if they need to run
more tests.
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ATTACHMENTS
Detailed / Formal / Conclusive Results, Tables, Charts:
Table 1: Soledad’s Personal Data
SGP Gender F Dose 20g Protein Bar
SGP Age 20
SGP BMI 17.1
RELION Blood
Glucose
Blood Glucose Blood Glucose
Blood Glucose Blood Glucose
20 MIN POST 40 MIN POST
Base Line MEAN
DOSE DOSE
Blood Glucose 96 128 111 111.7
URS 11 Blood
Panel
Urine 20 MIN Urine 40 MIN Urine

Urine Base Line
POST DOSE POST DOSE MEAN
Leukocytes 1 1 1.0
Nitrite 0 0 0.0
Urobilinogen 0.2 0.2 0.2
pH 5 5 5.0
Protein 0 30 15.0
Glucose 100 100 100.0
Ketone 0 0 0.0
Bilirubin 0 1 0.5
Blood 0 0 0.0
Hemoglobin 0 0 0.0
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Graph 3: Comparing Blood Glucose Subject’s Means
Graph 4: Blood Glucose of all subjects at 20 mins and pre dose
Graph 5: C
omparing subject’s metabolites urine content
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Graph 6: p
H vs Leukocytes of all subjects
Graph 7: C
omparing Blood Glucose by Subject
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Graph 8: Metabolites in my urine
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In-Process Photos /Observations:
Image 1: S oledad’s dose of Nature Valley Image 2: Soledad’s Blood Sugar Initial
granola bar
Image 3: Soledad’s Blood Glucose 20 Image 4: Soledad’s Blood Glucose 40
minutes post dose minutes post dose
Image 5: Soledad’s Pre Dose Urinalysis Image 6: S

oledad’s Post Dose Urinalysis
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Image 7: Urinalysis Color Panel

● Uses to record numerical data into excel
Research:
Blood Glucose
● Someone without diabetes on awakening should be under 100mg/dl.
● Before meal normal sugars are 70-99 mg/dl.
● People with diabetes should have blood sugar at 80-130 mg/dl before meals and under
180 mg/dl 1-2 hours after meals.
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Who can benefit from testing blood glucose level?

● People with low or high blood sugar
● People with ketones from high blood glucose levels
● Pregnant women
● People to take insulin or have hard time controlling blood glucose levels
Urinalysis
● This is what medical professionals see as normal in urine samples:
BSN,RN, D. S. (2017, May 24). What Is a Normal Blood Sugar Level? Retrieved November 14, 2017, from
https://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/what-is-a-normal-blood-sugar-level/
Lerma, MD, E. (2017, November 07). Urinalysis (E. B. Staros, MD, Ed.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2074001-overview#a2
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Histology Compendium
12/15/17
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Summary
Overall I learned about human biology including
anatomy, physiology, cell development, tissues, organs,
and organ systems.
In addition to that I was able to:
● Describe organ systems and their function

● Identify major microscopic and a macroscopic structural features of the
human body
● Describe the structure and function of cells and processes of cell
division
● Describe the mechanism of homeostasis
● Properly use medical instruments
● Utilize vocabulary as used in science and medical professions
● Increase interpersonal communication by working in a Lab team
● Properly dissect a living organism
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Microscopy Cell Size ………....………………………2

Cardiovascular Stress …….………………………….27

Blood and Urinalysis……...………………………….66

Microscopy Cell Size Lab

Student Author ID #: 0357085 Team Members ID #’(s):0341659

Lab Assignment #: ​0 Team Name: Masters of Mayhem

Non Cells Prepared Cells Pre-Prepared Cells and Tissues

Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:

● Preparing Cheek Cells

Specimen Average Size mm Average Size μm

Human Bone 0.01 12.93

Hyaline Cartilage 0.03 26.25

Adipose Cell 0.03 26.92

Simple Columnar 0.04 36.46

Muscle Striated 0.05 49.79

Cheek Cell 0.06 55.24

Neuron Cell Smear 0.06 61.70

Red Blood Cells 0.07 73.11

Colored Threads 0.22 221.67

Letter e 0.45 451.67

Figure 1 ​Size Range in Millimeters

Figure 2​ Size Range in Microns

Conclusions / Further Considerations:

Attachment 1: 2 Nikon YS2 Microscope

Attachment 2: Colored Threads 40x Magnification

Attachment 3: Newspaper Letter “e” under 40x magnification

Attachment 4: Cheek Cells Under 40x Magnification

Attachment 5: Red Blood Cells Under 400x Magnification

Attachment 6: Simple Columnar in under 400x Magnification

Attachment 7: Adipose cells under 100x Magnification

Attachment 8: Human Bone under 400x Magnification

Attachment 9: Hyaline Cartilage 400x Magnification

Attachment 10: Neuron Cell Smear under 400x Magnification

Attachment 11: Muscle Striated under 40x

Cardiovascular Stress Lab

Student Author Name: Soledad Padilla-Aguilar Team Members Name(s):

Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:

● Table 2: Personal Data (continued)

● Table 3: Personal Data (Continued)

● Table 4: Shows Height, Age, Weight and BMI for males

● Table 5: Shows HR, BP and RR at rest and standing for males

● Table 7: Shows Height, Age, Weight and BMI for females

● Table 8: Shows HR, BP and RR sitting and standing for females

● Graph 1: Heart Rate vs Stress Conditions

● Graph 2: Comparing Male vs Female Blood Pressure in Exercise

● Graph 4: Heart Rate vs Respiratory Rate for female and males

● Graph 5: Personal Respiratory Rate Sitting vs Standing

● Graph 6: Comparing Respiratory Rate Self vs Females vs Males

● Graph 7: Heart Rate Sitting vs Standing

● Graph 8: BMI vs. Systolic Heart Rate at Peak

▪ I am normal at heart rate: 105/ 71 sitting and 99/74 standing at peak.

Conclusions / Further Considerations:

In-Process Notes / Raw Data:

● This is the back page of my lab notes.

Muscle Fatigue Lab

Student Author Name: Soledad Padilla-Aguilar Team Members Name(s):

Student Author ID #: 0357085 Team Members ID #’(s):

Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:

Recording heart rate and respiratory rate

● Respiratory Rate (BPM or breaths per minute)

SGP Medium 6.0 30 180.0 87 16 75 30 60 20

SGP High 10.0 19 190.0 86 15 102 24 75 20

Lab Assignment #: 0 Team Name: Masters of Mayhem

Figure 1 Size Range in Millimeters

Figure 2 Size Range in Microns

Graph 3 :The relation between Heart Rate and weight in pounds.

Graph 4: Comparing Self Weights and Reps in self (SGP)

Image 2: Subject: Sandra Duong (SD) lifting weights (9

Lab Assignment #: 8 Team Name: Masters of Mayhem

Graph 3: Comparing Blood Glucose Subject’s Means

Graph 4: Blood Glucose of all subjects at 20 mins and pre dose

Graph 8: Metabolites in my urine

Image 5: Soledad’s Pre Dose Urinalysis Image 6: S

Image 7: Urinalysis Color Panel