POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNI.\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING\ELECTICAL DEP.

Chapter Three

Economic Dispatch

A power system has several power plants. Each power plant has several
generating units. At any point of time, the total load in the system is met
by the generating units in different power plants. Economic dispatch
control determines the power output of each power plant, and power
output of each generating unit within a power plant , which will minimize
the overall cost of fuel needed to serve the system load.
• We study first the most economical distribution of the output of a
power plant between the generating units in that plant. The method
we develop also applies to economic scheduling of plant outputs
for a given system load without considering the transmission loss.
• Next, we express the transmission loss as a function of output of
the various plants.
Then, we determine how the output of each of the plants of a system is
scheduled to achieve the total cost of generation minimum,
simultaneously meeting the system load plus transmission loss.

*This section describes how the real power output of each controlled
generating unit in an area is selected to meet a given load to minimize the
total operating cost in the area.
*The input to the thermal plant is generally measured in BTU/h and the
output is measure by MW.
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- the BTu/h is the British temperature unit and it is the unit of measure the
amount of heat in order to generate the electrical power in thermal plant.
*Fig. (1) show a simplified input- output cure of a thermal unit known as
a heat- rate .

cost

Fuel input

BTu

P input P input

- A- - b-
Heat-rate curve fuel- cost curve

*There are two type of cost

1-Fixed cost :.
Such as the capital cost of the installing the unit wages and
salaries ….. etc.
2- Running cost :.
Such as fuel cost, maintenance and repair ….. etc.

* only those cost ( Running cost ) that deals with fuel are function of unit
power output- that is, those cost that can be controlled by operating
strategy- enter into the economic dispatch formulation.
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*It is often convenient to express C interims of BTu which is relatively

constant over the life time of the unit rate than which can change
monthly or daily due to the price of fuel .
* can be converted to by multiplying the fuel input in BTU/ h by
the cost of fuel in

Converting the ordinate of heat- rate carve from to result in

the fuel – cost curve as shown in fig.
*The fuel cost of generator can be represented as quadratic function of
real power generation

(1)

Where

*An important characteristics is obtained by plotting the derivative of

fuel- cost curve versus the real power this known as the incremental fuel-
cost curve as shown in the fig. (2) below
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Pi (MW)
= 2 Pi+ ……..(2)

*The ratio of output energy to the input energy gives a measure of fuel
efficiency of the unit.
As example if

The efficiency =

= 37.92 %

Where

(3)
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*For the area of an interconnected power system consisting of N units

operating on economic dispatch
The total variable cost CT of operating these units is

Where expressed in includes the fuel cost as well as any other

variable costs of unit .
Let equal to the total load demand in the area Neglecting the
transmission line losses

The economic dispatch is find the values of

That minimize the total cost
A criterion for the solution to this problem is

All units on economic dispatch should operate at equal incremental

operating cost :.

=
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Ex1) An area of an interconnected power system has two fuel unit

operating on economic dispatch.
The variable cost of these unit are given by

Where and are in MW. Determine the limit of economic dispatch

and find the power output of each unit, the incremental operating cost and
the total operating cost, If the total load demand varies from 500 to
1500 Mw.
Not- that The transmission line losses are neglected.

Sol)

increment

fuel cost

For economic dispatch (

At
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at economic
dispatch
The total cost of these units

500 206 244 13.29 5529

600 259 341 14.14 6901
700 312 388 14.99 8358
800 365 435 15.84 9899
900 418 482 16.68 11525
1000 471 529 17.53 13235
1100 524 576 18.38 15030
1200 576 624 19.22 16910
1300 629 671 20.07 18875
1400 682 718 20.92 20924
1500 735 765 21.76 23058

The limit of economic dispatch is from

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Ex2) An area of an interconnected power system has two fuel units. The
variable cost of these units are given by :.

Where . Determine the limit of economic dispatch

and find the power output of each unit, the incremental operating cost of
fuel and the total operating cost if the load demand is varies from 500
to 1500 Mw. The transmissions line losses are neglected

So1)
at economic dispatch
In order to check the limit of economic dispatch we take at first the lower
limit of unit 2 which is 400 MW where its incremental operating fuel cost

At

Additional load comes from unit 1 unit

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which is in the limit 100

If you need to take the other value of

and this value is out of range where

The first limit of economic dispatch is at

Now we take the other unit

Cheek the limit where

And this value of is in the limit where

If we want to check the other limit of p which is p = 100 Mw

We must make the same proceedings above
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And this value of is out of range where 400

*The second limit of economic dispatch is at

The limit of economic dispatch is from (725

Or

NOW for economic dispatch

For economic dispatch (

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For

The power, the incremental operating fuel cost and the cost of each unit is
in the following table :-

500 100 400 11.6 15.2 5720

600 200 400 13.2 15.2 6960
700 300 400 14.8 15.2 8360
725 325 400 15.2 15.2 8735
800 365 435 15.84 15.84 9899
900 418 482 16.68 16.68 11525
1000 471 529 17.53 17.53 13235
1100 524 576 18.38 18.38 15030
1200 576 624 19.22 19.22 16910
1244 600 644 19.6 19.6 17765
1300 600 700 19.6 20.6 18890
1400 600 800 19.6 22.4 21040
1500 600 900 19.6 24.2 23370

As example take which is in the limit of economic dispatch

*For less than 725 Mw where is less than 325 Mw

The incremental operating cost of the area is determined by unit 1 alone.
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Also for greater than 1244 Mw where is greater than 644 Mw. The
incremental operating fuel cost of the area is determine by unit 2 alone.
At a heavy loads, unit 1 operate at its upper limit of 600 Mw. Where its incremental
operating fuel cost is

*Additional load comes from unit 2 for all values of greater than 19.6 $/MWh

Ex3) An area of an inter connected power system has two fuel units operating on
economic dispatch. The variable operating cost of these units are

The system load vary from (500

Determine which unit placed at first at economic dispatch

So1) At first mean where

At economic dispatch (

Range of power

Where 200
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Ex4) An area of an interconnected power system has two fuel units. The variable
cost these units are given by

Where and .determine :.

1-Find the limit of economic dispatch of these units and find the power and the
incremental operating fuel cost of each unit.
2-Which unit placed at first at economic dispatch. Note that the load vary from 500-
1500 Mw

So1) at

Out of range
*At

Out of range

There is no first limit of economic dispatch

· At
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Out of range

*At

Out of range
there is no second limit of economic dispatch

there is no limit of economic dispatch and so that these units will be operate
at normal condition and there is no economic dispatch in the system.
Therefore the power and the incremental fuel cost of the two unit at normal
condition will be as follow :-

500 100 400 6.6 12

800 300 500 7.8 13
1000 400 600 8.4 14
1300 500 800 9 16
1500 600 900 9.6 17

Where
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2) at economic dispatch

At first

In the range 100

The second unit is out of range and therefore the first unit is placed at first of
economic dispatch condition because it is in the limit where 100