Summarizing a journal article is the process of presenting a focused overview of a completed research

study that is published in a peer-reviewed, scholarly source. A journal article summary provides
potential readers with a short descriptive commentary, giving them some insight into the article's focus.
Writing and summarizing a journal article is a common task for college students and research assistants
alike. With a little practice, you can learn to read the article effectively with an eye for summary, plan a
successful summary, and write it to completion.

1. ===Reading the Article===

Read the abstract. Abstracts are short paragraphs written by the author to summarize research articles.
Abstracts are usually included in most academic journals and are generally no more than 100-200 words.
The abstract provides a short summary of the content of the journal article, providing you with
important highlights of the research study

The purpose of an abstract is to allow researchers to quickly scan a journal and see if specific research
articles are applicable to the work they are doing. If you're collecting research on immune system
responses in rodents, you'll be able to know in 100 words not only whether or not the research is in your
field, but whether the conclusions back up your own findings, or differ from it.

Remember that an abstract and an article summary are two different things, so an article summary that
looks just like the abstract is a poor summary. An abstract is highly condensed and cannot provide the
same level of detail regarding the research and its conclusions that a summary can.

Understand the context of the research. Make sure you know what specifically the authors will be
discussing or analyzing, why the research or the topic matters, whether or not the article is written in
response to another article on the topic, etc. By doing this, you'll learn what arguments, quotes, and
data to pick out and analyze in your summary

Skip to the conclusion. Skip ahead to the conclusion and find out where the proposed research ends up
to learn more about the topic and to understand where the complicated outlines and arguments will be
leading. It's much easier to comprehend the information if you read the researchers' conclusions first.

You still need to go back and actually read the article after coming to the conclusion, but only if the
research is still applicable. If you're collecting research, you may not need to digest another source that
backs up your own if you're looking for some dissenting opinions.

Identify the main argument or position of the article. To avoid having to read through the whole thing
twice to remind yourself of the main idea, make sure you get it right the first time. Take notes as you
read and highlight or underline main ideas.
Pay special attention to the beginning paragraph or two of the article. This is where the author will most
likely lay out their ''thesis'' for the entire article. Figure out what the thesis is and determine the main
argument or idea that the author or authors are trying to prove with the research.

Look for words like ''hypothesis,'' ''results,'' ''typically,'' ''generally,'' or ''clearly'' to give you hints about
which sentence is the thesis.

Underline, highlight, or rewrite the main argument of the research in the margins. Keep yourself focused
on this main point, so you'll be able to connect the rest of the article back to that idea and see how it
works together.

In the humanities, it's sometimes more difficult to get a clear and concise thesis for an article because
they are often about complex, abstract ideas (like class in post-modern poetics, or feminist film, for
example). If it's unclear, try to articulate it for yourself, as best as you can understand the author's ideas
and what they're attempting to prove with their analysis.

Scan the argument. Continue reading through the various segments of the journal article, highlighting
main points discussed by the authors. Focus on key concepts and ideas that have been proposed, trying
to connect them back to that main idea the authors have put forward in the beginning of the article.

Different areas of focus within a journal article will usually be marked with sub-section titles that target
a specific step or development during the course of the research study. The titles for these sub-sections
are usually bold and in a larger font than the remaining text.

Keep in mind that academic journals are often dry reading. Is it absolutely necessary to read through the
author's 500 word proof of the formulas used in the glycerin solution fed to the frogs in the research
study? Maybe, but probably not. It's usually not essential to read research articles word-for-word, as
long as you're picking out the main idea, and why the content is there in the first place.

Take notes while you read. Efficiency is the key when you're doing research and collecting information
from academic journals. Read actively as you comb through the material. Circle or highlight each
individual portion of the journal article, focusing on the sub-section titles.

These segments will usually include an introduction, methodology, research results, and a conclusion in
addition to a listing of references.

2. ===Planning a Draft===

Write down a brief description of the research. In a quick free write, describe the academic journey of
the article, listing the steps taken from starting point to concluding results, describing methodology and
the form of the study undertaken. There is no need to be too specific; that's what the actual summary
will be for.

When you're first getting started, it's helpful to turn your filter off and just quickly write out what you
remember from the article. These will help you discover the main points necessary to summarize.
Decide what aspects of the article are most important. You might refer to these as the main supporting
ideas, or sections, of the article. While these may be marked clearly with subheadings, they may require
more work to uncover. Anything that's a major point used to support the main argument of the author
needs to be present in the summary.

Depending on the research, you may want to describe the theoretical background of the research, or
the assumptions of the researchers. In scientific writing, it's important to clearly summarize the
hypotheses the researchers outlined before undertaking the research, as well as the procedures used in
following through with the project. Summarize briefly any statistical results and include a rudimentary
interpretation of the data for your summary.

In humanities articles, it's usually good to summarize the fundamental assumptions and the school of
thought from which the author comes, as well as the examples and the ideas presented throughout the
article.

Identify key vocabulary to use in the summary. Make sure all the major keywords that are used in the
article make it into your summary. It's important that you fully examine the meanings of these more
complicated terms so that your summary reader can grasp the content as you move forward with the
summary.

Any words or terms that the author coins need to be included and discussed in your summary.

Aim to keep it brief. Journal summaries don't need to be anywhere close to the length of the articles
themselves. The purpose of the summary is to provide a condensed but separate description of the
research, either for use for the primary research collector, or to help you re-digest the information at a
later date in the research process.

As a general rule of thumb, you can probably make one paragraph per main point, ending up with no
more than 500-1000 words, for most academic articles. For most journal summaries, you'll be writing
several short paragraphs that summarize each separate portion of the journal article.

3. ===Writing Your Summary===

Do not use personal pronouns (I, you, us, we, our, your, my).

Keep the tone as objective as possible. You're not critiquing the article; you're giving an overview of it.

Start by defining the research question. Toward the beginning of the article, possibly in the introduction,
the authors should discuss the focus of the research study and what the targeted objectives were for
conducting the research. This is where your summary should begin. Describe, in your own words, the
main argument the authors hope to prove with their research.

In scientific articles, usually there is an introduction which establishes the background for the
experiment or study, and won't provide you with much to summarize. It will be followed by the
development of a research question and testing procedures, though, which are key in dictating the
content for the rest of the article.

Discuss the methodology used by the authors. This portion discusses the research tools and methods
used during the study. In other words, you need to summarize how the authors or researchers came to
the conclusions they came to with first-hand research or data collection

The specifics of the testing procedures don't usually need to be included in your summary in their
entirety; they should be reduced to a simple idea of how the research question was addressed. The
results of the study will usually be processed data, sometimes accompanied by raw, pre-process data.
Only the processed data needs to be included in the summary.

Describe the results. One of the most important parts of the summary needs to be describing what the
authors accomplished as a result of their work. Were the authors successful and did they meet their
objectives for conducting the research? What conclusions have the authors drawn from this research?
What are the implications of this research, as described in the article?

Make sure your summary covers the research question, the conclusions/results, and how those results
were achieved. These are crucial parts of the article and cannot be left out.

Connect the main ideas presented in the article. For some summaries, it's important to show how the
relationships among the ideas presented by the authors develop over the course of the article. The
primary objective of the summary is to present a brief overview of the authors' essential points to the
reader, making it important that you unpack those arguments and explain them in your own words. Fill
in the blanks and assumptions, helping to clarify the research and summarize it briefly.

This is sometimes more important in summaries dealing with articles in the humanities. For example, it
might be helpful to unpack dense arguments about poet George Herbert's relationship to the divine
with more pedestrian summaries: "The author seeks to humanize Herbert by discussing his daily
routines, as opposed to his philosophies."

Don't draw your own conclusions. A summary of an article shouldn't editorialize, or offer your own
interpretations of the data, unless explicitly stated as part of the assignment. In general, the point of a
summary is to summarize the authors' points, not to offer your own additions and editorials.
 1 of 39

Sejarah Perjalanan manusia

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Rahmat Darsono
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Published on May 5, 2015

Brief history of travel

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Sejarah Perjalanan manusia

1. 1. A Brief History of Tourism Rahmat Darsono, SE.,MM
2. 2. Current Tourism Growth  “The substantial growth of the tourism activity marks tourism as one of
the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century.”  The number of
international arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to an
estimated 763 million in 2004  This is a growth rate of 6.5%  The growth rate has sustained! What
are the limits?
3. 3. The Tourist TOURISM PROMOTERS TOURISM SERVICES SUPPLIERS EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT Tour Operators Tourist Boards Meeting Planners Travel Agents Direct Marketing
Destinations Attractions/ Entertainment Transportation Food & Beverage Accomo- dations Society &
Culture Politics Technology Environ- ment Economy Integrated Model Of Tourism
4. 4. History of Travel & Tourism - Pre-Historic Travel  Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC) 
Forged Trails = Hunting (was this “tourism”?)  Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter
5. 5. History of Travel & Tourism - Pre-Historic Travel  Neolithic Age  Critters & Sailing Vessels
(4,000 BC’ish)  The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China)  Agriculture/stored (communities exchanged) 
Coins (= light)  Religion
6. 6. - The Empire Era  Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 – 715 B.C.)  Government in centralized locations 
Used Nile (north = current, south = sails)  Greek Empire (900 – 200 B.C.)  Use of a common
language (Mediterr.)  Currency Exchange  City-States became attractions  Shopping, eat/drinking,
gaming, sports, theater
7. 7. Empire Era (cont.)  Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 300)  Tourism for both middle class and
wealthy  Good roads (50,000 mile system)!  Appian Way  Roman currency universal  Common
legal system  Safety when travelling  Inns (30 miles apart)
8. 8. Middle Ages and Renaissance  Middle Ages (5th – 14th centuries)  Feudal System replaced
Roman Rule  Fragmented Industry (now unsafe)  Money, language, transportation, etc.  travel
now difficult and dangerous  Catholic Church began to gain power  stable/central force  religious
holidays
9. 9. Middle Ages - Crusades  Crusades (1096-1291)  attempting to re- gain the holy land  exchange
of ideas ideas, and goods (desire is born!)  afforded less wealthy to travel
10. 10. Pilgrimages  Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300)  religion/health = adventure and learning 
destinations were born (accom. & food)  arrested & beaten if not a “holy” mission  *search for a
better way of life
11. 11. Marco Polo  Marco Polo (1275 – 1295) Mid. East to China  4 Languages  Had wealth in gold
 Had access to transportation vessels  Family involved in the Navy and were merchants  Had
education  Had “important” friends through family marriages  Safety and marketing were assured 
1254-1324, from Venice, Italy  Silk Road (began journey in 1271)  His books detailing “the world”
piqued interest in travel amongst Europe’s elitists
12. 12. The Renaissance Era  Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)  The “Rebirth of Travel”!  Kings
& Queens had larger territories  Merchants could travel further (trade routes)  Desire to learn and
experience other cultures is born!  = The Grand Tour!
13. 13. Grand Tour Era!  Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)!  Wealthy English started, later
others (status)  England - France – Switzerland – Germany - Italy  Motivations  culture, health,
pleasure, curiosity, science, career education, art & scenery  Lasted approximately 40 months (age
22 to 40)  New amenities formed  Tribulations = theft, alps, rivers  Carriage rentals, 1829 1st all-
inclusive  Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall
14. 14. The Grand Tour!  The itinerary was similar for all
15. 15. London, England
16. 16. Paris, France
17. 17. Auxerre, France
18. 18. Lugano, Switzerland
19. 19. Pisa, Italy
20. 20. Rome, Italy
21. 21. Florence, Italy
22. 22. Venice, Italy
23. 23. Inssbruck, Austria
24. 24. Munich, Germany
25. 25. Amsterdam, Netherlands
26. 26. The Mobility Era (1800 – 1944)  Growing economic prosperity = leisure time!  Grand Tour
gave way to family vacations  spas were huge  Romanticism (1800s)= literature & arts  urban bad,
nature good (closer to God)  Transportation!!  Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns  abusive
(schedules, temp., physical)  Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard)  Trains (1830 in England), 1903
Wright Brothers  Model T mass produced (1914)
27. 27. Cook’s Tours  Made Group Tour a business (1841)  Economics:
Desire+Need+Motivation=$$$  Services  Connections, tickets, timetables, currency exchange,
travel guides, the tour  Introduced (1850 - 1920)  Cook’s Coupons (pre-pay)  Circular Notes
(travelers’ cheques)  Cook made world tourism affordable!
28. 28. Modern Era – Mass Tourism  2 World Wars = Technology & desire increase  Automobile 
Better Roads post WW1 = bungalow camps  Post WW2  Mass produced, gas not rationed &
prosperity  Airplane  Lindbergh (1927), initially $$  1958 = jet travel and economy class  Credit
card (1950)  Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists
29. 29. Other Factors  Leisure Time  Creation of the weekend (Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle)  1938
Fair Labor Standards Act  Oil Crisis (mid 70’s)  Tourism Policy  deregulation (1978), USTTA
(1981)  Technology Advances  Theme Parks  Peace Industry??
30. 30. Geography of Tourism  Physical Geography (features of earth)  Landforms, H20, vegetation,
climate, etc.  Human (cultural) Geography  Language, religion, dress, food, customs…  = cultural
norms/expectations  Regional Geography (study one area)  Effects of climate, time of year, etc.  ie,
Ski areas, wine regions, etc.
31. 31. Business Perspectives  Marketing (4 P’s)  Meeting the needs/desires of visitors  Importance of
segmentation
32. 32. Challenges & Opportunities  Can growth & development occur w/o creating environmental
problems?  How will technology effect tourism?  As tourism grows, where will the workforce
come from?  Will tourism change the social structure of countries/communities?
33. 33. Definition of Tourism Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising
from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host
communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.
34. 34. UNWTO Definition of Tourism Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes.
35. 35. Classification of Travelers (1)Tourists in international technical definitions. (2)Excursionists in
international technical definitions. (3)Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for
travel and tourism; e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from home. (4)Students traveling between home and
school only -- other travel of students is within scope of travel and tourism. (5)All persons moving to a
new place of residence including all one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees,
domestic migrants, and nomads.
36. 36. The Tourism Phenomenon: Components of tourism and tourism management
37. 37. Tourism Course Department or Discipline Tourism Studies Sociologyof Tourism
SociologyParksand Recreation Source: adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout,
Study of Tourism: Choices of Discipline and Approach. Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field
38. 38. 38 Intangibility Inseparability Variability Perishability Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or smelled
before purchase. Can’t be separated from service providers. Quality depends on who provides them
and when, where and how. Can’t be stored for later sale or use. Characteristics of Service Product
Recommended
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Creative Insights: Renaldo

This can be difficult for some inexperienced research writers to get the hang of at first, but remember to
keep the "I" out of it.

Refrain from using direct quotations of text from the journal article. Quotations are more often used
when writing a college paper or essay, and are less important for a journal article summary. Focus more
on paraphrasing the ideas when writing a journal article summary without losing focus of their meaning
and intended content.

Use present tense. Always use the present tense when you are discussing the contents of a scholarly
article. This will help you maintain a parallel grammatical structure throughout.

Revise your draft. Good writing happens in revision. Go back and compare the focus and content of
what you have written to see that it matches and supports the context of the journal article. A journal
article that has been properly summarized provides potential readers with a short review, which is
important when they are browsing and searching for specific information about a particular topic.