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Sean Vroom

Professor Thomas

UWRT 1103 – 020

Annotated Bibliography 6:

“Predicting School Achievement: The Role of Inductive Reasoning, Sleep Length and

Morningness–Eveningness” describes the relationship between how students perform in school,

depending on the time of day and the personality type of student. “Predicting School

Achievement: The Role of Inductive Reasoning, Sleep Length and Morningness–Eveningness”

was found on UNC Charlotte’s Advanced Search complete peer-reviewed site. The article is a

Science Direct (online science journal) article written by Juan Francisco, Díaz-Morales, and

Cristina Escribano. Juan Francisco has a Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Deusto and

currently serves as a psychology professor there. Díaz-Morales has a Ph.D. and serves currently

today as a professor in the Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment at

Complutense at the University of Madrid. Cristina Escribano is a current researcher at the

University of Madrid in the Department of Personality Evaluation and Psychological Treatment.

The article “Predicting School Achievement: The Role of Inductive Reasoning, Sleep

Length and Morningness–Eveningness”, was a research experiment to determine at what time a

day students are most effective in schooling. This performance was measured by an inductive

reasoning test (standardized test - PMA-R test) and a school achievement test (GPA).

Researchers predicted that there would be a direct correlation between the students scores on the

two test, it was even noted: “ It would be expected that adolescents who scored higher on

inductive reasoning obtained a higher GPA.”. This test studied 887 students of this sample

52.5% (466) were female and 47.5 % (421) where male students. Two groups in the study were
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evaluated one was before noon and the other one was in the afternoon. From the data that was

collected there was evidence that shows that “Evening adolescents scored higher on PMA-R tests

and obtained lower GPA.” These results show that a typical student will achieve the greatest

scores on a standardized test at night rather than the morning, but will achieve a greater academic

performance or a higher GPA in the morning.

Analysis: The Science Direct Online Journal provided a read that was in the form of a report

filled with graphs and multiple tables of data. This data was able to show how students did on

inductive reasoning tests and how there GPA did in morning classes than in evening classes. The

results of the data show that those students who had morning classes often had a higher GPA,

but performed less on the inductive reasoning tests than those who took the test at night. This can

support an idea of morning classes creating a successful environment for students, as shown in

the data that many students who had morning classes earned a higher GPA than those who had

afternoon classes. Juan Francisco, Díaz-Morales and Cristina Escribano who specialize in

psychology, provides a source of credibility in their argument, by backing up their claims with

data from experiments. There is a lack of bias in the article as data was provided and steps to

replicate the experiment again if necessary.

Quotes:

 “The inductive reasoning subtest (R) from the Primary Mental Abilities battery (PMA-R;

Thurstone, 1938) was used. PMA-R comprises 30 letter series items.” (Francisco,

Morales, and Escribano)

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 “Morningness was associated with higher school achievement. Giannotti, Cortesi,

Sebastini, and Ottaviano (2002) found lower performance among evening adolescents

aged 14–18 years, whereas Beşoluk (2011) and Randler and Frech (2006) found that pre-

university students with morning preference seemed to be at an advantage in university

entrance examinations.” (Francisco, Morales, and Escribano)

 “evening types scored higher on inductive reasoning than morning types” (Francisco,

Morales, and Escribano)

Juan Francisco Díaz-Morales Cristina Escribano

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Works Cited:

Francisco, Juan, et al. “Predicting School Achievement: The Role of Inductive Reasoning, Sleep

Length and Morningness–Eveningness.” Personality and Individual Differences,

Pergamon, 19 Mar. 2013,

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913000809?via%3Dihub.