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contaminant removal. Electrokinetic may change the properties of the pollutants and also the Commented [G19]: Inserted: the
microbial communities. Electrokinetic also can be applied in soil remediation. Among the function Commented [G20]: Inserted: s
of electrokinetic are to remove metal and hydrocarbon. The electrokinetic process also able to Commented [G21]: Inserted: c
remove metal and PHA simultaneously. It also can be used during in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
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The in-situ treatment process of remediation in which it takes place at the site to treat the
contaminants in low permeability zones to overcome accessibility of contaminants or delivery of Commented [G52]: Deleted:k
the treatment. Ex-situ process is when the soil is being removed from the site and the contaminants Commented [G53]: Deleted:k
are being tested and treated in a laboratory. The electrokinetic process can be combined with other Commented [G22]: Inserted: c
processes too to increase its effectiveness. Among the combined applications are bioremediation
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or phytoremediation, electro-bioremediation, bio-electro-washing, electro-Fenton, and
mobilization-accumulation. Electrokinetic also provides the solution to treat the soil which Commented [G57]: Deleted:k
contaminated with heavy metals combined with hydrocarbon. Since metals and hydrocarbon are Commented [G23]: Inserted: c
particularly different in their chemical composition, they are hard to be treated simultaneously. Commented [G24]: Inserted: The e
But, electrokinetic is able to decontaminate organic and inorganic materials simultaneously.
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Electrokinetic is the only process whereby the organic (hydrocarbon) and inorganic (metal) can be
decontaminated in a single process. The simultaneous process includes the utilization of surfactant, Commented [G55]: Deleted:k
chelating agent, special electrode supply system and electrokinetic support. Electrokinetic Commented [G56]: Deleted:E
remediation advantages are it can be conducted in situ and ex-situ. The versatility of the treatment Commented [G26]: Inserted: The i
location also can be very effective in term of the cost. Electrokinetic can be used in saturated or
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unsaturated soils due to the insertion of pore fluid, and it can be applied in any soil stratification
or homogeneity of the soil itself. Soil that has low permeability such as clayey soil, electrokinetic Commented [G27]: Inserted: ,
is able to remove up to 90% of the heavy metal contaminants. The electrokinetic process can be Commented [G28]: Inserted: c
proposed to treat the soil which has large contaminants area, fast propagated contaminant, and Commented [G29]: Inserted: The e
groundwater flow. Electrokinetic has been proven to be cost-effective and efficient in removing
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contaminants in the soil with the advantages mentioned above, the electrokinetic process should
be later studied for further effectiveness. Commented [G31]: Inserted: c
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