INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
2394-9007
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
Modeling & Simulation of Grid-Tied Single Phase
PV System
Krishna Kumar Shahu, Ashok Jhala, Pramod Rathore
Abstract— Renewable energy sources is now a day become
more popular in to fulfill the power demand. Domestic
application use single phase supply. This paper discusses the
simulation and modulation of grid-tied single phase PV system.
The system uses P & O based MPPT algorithm for tracking the
solar energy. The P & O algorithm is widely used in MPPT
because of their simplicity. The proposed model is simulated in
MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for its validity.
Keywords: PV Grid, IP & O, MPPT, DC/AC converter, VSI etc...
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of electricity required to invent the new sources
for generation. Various type of conventional various types of
non conventional (Renewable) energy sources such as
geothermal, ocean, wind and sun using solar PV etc. are
solution to all these problems. Renewable energy sources are
the fastest growing source of electricity generation today.
Among all the renewable energy sources Photovoltaic (PV) is
the most promising upcoming source of electrical energy due
to several advantages like free from atmospheric pollution,
availability of free solar energy anywhere and all the time, long
life, easy maintenance etc [1]. Although, generation from PV
system is very less percentage of the world’s energy generation
yet, the fact that a PV system is modular and sun energy is
omnipresent, the PV generation is a prominent option
facilitated by recent technical developments. The PV
generation is going to be one among the most important
renewable energy sources in future.
The barrier to the development of PV source as viable
alternative is high manufacturing costs of PV panels and low
conversion efficiency The PV system offers many advantages
such as: simple hardware implementation, robust; static, low
maintenance, environmental friendlily, cleaner, greener
generation and long life [2]. Moreover, the new modular PV
panels, which are very small in size with high power ratings,
enhance the use of PV system for power generation for
commercial as well as domestic purposes.
Manuscript received on February, 2018.
Krishna Kumar Shahu, M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical
Engineering, RKDF College of Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India.
Prof. Ashok Jhala, Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
RKDF College of Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India.
Prof. Pramod Rathore, Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
RKDF College of Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India.
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PV system can be standalone or grid connected. PV systems
are becoming very popular as stand-alone systems, where grids
are not available or uneconomical and difficult to install.
Photovoltaic sources are used as standalone system in many
applications. They have many advantages but they mainly
suffer from problems like high installation cost and
requirement of power conditioning devices (DC/DC or DC/AC
converter) for load interface and lower PV panel efficiency.
This is the reason why most of the currently undergoing
research is focused on reducing the PV system’s costs. This
cost reduction can be achieved by increasing the PV system
efficiency [3-4].
In this paper we discuss the PV system for grid
interfacing of single phase supply system. There are a number
of MPPT techniques available in literatures. Selection of a
particular technique is a difficult task as these techniques have
certain advantages and disadvantages. For domestic poit of
view here we use P & O technique for tracking maximum
power of PV system.
II. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
A Photovoltaic system generates electricity using sun's energy.
The PV system, in general, consists of:
 A power generation technology that converts solar energy
into electricity ,
 A Power conditioning unit that optimize generation to
match load characteristics,
 Other Balance of System (BOS) Components
In power generation technology, the PV cells are used to
convert photon energy of sun into electricity. The PV cells
customarily generate DC power. The generated DC power
must be controlled and conditioned to meet the load
requirement. The power electronics interface is invariably used
for this purpose. The power electronics interface, associated
control and protection circuit is generally encapsulated within a
single box called power conditioning unit and abbreviated as
PCU. A generalized block diagram of a PV System with
required power electronics is shown in Fig. 1. The PV system
output may cater to standalone/local load with provision of
energy storage or may feed directly to available utility grid thus
eliminating the need of any battery storage.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
Fig. 1: A generalized Model of PV System with Grid
III. BACKGROUND
Grid connected PV systems are categorized based on the
number of power stages. A general summary of the evolution
of the PV system configurations are described in [8]. In this
configuration, the centralized DC/AC inverter is subjected to
handle, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), grid current
control and voltage amplification if necessary. Although the
configuration is simple, the drawbacks are substantial. One of
the biggest is the poor energy harvesting capabilities of the
centralized MPPT due to shading, panel mismatch and
degradation factors [9]. Other drawbacks may include losses in
the string diodes and the non-flexibility of the design. In order
to improve the energy harvesting capabilities and design
flexibility, dedicated DC/DC converters, which perform MPPT
for each PV string, can be connected in the middle between the
PV modules and the DC/AC inverter. The DC/DC converter
handles MPPT and output current regulation while the DC/AC
inverter switches at the grid frequency to unfold the rectified
sine wave. Reference [10] is an example of the unfolding
configuration.
There are three major output current control techniques for
the single phase VSI: hysteresis band, predictive, and
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control [11] [12].
Traditional hysteresis controllers normally have an error
band within a fixed range [13]. An example of an adaptive
hysteresis band current controller which can achieve almost
constant switching frequency to overcome the aforementioned
problems is stated in [14]. Predictive controller control offers a
potential to achieve precise current control with minimum
distortions [15] [16].
Adaptive predictive current controller which has more
tolerance for system parameter mismatch, i.e. unexpected
changes of actual inductance with magnetic field intensity,
temperature, etc [17]. A fuzzy logic controller was also
proposed in [18] which provide robust performance under
parameter and load disturbances.
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IV. IMPROVED P&O BASED MPPT
P&O algorithms are widely used in MPPT because of their
simple structure and the few measured parameters which are
required. They operate by periodically perturbing (i.e.
incrementing or decrementing) the array termed voltage and
comparing the PV output power with that of the previous
perturbation cycle. If the power is increasing, the perturbation
will continue in the same direction in the next cycle, otherwise
the perturbation direction will be reversed. This means the
array terminal voltage is perturbed every MPPT cycle,
therefore when the P&O is reached, the P&O algorithm will
oscillate around it resulting in a loss of PV power, especially in
cases of constant or slowly varying atmospheric conditions.
This problem can be solved by improving the logic of the P&O
algorithm to compare the parameters of two preceding cycles
in order to check when the P&O is reached, and bypass the
perturbation stage.
Another way to reduce the power loss around the P&O is
to decrease the perturbation step, however, the algorithm will
be slow in following the P&O when the atmospheric conditions
start to vary and more power will be lost. The implementation
of P&O type MPPTs with increased refresh rates of current (I)-
requires two things. First, the P&O algorithm should operate
with high sampling rates and the sample values of voltage and
current should reflect the tendency of the output power when
increasing or decreasing the reference signal for the MPPT
power converter. Second, the response time of the MPPT
power converter should be very fast while keeping the
switching losses (frequency) low. This can be done by
comparing instantaneous, instead of average, values of and
Vpv and peak current control that presents one-cycle speed of
response for small variations in the reference current, to further
improve the performance of the system. The proposed MPPT
system employs peak current control. The switch is turned on
by a clock signal and turned off when the actual current
reaches the reference current. Therefore, the reference current
can be perturbed (increased or decreased) in every switching
cycle, meaning that the perturbation cycle or refresh rate is
equal to the switching cycle.
The limitation of P&O methods is that they tend to mist
rack the MPP under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions.
During a transient it moves the operating point away from the
MPP instead of towards it. This phenomenon shows how a
faster IP&O implementation can reduce this problem. IP&O
MPPT algorithms are based on the assumption of constant
atmospheric conditions and that the variations in the output
power are due to the injected perturbations. It compares values
of ppv and ipv at are supposed to lie on the same curve.
Problems arise when the two points are not on the same curve
due to a sudden variation on the solar irradiation. Let's assume
that the solar irradiation level is initially and then increases.
Depending on the sampling frequency, the present values for P
and I will be obtained from curves (high sampling rate). The
IP&O algorithm would be decrease I, driving the operating
point towards the new MPP. However, for low sampling rates,
would then be increased by the IP&O algorithm driving the
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
operating point away from the new MPP. Therefore, operation
with high sampling rates (small perturbation cycles) reduces
the odds of wrong tracking the MPP during sudden solar
irradiation variations. Fig 2 shows the flow chart of the
improved P & O based MPPT.
Fig. 2: The flow chart of the improved P&O based MPPT
Fig. 3: SIMULINK Model of Single phase Grid Connected PV system with domestic load
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V. SIMULATION & RESULT
Figure 3 shows the SIMULINK model of Improved P & O
algorithm based MPPT. The improved perturbation and
observation method (IP&O) is proposed in this paper. The
IP&O method is implemented in a SIMULINK block with
fixed algorithm, which automatically adjusts the reference
voltage step size and hysteresis band to achieve dynamic
response and search exactly MPP under rapidly changing
condition. The improved P&O method is introduced, based on
hysteresis band and auto-tuning perturbation step. There is
trade-off between dynamic response and steady state due to the
selection of “dv” the perturbation step. The system response of
the IP&O method has faster dynamic response and higher
induced-power than the Perturbation and Observation (P&O)
method has. The overall Maximum Power Point (MPP)
tracking efficiencies of Improved Perturbation and Observation
(IP&O) method are also higher as around 0.5% in the unsettled
weather condition than those of P&O method.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No. 2394-9007
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The whole simulation is simulating in the MATLAB Grid Side Voltage (V)
250
environment. The simulation is design for low voltage side grid
200
connection. In this simulation we use the 1kW load
demonstration. Here we use 150 W solar modules for 150

generation in electrical energy. The simulation result is shows 100

bellow

Grid Voltage in V
50
Figure 4 shows the PV module output dc voltage for
0
variable irradiation and temperature. Here we see that with
changing irradiation and temperature the output is also varied. -50

Figure 5 shows the boost voltage based on I P & O algorithm -100

MPPT. The voltage is boosted from 72V to 154 V. Figure 6: -150

Output voltage of PV module. Figure7 and 8 shows the grid -200
side voltage and FFT analysis. Here we see that the voltage is
-250
generated by 220 V which is used for domestic purpose. The 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time in min
output frequency is also 50Hz. The PLL loop synchronies the
output voltage of the PV system to the grid. So, this power is Fig. 6: Grid Side Voltage of PV module
used to give the power to grid when it is not used in the
residential. The FFT analysis shows that the total harmonic FFT window: 50 of 250 cycles of selected signal
200
distortion is 0.01%. This shows the power quality of the system
is nice. 0

PV Voltage (V)
90 -200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
80 Time (s)

70 -3
x 10 Fundamental (50Hz) = 220 , THD= 0.01%
4
60
Mag (% of Fundamental)
Voltage in V

50 3

40 2

30
1

20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
10
Frequency (Hz)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Fig. 7: FFT Analysis of Grid Connected voltage
Time in min
Active and Reactive power at Grid side
Fig. 4: Output Voltage of PV module 800

700
PV Voltage after Boost converter
250
600

500
200
400
Power in W

300
150
Voltage in V

200 Active Power

100
100
0

-100
50
Reactive power
-200
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time in Min
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time in Min Fig. 8: Active & Reactive Power of Grid Connected PV System

Fig. 5: Output Voltage of PV module after Boost Converter VI. CONCLUSION

Grid synchronization is main issue in distribution system. In
PV system it produces variable dc voltage. So the proper
synchronization required for grid interfacing. In this paper we
discuss the modeling of the PV grid interfacing with the MPPT
algorithm. In this paper discuss the design of the IP & O based

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
MPPT system for PV tracking of the maximum power. The
whole model is simulating in the MATLAB software and result
is discussed.
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