L11-12 - Seismic Hazard and Risk - Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

2C09
Design for seismic

and climate change
Mario D’Aniello
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
List of Lectures
1. Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures I

2. Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures II
3. Seismic Design of Steel Structures
European Erasmus Mundus

Master Course
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
2
Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures I
1. Seismic Risk
2. Some examples of recent earthquakes
3. Principles and objectives of earthquake resistant design
4. Practical aspects of earthquake resistant design

Master Course
3
1. Seismic Risk

Master Course
4
Seismic Risk
List of contents: The term Risk refers to the expected losses from a given hazard to a given
element at risk, over a specified future time period.
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent Seismic Risk is the possibility of a seismic disaster (human and economic
earthquakes losses) because of a complex combination of seismic hazard and
vulnerability of the elements at risk.
Earthquake
Resistant Design
HAZARD
Principles and the probability of occurrence of a specified natural hazard
objectives at a specified severity level in a specified future time period
Practical aspects ELEMENT AT RISK

RISK people or buildings or other elements which would be
affected by the hazard if it occurred
VULNERABILITY
Master Course
how damaged the elements at risk would be if they
experienced some level of hazard
5
Seismic Risk
List of contents:
Seismic Risk SEISMIC RISK

MITIGATION
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
• Assess the HAZARD • Reduce the VULNERABILITY
of elements at risk
Principles and
objectives
HAZARD Analysis VULNERABILITY Reduction
Practical aspects
Seismic zonation - Seismic design of new buildings
European Erasmus Mundus - Retrofit of existing buildings

Master Course
6
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
Seismic Risk
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis provides an estimate of the likelihood of
hazard from earthquakes based on geological and seismological studies.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
It is probabilistic in the sense that the analysis takes into consideration the
uncertainties in the size and location of earthquakes and the resulting ground
Earthquake
motions that could affect a particular site.
Resistant Design
Probabilistic analysis uses four basic steps in order to characterize the probable
Principles and
seismic hazard:
objectives
• Identification of the seismic source or faults
Practical aspects
• Characterization of annual rates of seismic events
• Development of attenuation relationships

Master Course • Combining factors
7
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Secondary Earthquake Effects
Seismic Risk
The most drastic effects occur mainly near the causative fault, with appreciable
ground displacement and strong ground shaking.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
At greater distance, noticeable earthquake effects often depend on the topography
and nature of the soils, and are more severe in unconsolidated sediment basins.
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Many earthquake effects are related to the geology and form of the soil:
Principles and
• Ground Shaking Intensity
objectives
• Landslides
Practical aspects
• Anomalous Water Waves
• Liquefaction
Master Course
8
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Ground Shaking Intensity
Seismic Risk
Seismic intensity on the earth’s surface depends on many factors, including the
source moment M0, area of the rupture fault, the fault mechanism, the frequency-
Examples of recent
spectrum of wave energy released, the geological conditions, and the soils at a
earthquakes
given site.
Earthquake
The geographical distribution of intensity is summarized by constructing iso-seismal
Resistant Design
curves, or contour lines, which separate areas of equal intensity. The most probable
position of the epicenter and the causative fault rupture is inside the area of highest
Principles and
intensity.
objectives
Peak Ground Acceleration is used as a measure in the current Seismic Hazard Maps.
Practical aspects

Master Course
9
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Global Seismic Hazard Map
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
European Erasmus Mundus - 40% of populated regions concerned

Master Course
- High humans losses and economic losses every year
Sustainable Constructions - Significant impact on global business (export of know how, services, structures and installations)
10
Seismic Risk
List of contents:
European-Mediterranean seismic hazard map for the peak ground acceleration with
Seismic Risk 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for stiff soil condition.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
1.00
Earthquake
Resistant Design Peak ground acceleration [g] 0.40
0.32
Principles and
objectives 0.24
Practical aspects 0.16
0.08
0.04

Master Course 0.02
Sustainable Constructions 0.00

11
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Landslides
Seismic Risk
During an earthquake, a series of seismic waves shakes the ground in all directions,
so that under the critical conditions of water saturation, slope, and soil type, even
Examples of recent
relatively low levels of ground acceleration can cause a landslide.
earthquakes
Even if these dynamic accelerations last for only a short time, widespread sliding
Earthquake
can occur on marginally stable slopes.
Resistant Design
In many instances, smaller landslides and avalanches can be detected in advance by
Principles and
suitable instrumentation installed on the slope with the readings monitored at
objectives
regular intervals.
Practical aspects
Means of control can then be applied in appropriate circumstances: for example,
removing small volumes of material to relieve the load at the head of the slope and
adding material to the toe can be accomplished by earth-moving equipment.

Master Course
12
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Landslides
Seismic Risk Landslides in Japan after 16 July 2007
earthquake.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
13
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Anomalous Water Waves
Seismic Risk
The occurrence of an earthquake and a sudden offset along a major fault under the
ocean floor, or a large submarine landslide, displaces the water like a giant paddle,
Examples of recent
thus producing powerful water waves (Tsunamis) at the ocean surface. When they
earthquakes
reach a coastline, they may run up on land to many hundreds of meters.
Earthquake
The best disaster prevention measures for a tsunami-prone coast involve zoning
Resistant Design
that controls the types and sizes of buildings that, if any, are permitted. If a site has
a high possibility of tsunami incursion, the designer should consider some of the
Principles and
design provisions against flood, such as elevating the building above an estimated
objectives
waterline. Of course in the case of locally generated tsunami, provisions must also
be made for the severe strong shaking.
Practical aspects

Master Course
14
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Anomalous Water Waves
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
15
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Liquefaction
Seismic Risk
A notable hazard in case of moderate and large earthquakes is the liquefaction of
water-saturated soil and sand produced by the ground shaking.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
In an earthquake, the fine-grained soil below the ground surface is subjected to
alternations of shear and stress. In cases of low-permeability soils and sand, the
Earthquake
water does not drain out during the vibration, building up pore pressure that
Resistant Design
reduces the strength of the soil.
Principles and
In some cases, it is a major cause of damage and therefore is a factor in the
objectives
assessment of seismic risk.
Practical aspects

Master Course
16
Seismic Risk
List of contents: Liquefaction
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design Effects of liquefaction failure of the foundation soil.
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course 17
Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey, August 17, 1999, Nigata earthquake, Japan, August 17, 1964,
and Catastrophic Events Magnitude 7.4 Magnitude 7.6
1. Seismic Risk

Master Course
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Some examples of recent earthquakes
List of contents: Recent Italian Earthquakes:
Seismic Risk
• The Emilia Earthquake on 20th May 2012
Examples of recent
earthquakes
• The Abruzzo Earthquake on 6th April 2009
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives Source: ISIDE
Practical aspects

Master Course
The Emilia Earthquake on 20th May 2012
List of contents:
On May 20th 2012 an earthquake occurred in Mirandola, near Modena.
Seismic Risk The maximum acceleration registered is 0.25g (10 km from the epicenter).
THE EPICENTER THE MAINSHOCK

Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives Source: ISIDE
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
On May 20th and 29th 2012 were registered the two mainshocks and several
Seismic Risk aftershocks in the next days.
NUMBER OF DAILY EARTHQUAKES
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents: MAINSHOCKS AND AFTERSHOCKS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
EPICENTER OF THE MAINSHOCK IN THE NATIONAL HAZARD MAP
Seismic Risk The maximum acceleration
registered is 0.25g (10 km from the
Examples of recent epicenter).
earthquakes The acceleration considered from
the national hazard map,
Earthquake corresponding to a return period of
Resistant Design 475 years is about 0.125g – 0.15g.
The earthquake area can be
Principles and considered low-medium seismicity in
objectives the national classification.
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Comparison between the spectra for the horizontal (sx) and vertical (dx) code
Seismic Risk spectra for different classed of soil, and the spectra of the waveform registered in
Mirandola station.
Examples of recent
th
earthquakes 20 MAY
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
29th MAY

Master Course
List of contents: The observed damages MASONRY BUILDINGS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Crisis of a masonry panel for in plane actions Total collapse of a masonry building
Practical aspects

Master Course
Typical X cracking Horizontal crack near the roofing
List of contents: The observed damages REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
R.C. column crisis for soft storey mechanism.
Collapse of a masonry building
Practical aspects

Master Course
Secondary elements damage Shear damage in R.C. column
List of contents: The observed damages STEEL BUILDINGS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects Collapse of a steel industrial building

Master Course
List of contents: The observed damages PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS: TOTAL COLLAPSE
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
COVERINGS COLLAPSE
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
SUPPORT DAMAGING
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
SECONDARY ELEMENTS COLLAPSE
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
The Abruzzo Earthquake on 6th April 2009
List of contents:
On April 6th 2009 an earthquake occurred near
Seismic Risk L'Aquila as a result of normal faulting on a
NW-SE oriented structure about 15 km long.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
THE MAINSHOCKS
objectives
Date April 6th, 2009
Practical aspects Local time 03:33 a.m.
Local magnitude Ml=5.8
Moment magnitude Mw= 6.2
ONE AFTERSHOCKS
European Erasmus Mundus Date April 7th, 2009
Master Course
Local time 05:47 p.m.
Sustainable Constructions Local magnitude Ml=5.3
List of contents: During the days following the main event the Italian National Seismic Network located several
hundreds of aftershocks .
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design Moment
Magnitude
Principles and Mw= 6.2
objectives
Max average
Practical aspects peak ground
acceleration
PGA=0.626g

Master Course
under Natural Hazards The area interested by seismicity is about 30 km long and strikes in the NW-SE direction, parallel
and Catastrophic Events to the Apennine mountain axis and to the main fault structures known in the area.
List of contents: The observed damages
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
Onna
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course Building A Building B
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
BUILDING A
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
BUILDING B
List of contents:
STATISTICS F
Seismic Risk E
5%
Post-earthquake 26% A
52%
Examples of recent damage states

earthquakes
D
1%
C
Earthquake 3% B
Resistant Design 13%
Principles and
A B C D E F
objectives
Masonry buildings 48,70% 10,70% 2,60% 1,20% 30,50% 6,30%
Mixed structure 62,90% 11,30% 3,00% 0,60% 17,10% 5,10%
Practical aspects
R.C. buildings 61,60% 19,40% 2,30% 1,10% 13,50% 2,10%
Total 52,60% 12,50% 2,60% 1,00% 26,50% 5,40%
Post-earthquake damage state of buildings
A OPERATIONAL
IMMEDIATE OCCUPANCY the building remain safe to
B
occupy. Any repairs are minor
MasterCCourse LIMITED OCCUPANCY
D NO OCCUPANCY UNLESS DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS
E Hazards UNSAFE
under Natural
and Catastrophic
F Events UNSAFE FOR EXTERNAL RISK
List of contents:
STATISTICS F
Seismic Risk E
5%
Post-earthquake 26% A
52%
Examples of recent damage states

earthquakes
D
1%
C
Earthquake 3% B
Resistant Design 13%
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects WHAT ABOUT

STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS

Master Course
?
List of contents: STEEL BUILDINGS
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT, PILE, L’AQUILA
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
SHOPPING CENTRE, PILE, L’AQUILA
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
SHOPPING CENTRE, PILE, L’AQUILA
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Most of steel buildings were fully operational.
Practical aspects
Just few components in industrial plants, i.e. the
Bazzano’s steel silos, suffered for post-
earthquakes damages.
Master Course
INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT, BAZZANO, L’AQUILA
Lesson learned from past earthquakes
List of contents:
The analysis of post-earthquake
Seismic Risk scenarios reveals that steel structures
most likely will provide high
Examples of recent performances even in case of strong
earthquakes ground motions, most likely suffering for
negligible earthquake induced damage if
Earthquake compared with traditional masonry and
Resistant Design reinforced concrete buildings.
Principles and
objectives
“Buildings of structural steel have
Practical aspects performed excellently and better than any
other type of substantial construction in
protecting life safety, limiting economic
loss, and minimizing business interruption
due to earthquake-induced damage.”
Master Course Yanev, P.I., Gillengerten, J.D., and Hamburger, R.O.
(1991). The Performance of Steel Buildings in Past
Sustainable Constructions Earthquakes. The American Iron and Steel Institute
50
1. Seismic Risk

Master Course
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Earthquake Resistant Design
List of contents:
Earthquake Resistant Design can be applied according to different design strategies,
Seismic Risk all based on structural control. The differences are about the energy (seismic input)
dissipation/absorption technique.
Examples of recent
• Base isolation
earthquakes
Passive control systems • Dissipative systems
Earthquake
Resistant Design
• Tuned mass damper
Principles and
objectives STRUCTURAL
CONTROL • Active mass damper
Practical aspects
Active control systems • Stiffness control
• Force control
Master Course
Iper-resistant systems • Non-dissipative systems

List of contents:
Iper-resistant systems
Seismic Risk
Iper-resistant or non-dissipative systems are designed to remain in the elastic
Examples of recent
range, not only during frequent seismic events, having a return period comparable
earthquakes
with the service life of the structure, but also in the case of destructive
earthquakes, having a low probability of occurrence.
Earthquake
Resistant Design
This design strategy is usually adopted for strategical buildings, in which the damage
of both structural and non-structural elements (which derives from the
Principles and
development of dissipative mechanisms) is not accepted.
objectives
The resistance of structural elements in the only
Practical aspects
parameter to be controlled.

Master Course
List of contents:
Active control systems
Seismic Risk
Active control systems are designed so that, in case of seismic actions, specific
Examples of recent
devices are able to modify the structural response.
earthquakes
These structural systems typically requires a power source or utilizes the motion of
Earthquake
the structure to develop the control forces, the magnitude of which can be adjusted
Resistant Design
by the external power source.
Principles and
Control forces are developed based on
objectives
feedback from sensors that measure the
excitation and/or the response of the
Practical aspects
structure.
Applications of these systems are
developing in the last years.

Master Course
Taipei Tower 101
List of contents:
Passive control systems
Seismic Risk
Passive control systems are designed so that the energy dissipation capacity of a
Examples of recent
structure is increased, by means of energy dissipation devices located either within
earthquakes
a seismic isolation system or over the height of the structure.
Earthquake
• Dissipative structures are systems in which some structural elements or special
Resistant Design
devices are able to absorb a significant amount of the seismic input energy, thus
reducing the demand on the structural system.
Principles and
objectives • Seismic isolation is another form of passive control in which an isolation system is
introduced between the foundation and the superstructure so as to increase the
Practical aspects natural period of the system.

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Isolation
Seismic Risk
There are basically two types of Base Isolation systems:
Examples of recent • Elastomeric bearings, that are composed of rubber sheets, alternated together
earthquakes with levels of steel, and in some types with a solid lead plug, inserted between top
and bottom steel plates. The bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction,
Earthquake but flexible in the horizontal direction.
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
• Sliding system, that works by limiting the transfer of shear across the isolation
interface. Many sliding systems have been proposed and some have been used. The
friction-pendulum system is a sliding system using a special interfacial material
sliding on stainless steel and has been used for several projects in the United States.

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Isolation
Seismic Risk
Elastomeric bearings
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course Isolated system: Regional Government Building in Nagoya
List of contents:
Seismic Isolation
Seismic Risk
Sliding system
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
+9.45m
Principles and +6.40m

objectives
+3.35m
Practical aspects
+0.00m
-2.25m
-3.45m

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Isolation
Seismic Risk The isolation system increases the natural period of the system. This results in the
deflection of a major portion of the earthquake energy, reducing accelerations in
Examples of recent the superstructure while increasing the displacement across the isolation level.
earthquakes Base Isolation also protects non-structural elements and instruments by lessening
the entire structure’s speed during an earthquake.
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
Sustainable Constructions In reality base isolation is not suitable for all buildings. High-rise buildings, buildings
rested on soft soil are not suitable for base isolation.
List of contents:
Dissipative Structures
Seismic Risk
Supplemental energy dissipation devices may take many forms and dissipate energy
Examples of recent through a variety of mechanisms (yielding, viscoelastic actions, sliding friction).
earthquakes
In ordinary dissipative structures the energy input is dissipated trough the
Earthquake hysteretic plasticization of some structural elements.
Resistant Design
In the structure are preliminary detected some parts addressed to the plasticization
Principles and (ductile elements or dissipative zones) and the rest (non-dissipative zones) are
objectives considered as brittle elements, addressed to be in elastic range.
Practical aspects This strategy results in the controlled damaging of structural elements, avoiding
brittle fracture or non global plastic mechanisms.

Master Course
List of contents:
Design Principles
Seismic Risk
• Define a global plastic mechanism
Global
Examples of recent capacity • Preliminary detection of the ductile elements or dissipative zones,
earthquakes design addressed to the plasticization and of the brittle elements,
addressed to be in elastic range
Earthquake
Resistant Design Hierarchy • Non dissipative members have to be overstrength with respect to
criteria dissipative zones, to allow the cyclic plasticization of them
Principles and
objectives
• All intended plastic zones must fully develop: through “detailing
Practical aspects Ductility
rules” it can be given the maximum ductility to the dissipative
requirement
zones and so to the whole structure
Local • Allows the formation of local plastic mechanisms and ensures the
European Erasmus Mundus capacity transfer of full plastic forces
Master Course design • Concerns mainly connections
List of contents:
Capacity Design
Seismic Risk • AT BUILDING LEVEL:
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake Ductile element:

Resistant Design Structure
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
Brittle elements:
Overstrength floor and foundation

Master Course
List of contents:
Capacity Design
Seismic Risk • AT STRUCTURE LEVEL:
Examples of recent
earthquakes Ductile elements:
Plastic hinges at the beam ends
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Brittle elements:
Overstrength beams and columns
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
© Raffaele Landolfo

Master Course
List of contents:
Capacity Design
Seismic Risk • AT MEMBER LEVEL:
Examples of recent Facilitate the ductile crisis:
earthquakes
Flexural failure mode = Ductile
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects
Shear failure mode = Brittle

Master Course
List of contents:
Capacity Design
Seismic Risk • AT SECTION LEVEL:
Examples of recent Facilitate the ductile crisis (due to steel):
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design Brittle element:
Overstrength concrete
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects Ductile element:

Steel bars

Master Course
List of contents:
Capacity Design
Seismic Risk • AT CONNECTION LEVEL:
Examples of recent Connections have to be overstrength with respect to dissipative zones,
earthquakes to allow their cyclic plasticization (local hierarchy).
Earthquake
Resistant Design Brittle element:
overstrength
Principles and
Column
Column
objectives Beam
Practical aspects Brittle element:

Ductile elements overstrength
Foundation

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility
Seismic Risk
For capacity design it is important to dissipative zones, considered as ductile
Examples of recent elements and non-dissipative zones, considered as brittle elements.
earthquakes
Ductility is a fundamental requirement for dissipative structure design.
Earthquake
Resistant Design Ductility: capability to perform plastic deformations without failure.
Principles and
F - ID
objectives 150.00
LOAD
PLASTICIZATION
Practical aspects
100.00
50.00
F [kN]
0.00
-6.00 -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
DEFORMATION
-50.00
European Erasmus Mundus PLASTICIZATION -100.00
Master Course
-150.00
© R affaele L andolfo
ID [%]
under Natural Hazards Dissipation of energy is introduced into the structure by plastic cyclic behaviour.
List of contents:
Ductility
Seismic Risk The global ductility of a composed system depends on its elements ductility.
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility
Seismic Risk 1°CASE:
the resistance of the ductile element is higher than the brittle element one
FRD >> FRF
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility
Seismic Risk 2°CASE:
the resistance of the ductile element is lower than the brittle element one
FRD < FRF
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility at different levels
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility
Seismic Risk
Ductility is a fundamental requirement for dissipative structure design.
Examples of recent
earthquakes In dissipative structures, a reduced value of the seismic action can be considered.
The seismic input is reduced proportionally to the available ductility of the structure.
Earthquake
Resistant Design The reduction of seismic forces is obtained trough the use of a behaviour factor “q”.
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Ductility and behaviour factor “q”
Seismic Risk
The quantitative measure of global ductility is represented by the behaviour factor
Examples of recent “q”,that is used for the reduction of seismic forces .
earthquakes This parameter is influenced by:
• R.C. buildings
Earthquake Construction system • Steel buildings
Resistant Design
• Masonry buildings
Principles and
objectives
• Frames
Practical aspects BEHAVIOUR Structural typology • Walls
FACTOR “q”
• Bracings
• High ductility
Master Course
Ductility classes • Medium ductility
• Low ductility
1. Seismic Risk

Master Course
74
General Design Rules for Buildings
List of contents:
In seismic regions the aspect of seismic hazard shall be taken into account in the
Seismic Risk early stages of the conceptual design of a building.
Examples of recent The guiding principles governing this conceptual design are:
earthquakes
• structural simplicity;
Earthquake Regularity in plan
Resistant Design • uniformity, symmetry and redundancy;
Regularity in elevation
Principles and • bi-directional resistance and stiffness;
objectives Position of seismic resistant systems
• torsional resistance and stiffness;
Practical aspects
• diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level;
• adequate foundation.

Master Course
List of contents:
Building attributes for Regular Structural/Architectural Configuration:
Seismic Risk • Continuous load path: Uniform loading of structural elements and no stress
concentrations.
Examples of recent
earthquakes • Low height-to base ratio: Minimizes tendency to overturn.
• Equal floor heights: Equalizes column or wall stiffness, no stress concentrations.
Earthquake
Resistant Design • Symmetrical plan shape: Minimizes torsion.
• Identical resistance on both axes: Avoid eccentricity between the centers of mass
Principles and and resistance and provides balanced resistance in all directions, minimizing torsion.
objectives
• Identical vertical resistance: No concentrations of strength or weakness.
Practical aspects • Uniform section and elevations: Minimizes stress concentrations.
• Seismic resisting elements at perimeter: Maximum torsional resistance.
• Short spans: Low unit stress in members, multiple columns provide redundancy -
loads can be redistributed if some columns are lost.
Master Course
• No cantilevers: Reduced vulnerability to vertical accelerations.
under Natural Hazards • No openings in diaphragms(floors and roof): Ensures direct transfer of lateral
forces to the resistant elements.
List of contents:
Use of Regular Configurations
Seismic Risk
A design that has attributes of the ideal configuration should be used when:
Examples of recent
earthquakes • The most economical design and construction is needed, including design and
analysis for code conformance, simplicity of seismic detailing, and repetition of
Earthquake structural component sizes and placement conditions.
Resistant Design
• When best seismic performance for lowest cost is needed.
Principles and
objectives • When maximum predictability of seismic performance is desired.
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Designs for Irregular Configurations
Seismic Risk
When irregularities cannot be avoided :
Examples of recent
earthquakes • The designer should be aware of the implications of design irregularities and
should have a feel for the likelihood of stress concentrations and torsional effects
Earthquake (both the cause and remedy of these conditions lie in the architectural/structural
Resistant Design design, not in code provisions).
Principles and • Extreme irregularities may require extreme engineering solutions, but these may
objectives be costly.
Practical aspects • A soft or weak story should never be used: this does not mean that high stories or
varied story heights cannot be used, but rather that appropriate structural measures
be taken to ensure balanced resistance.

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
Four configuration conditions (two vertical and two in plan) that originate in the
Examples of recent structural design and that have the potential to seriously impact seismic
earthquakes performance are:
Earthquake • Soft and weak stories

Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives • Discontinuous shear walls
Practical aspects
• Variations in perimeter strength and stiffness

Master Course
• Reentrant corners
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
For the most part, code provisions seek to discourage irregularity in design by
Examples of recent imposing penalties, which are of three types:
earthquakes
• Requiring increased design forces.
Earthquake
Resistant Design • Requiring a more advanced (and expensive) analysis procedure.
Principles and • Disallowing extreme soft stories and extreme torsional imbalance in high seismic
objectives zones.
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
To be avoided:
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
To be avoided:
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Regularity in plan:
Seismic Risk
• With respect to the lateral stiffness and mass
distribution, the building structure shall be
Examples of recent
approximately symmetrical in plan with respect to
earthquakes
two orthogonal axes;
Earthquake
• The slenderness l = Lmax/Lmin of the building in
Resistant Design
plan shall be not higher than 4;
Principles and
• The plan configuration shall be compact. If in plan
objectives
set-backs (re-entrant corners or edge recesses)
exist, their dimensions must not exceed 25 % of the
Practical aspects
total dimension;
• The in-plan stiffness of the floors shall be

sufficiently large in comparison with the lateral
stiffness of the vertical structural elements, in order
Master Course to satisfy the rigid diaphragm condition.
List of contents:
Regularity in elevation:
Seismic Risk
• All lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural walls, or frames, shall run
without interruption from their foundations to the top of the building;
Examples of recent
earthquakes
• Both the lateral stiffness and the mass of
Earthquake the individual storeys shall remain constant
Resistant Design or reduce gradually, from the base to the top
the building;
Principles and
objectives • When setbacks are present:
- for gradual setbacks, they shall not exceed
Practical aspects 20 % of the previous plan dimension;
- if the setbacks do not preserve symmetry,
in each face the sum of the setbacks at all
storeys shall be not greater than 30 % of the
plan dimension at the ground floor, and the
individual setbacks shall be not greater than
Master Course
10 % of the previous plan dimension.
List of contents:
Position of seismic resistant elements:
Seismic Risk ok
• 3 seismic resistant elements are sufficient to
guarantee the equilibrium with respect to the seismic
Examples of recent
horizontal actions (to be isostatic), but in general
earthquakes
practice it is used at least 2 seismic resistant
elements for each principal direction (ipertstatic);
Earthquake
Resistant Design
• the seismic resistant elements have to be positioned
as far as possible from the centre (mass and stiffness)
Principles and
and in a way that the eccentricity between the centre
objectives
of stiffness and the centre of mass must be
minimized.
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
REGULAR
Examples of recent
CONFIGURATIONS
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
ok
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
NON REGULAR
Examples of recent
CONFIGURATIONS
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
Examples of recent In plan bracings

earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives Vertical bracings
In plan bracings
Practical aspects
R.C. core
European Erasmus Mundus R.C. wall

Master Course
List of contents:
Seismic Risk
R.C. CORES
Examples of recent
earthquakes
Earthquake
Resistant Design
Principles and
objectives
Practical aspects

Master Course
and Catastrophic Events L2
Thank you
for your attention
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

L11-12 - Seismic Hazard and Risk - Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

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2C09

Design for seismic

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

1. Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures I

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Practical aspects ELEMENT AT RISK

Seismic Risk SEISMIC RISK

Seismic zonation - Seismic design of new buildings

European Erasmus Mundus - Retrofit of existing buildings

• Development of attenuation relationships

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European Erasmus Mundus - 40% of populated regions concerned

Practical aspects 0.16

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Sustainable Constructions 0.00

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THE EPICENTER THE MAINSHOCK

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Practical aspects Collapse of a steel industrial building

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Examples of recent damage states

Examples of recent damage states

Practical aspects WHAT ABOUT

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Iper-resistant systems • Non-dissipative systems

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