Microsoft Power Point - Les02

Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

the following:
• Limit the rows that are retrieved by a query
Restricting and Sorting Data
• Sort the rows that are retrieved by a query
• Use ampersand substitution in iSQL*Plus to
restrict and sort output at run time
Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 2-2 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Limiting Rows Using a Selection Limiting the Rows That Are Selected
EMPLOYEES • Restrict the rows that are returned by using the

WHERE clause:
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];
… • The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
“retrieve all
employees in
department 90”
2-3 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 2-4 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Using the WHERE Clause Character Strings and Dates
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id • Character strings and date values are enclosed in
FROM employees single quotation marks.
WHERE department_id = 90 ;
• Character values are case sensitive, and date values
are format sensitive.
• The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id

FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Whalen' ;
Comparison Conditions Using Comparison Conditions
Operator Meaning SELECT last_name, salary

= Equal to FROM employees
WHERE salary <= 3000 ;
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
BETWEEN Between two values
...AND... (inclusive)
IN(set) Match any of a list of values
LIKE Match a character pattern
IS NULL Is a null value
Using the BETWEEN Condition Using the IN Condition
Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a
range of values: list:
SELECT last_name, salary SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500 ; WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201) ;
Lower limit Upper limit
2-9 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 2 - 10 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Using the LIKE Condition Using the LIKE Condition
• Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard • You can combine pattern-matching characters:
searches of valid search string values. SELECT last_name
• Search conditions can contain either literal FROM employees
characters or numbers: WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%' ;
– % denotes zero or many characters.

– _ denotes one character.
SELECT first_name
• You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the
FROM employees actual % and _ symbols.
WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%' ;
2 - 11 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 2 - 12 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Using the NULL Conditions Logical Conditions
Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator. Operator Meaning

AND Returns TRUE if both component
SELECT last_name, manager_id
FROM employees conditions are true
WHERE manager_id IS NULL ; OR Returns TRUE if either component
condition is true
NOT Returns TRUE if the following
condition is false
Using the AND Operator Using the OR Operator
AND requires both conditions to be true: OR requires either condition to be true:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees FROM employees
WHERE salary >=10000 WHERE salary >= 10000
AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ; OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ;
Using the NOT Operator Rules of Precedence
SELECT last_name, job_id Operator Meaning

FROM employees 1 Arithmetic operators
WHERE job_id
2 Concatenation operator
NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP') ;
3 Comparison conditions
4 IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
5 [NOT] BETWEEN
6 Not equal to
7 NOT logical condition
8 AND logical condition
9 OR logical condition
You can use parentheses to override rules of precedence.
Rules of Precedence Using the ORDER BY Clause
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary

FROM employees • Sort retrieved rows with the ORDER BY clause:
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP' 1 – ASC: ascending order, default
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES' – DESC: descending order
AND salary > 15000;
• The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT
statement:
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary ORDER BY hire_date ;
FROM employees
WHERE (job_id = 'SA_REP' 2
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES')
AND salary > 15000;
Sorting Substitution Variables
• Sorting in descending order: ... salary = ? …

SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date … department_id = ? …
FROM employees ... last_name = ? ...
ORDER BY hire_date DESC ; 1
I want
• Sorting by column alias: to query
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal different
values.
FROM employees 2
ORDER BY annsal ;
• Sorting by multiple columns:

SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
FROM employees 3
ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;
Substitution Variables Using the & Substitution Variable
• Use iSQL*Plus substitution variables to: Use a variable prefixed with an ampersand (&) to prompt
– Temporarily store values with single-ampersand (&) the user for a value:
and double-ampersand (&&) substitution
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
• Use substitution variables to supplement the FROM employees
following: WHERE employee_id = &employee_num ;
– WHERE conditions
– ORDER BY clauses
– Column expressions
– Table names
– Entire SELECT statements
Using the & Substitution Variable Character and Date Values
with Substitution Variables
Use single quotation marks for date and character values:
101 SELECT last_name, department_id, salary*12

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = '&job_title' ;
1
2
Specifying Column Names, Using the && Substitution Variable

Expressions, and Text
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id,&column_name Use the double ampersand (&&) if you want to reuse the
FROM employees variable value without prompting the user each time:
WHERE &condition
ORDER BY &order_column ; SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, &&column_name
FROM employees
ORDER BY &column_name ;
salary
salary > 15000
last_name
…
Using the iSQL*Plus DEFINE Command Using the VERIFY Command
• Use the iSQL*Plus DEFINE command to create and Use the VERIFY command to toggle the display of the
assign a value to a variable. substitution variable, both before and after iSQL*Plus
• Use the iSQL*Plus UNDEFINE command to remove a replaces substitution variables with values:
variable.
SET VERIFY ON
DEFINE employee_num = 200
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = &employee_num;
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = &employee_num ;
UNDEFINE employee_num old 3: WHERE employee_id = &employee_num

new 3: WHERE employee_id = 200
Summary Practice 2: Overview
In this lesson, you should have learned how to: This practice covers the following topics:
• Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output: • Selecting data and changing the order of
– Use the comparison conditions the rows that are displayed
– Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions • Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause
– Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators • Sorting rows by using the ORDER BY clause
• Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output: • Using substitution variables to add flexibility to
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} your SQL SELECT statements
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]] ;
• Use ampersand substitution in iSQL*Plus to

restrict and sort output at run time

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Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

EMPLOYEES • Restrict the rows that are returned by using the

… • The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.

SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id

Comparison Conditions Using Comparison Conditions

Operator Meaning SELECT last_name, salary

Lower limit Upper limit

Using the LIKE Condition Using the LIKE Condition

– % denotes zero or many characters.

Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator. Operator Meaning

Using the AND Operator Using the OR Operator

AND requires both conditions to be true: OR requires either condition to be true:

SELECT last_name, job_id Operator Meaning

You can use parentheses to override rules of precedence.

Rules of Precedence Using the ORDER BY Clause

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary

• Sorting in descending order: ... salary = ? …

• Sorting by multiple columns:

Substitution Variables Using the & Substitution Variable

Use single quotation marks for date and character values:

101 SELECT last_name, department_id, salary*12

Specifying Column Names, Using the && Substitution Variable

salary > 15000

UNDEFINE employee_num old 3: WHERE employee_id = &employee_num

Summary Practice 2: Overview

• Use ampersand substitution in iSQL*Plus to

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