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BJT Amplifiers
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A Graphical Picture:
Figure 6.3 Graphical operation of the amplifier showing the variation of the base
current, collector current, and collector-to-emitter voltage about their dc Q-point
values. Ib and Ic are on different scales. [5]
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6.2.1.1 The hybrid- model
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6.2.1.3 The re transistor model (1)
The comparison between the simplified-re transistor model (1) and the simplified
hybrid- model is shown in Figure 6.7.
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Therefore, we can conclude that
Note that this re transistor model (1) is used for common-emitter amplifier and
common-collector amplifier.
Note that this re transistor model (2) is used for common-base amplifier.
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6.2.2 Comparison of the AC Beta (ac) to the DC Beta (dc)
For a typical transistor, a graph of IC versus IB is nonlinear (Figure 6.9). At
different points on the nonlinear curve, the ratio IC/IB will be different, and may
also differ from the IC/IB ratio at the Q-point. Since DC= IC/IB and ac = IC/IB,
the values of these two quantities can differ slightly.
Figure 6.9 IC-versus-IB curve illustrates the difference between DC and ac. [5]
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Amplifier Properties:
Gain(A): The gain of an amplifier is the ratio of the circuit’s output to input. There
are 3 types of gain:
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Figure 6.13 Common-collector amplifier.
Figure 6.15 DC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 6.14. [5]
The ac equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 6.16. Note that both R C and
R1 have connected to ac ground because in the actual circuit, they are connected to
VCC which is ac ground. In ac analysis, the ac ground and the actual ground are
treated as the same point electrically. Ground is the common point in the circuit.
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Figure 6.16 AC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 6.14. [5]
From Figure 6.16, we can use the simplified-re transistor model (1) to analyze this
common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias, and then the equivalent
circuit is shown in Figure 6.17.
Figure 6.17 AC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 6.14 using the
simplified-re transistor model (1) [7]
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Figure 6.18 Determining Zo. [7]
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Example 1: For the network of Figure 6.19. Determine re, Zi, Zo and Av.
Solution:
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The Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration [5], [7]
Figure 6.20 shows a common-emitter amplifier fixed-bias configuration
and coupling capacitors, C1 and C2 on the input and output. V CC is DC voltage
source. Vin is AC voltage source.
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DC Analysis:
C1 and C2 are replaced by open circuit. Then DC equivalent circuit for the
amplifier in Figure 6.20 is shown in Figure 6.21.
Figure 6.21 DC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 6.20. [7]
AC Analysis:
Figure 6.22 AC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 6.20. [7]
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Figure 6.23 Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.22. [7]
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Figure 6.24 180° phase shift between input and output waveforms. [7]
Example 2: For the network of Figure 6.25. Determine re, Zi, Zo and Av.
As shown in Figure 6.26, this circuit is base bias transistor circuit. Therefore,
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Figure 6.26 For Example 2.
Step 2: AC analysis
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The most fundamental of unbypassed configurations appears in Figure
6.27. The re transistor model (1) is substituted in Figure 6.28. In this case, RE is
connected in unbypassed situation.
Figure 6.28 Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.27. [7]
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Example 3: For the network of Figure 6.29. Determine re, Zi, Zo and Av.
Step 1: DC analysis
Step 2: AC analysis
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Another variation of an emitter-bias configuration is the swamped
common-emitter amplifier. For the DC analysis, the emitter resistance is R E1+ RE2,
whereas for the AC analysis, the resistor RE the emitter resistance is only RE1 and
RE2 is bypassed by CE.
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Effect of RL and RS [5], [7]
Figure 6.31 shows 3 types of amplifier configuration: (a) unloaded, (b)
loaded and (c) loaded with a source resistance. From Figure 6.31-6.33, we can
conclude that for the same configuration: AvNL > Av > AvS.
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Figure 6.33 Loaded with a source resistance amplifier configuration. [7]
Here, AC analysis for amplifier configuration: (c) loaded with a source resistance
is shown in Figure 6.34.
Figure 6.34 Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.33. [7]
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*** The only difference in Av is the fact that RC has been replaced by RC//RL
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Example 4: Determine the total collector voltage and the total output voltage (dc
and ac). Draw the waveforms of both voltages.
Solution: Two sets of calculations are necessary to determine the total collector
voltage.
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Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.37, then we can
obtain the circuit shown in Figure 6.38.
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Step 3: collector voltage and output waveform.
Note that the coupling capacitor, C3, keeps the dc level from getting to the output.
Therefore, Vout is equal to the ac portion of the collector voltage (V out = 113.14
mVp). Finally, the waveform of Vout is shown in Figure 6.40.
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Figure 6.40 For Example 4.
Example 5: Determine the total collector voltage and the total output voltage (dc
and ac). Draw the waveforms of both voltages.
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Solution: Two sets of calculations are necessary to determine the total collector
voltage.
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Step 2: AC analysis the ac analysis is based on the ac equivalent circuit in
Figure 6.43.
Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.43, then we can
obtain the circuit shown in Figure 6.44.
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Step 3: collector voltage and output waveform.
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Figure 6.45 For Example 5.
Note that the coupling capacitor, C3, keeps the dc level from getting to the output.
Therefore, Vout is equal to the ac portion of the collector voltage (V out = 76.982
mVp). Finally, the waveform of Vout is shown in Figure 6.46.
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Homework 9
1. Draw the DC equivalent circuit and the AC equivalent circuit for the unloaded
amplifier in Figure 6.47. And then find Zi and Av.
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4. (a) Find the input impedance (Zi) and the overall voltage gain of the
amplifier shown in Figure 6.48.
(b) Determine the total collector voltage (dc and ac) and the total output
voltage (dc and ac). Draw the waveforms of both voltages.
+ 20 V
DC = 100
ac = 100
RC = 10 k
R1 = 10 k
Vin
+
RS = 200 R3 = 30 k _ Vout
20 mVp-p
RE1 = 1 k RL = 60 k
R2 = 200 k
RE2 = 9 k
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5. Determine the total collector voltage (DC and AC) and the total output voltage
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6. (a) Find the input impedance (Zi) and the overall voltage gain of the
amplifier shown in Figure 6.50.
(b) Determine the total base voltage (dc and ac) and the total output voltage
(dc and ac). Draw the waveforms of both voltages.
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7. Determine the total base voltage (DC and AC) and the total output voltage
(Vout) (DC and AC). Draw the waveforms of both voltages. Using IE = IB + IC.
+ VCC
+ 40 V
5 k
1 M
RS = 300
Vin
+
RL Vout
_
30 k
200 mVrms
RE1 = 2 k
RE2 = 3 k
DC = 100
ac = 120
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8. Determine the total base voltage (DC and AC) and the total output voltage
(Vout) (DC and AC). Draw the waveforms of both voltages. Using IE = IB + IC.
(25 marks)
+ VCC
+ 20 V
DC = 100
ac = 110
RC = 20 k
Vin +
RL = 25 k Vout
_
0.5 VP RB = 80 k
RE1 = 2 k
RE2 = 3 k
- VEE
- 20 V
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The Common-Collector amplifier (Emitter Follower) [7]
The most common collector configuration appears in Figure 6.53, the
network is referred to as an emitter-follower. The output voltage is always slightly
less than the input signal due to the drop from base to emitter, but the
approximation Av 1 is usually a good one. Unlike the collector voltage, the
emitter voltage is in phase with the signal Vi. That is, both Vo and Vi will attain
their positive and negative peak values at the same time. The fact that Vo “follows”
the magnitude of Vi with an in-phase relationship accounts for the terminology
emitter-follower. Substituting the re equivalent circuit into the network of Figure
6.53 will result in the network of Figure 6.54.
Figure 6.54 Substituting re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.53. [7]
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From Figure 6.55, to determine ZO, Vi is set to zero and then
Z o RE re
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Phase relationship: Vo and Vi are in phase for the emitter-follower configuration.
Example 6: For the network of Figure 6.56. Determine re, Zi, Zo and Av.
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The Common-Base amplifier [7]
The common-base configuration is characterized as having a relatively
low input and a high output impedance and a current gain less than 1. The voltage
gain, however, can be quite large. The standard configuration appears in Figure
6.57, with the common-base re equivalent model substituted in Figure 6.58.
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Figure 6.58 Substituting the re transistor model into the network of Figure 6.57. [7]
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Example 7: For the network of Figure 6.59. Determine re, Zi, Zo, Av and Ai.
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Cascade Systems [7]
Two or more amplifiers can be connected in a cascaded arrangement with
the output of one amplifier driving the input of the next. Each amplifier in a
cascaded arrangement is known as a stage. The basic purpose of a multistage
arrangement is to increase the overall voltage gain. The cascaded system is shown
in Figure 6.60.
Here, the overall voltage gain, AVT, of cascaded amplifiers is the product
of the individual voltage gains.
This is useful in multistage systems because the overall voltage gain in dB is the
sum of the individual voltage gains in dB.
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Example 8: A certain cascaded amplifier arrangement has the following voltage
gains: Av1 = 10, Av2 = 15, and Av3 = 20. What is the overall voltage gain? Also
express each gain in decibels (dB) and determine the total voltage gain in dB.
Solution:
Loading Effects: In determining the voltage gain of the first stage, you
must consider the loading effect of the second stage. Because the coupling
capacitor C3 effectively appears as a short at the signal frequency, the total input
resistance of the second stage presents an ac load to the first stage.
Looking from the collector of Q1, the two biasing resistors in the second
stage, R5 and R6, appear in parallel with the input resistance at the base of Q 2. In
other words, the signal at the collector of Q1 “sees” R3, R5, R6, and Zb (2nd stage) of
the second stage all inparallel to ac ground. Thus, the effective ac collector
resistance of Q1 is the total of all these resistances in parallel, as Figure 6.62 and
6.63 illustrate.
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Figure 6.61 A two-stage common-emitter amplifier. [5]
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Figure 6.63 AC equivalent of first stage, showing loading from second stage
input resistance. [5]
Here, for both stages: IE = 1.05 mA, re = 23.8 , and re(2nd stage) = 3.57 k.
From Figure 6.64, the second stage has no load resistor, so the ac collector
resistance is R7, and the gain is
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Figure 6.64 AC equivalent circuit of 2nd stage common-emitter amplifier.
Since both stages are identical and R1 = R5, R2 = R6, R3 = R7, and R4 = R8,
therefore the dc voltages for Q1 and Q2 are the same.
Example 9:
(b) Determine the overall voltage gain (AvT) of this multistage amplifier.
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Figure 6.65 For Example 9.
Solution:
(a) Step 1: DC Analysis:
Step 2: AC analysis:
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Figure 6.69 For Example 9.
Example 10:
a. Calculate the overall voltage gain (AvT) and output voltage of the RC-coupled
transistor amplifiers.
b. Calculate the input impedance of the first stage and the output impedance of
the second stage.
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(b) The input impedance of the first stage is
And Zo2 becomes the output impedance for the multi-stage amplifier, therefore
Homework 10
1. Consider this two-stage common emitter amplifier.
(b) Determine the overall voltage gain (AvT) of this multistage amplifier.
R3 R7
R1 R5 5 k
3 k
30 k 20 k
Vin
+
Vout RL
_
20 k
100 mVp
R2 R4 R6 R8
6 k 1 k 5 k 1 k
(b) Determine the overall voltage gain (AvT) of this multistage amplifier.
+ 15 V + 25 V
R3 R7
R1 R5 4 k
2 k
20 k 30 k
Vin Vout
5 mV p
R2 R6 R8
R4 5 k
4 k 1 k
1 k
3. For the two-stages, capacitively coupled amplifier in Figure 6.73, find the
following values:
(a) voltage gain (Av) of each stage.
(c) Express the gains found in (a) and (b) in decibels (dB).
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Figure 6.73 For problem 3. [5]
(c) Express the gains found in (a) and (b) in decibels (dB).
(b) Determine the overall voltage gain (AvT) of this multistage amplifier.
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DC = ac = 120
+ 40 V
Zin + 25 V
R6
R2 5 k
R1 R4
10 k 15 k
10 M
Vin +
RL
20 k
_Vout
R5
20 mVp
20 k R7
R3 15 k
15 k
Zout
(b) Determine the overall voltage gain (AvT) of this multistage amplifier.
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+ 30 V
+ 30 V
DC = ac = 150 Zout
R5 R6
15 M 10 k
R3
R1 10 k
25 k +
Vin RL
10 k
_Vout
10 Vrms R2 R7
20 k R4 20 k
10 k
Zin
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