Fluid Dynamics

Conservation of Momentum
“ Navier-Stokes Equations “
“ N.S.E “

Navier is a French mathematician ( L.M.H. Navier 1758-1836 )

Stokes is the English mechanician ( G.G. Stokes 1819- 1903 )

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

• N.S.E can be derived by considering the
dynamic equilibrium of a fluid element.
• It is necessary to consider all forces acting on that element
such as:

1- Surface Forces:
Which include all forces acting on the boundaries of element through
direct contact ( e.g. pressure and shear forces ).

2- Body Forces:
Which are distributed over the volume of fluid and depends on its
mass ( e.g. gravitational force , electromagnetic force, ….)

3- Inertia Forces:
Which are developed due to fluid flow acceleration.
Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed
 1. Surface Forces

Normal Shear
( Pressure Force ) ( Viscous Force )

Normal stress ( σ ) Shear stress (τ )

= Normal force/area = shear force/area
=FN/A =Fs/A

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

 area
z
 xz .dy.dz
( shear )

 xx .dy.dz
dz
( Normal)
dx x

dy
 xy .dy.dz
Plane
( shear ) surface

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

• Let’s consider the net surfaces forces
acting on an infinitesimal control volume in
the x-direction.

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

Summing all the surface forces illustrated,
we obtain an approximation for the net
surface force acting on the differential fluid
element in the x-direction,

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

 1. Body Forces

Gravity force (weight)

is the only body force
we take into account
For the general case in which the
coordinate system may not be aligned with
the z-axis (or with any coordinate axis), the
gravity vector is written as:

Thus, in the x-direction the body force on

the control volume is:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

 By applying Newton’s second law to the
infinitesimal control volume in the x-direction
  Du Du
 Fx  max  m Dt   dxdydz Dt
  
By substituting for  Fx
with  Fx,surface and  Fx, gravity
In Cartesian coordinates:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

• First we need to separate the pressure stresses
and the viscous stresses. When a fluid is at rest,
the only stress acting at any surface of any fluid
element is the local hydrostatic pressure P which
always acts inward and normal to the surface.

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed
 Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian
Fluids

Viscous stress tensor for an incompressible

Newtonian fluid with constant properties:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

• Recall:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

• In Cartesian coordinates the stress tensor
becomes:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

By substituting in the Cartesian x-
component of Cauchy’s equation:

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

X-component of NSE

y- and z-components of NSE

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

Incompressible NSE

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

Continuity and N.S.E. in Cartesian Cor. for an incompressible
fluid :
u v w
   0 Cont. Eq.
x y z
N.S.E.

I.F P.F B.F V.F

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed

Continuity and N.S.E. in cylindrical Cor. for an incompressible
fluid :

Cont. Eq.

N.S.E.

Dr. Tamer M. Hamed Ahmed