MACHINES

1. SIMPLE MACHINES.

Machines are devices invented by humans to make our work easier.

The most basic machines (the lever, the inclined plane and the pulley)
are called simple machines.

A. THE LEVER.

WEIGHT FORCE

FULCRUM

The lever is a rigid bar with a fulcrum. Levers make is easier to lift
heavy objects.
It is easier to move the weight if there is a bit distance between the
fulcrum and the end of the bar (FORCE POINT)

B. THE INCLINED PLANE

RAMP

It is a ramp used to move heavy objects up or down.

We use less force to move an object up a ramp than to move an object
vertically.

C. THE PULLEY

We use pulleys to lift or lower objects.

We pull on the rope to lift the object and we release
the rope to lower the object.

THE WHEEL
 The wheel forms part of some simple machines, such as the pulley, and of
many compound machines too.
The wheel is one of the inventions that has contributed most to the
advance of humanity.

Write some devices that use the wheel:

______________________________________________

Types of wheels:

1. The most ancient wheels were heavy

discs of solid wood.

2. Later, spokes were invented to make wheels less

heavy.

3. Today, car wheels are made of strong

materials and have got tires.

2. COMPOUND MACHINES.

Compound machines are made up of various elements, which include simple

machines.

(simple machine + simple machine = compound machines)

These machines can be very basic, like a gear or a pair of pliers, or

more complex, like a bicycle.

A. GEARS.

Gears consist of several wheels with teeth, the

teeth on one wheel fit into the grooves on
another wheel.
When a wheel in a gear turns, it makes that the
other wheels turn too, because the movement is
transmitted.
Then, a gear is used to transmit movement.

Write compound machines that contain gears:

____________________________________________
B. PLIERS

A pair of pliers consists of two levers

that connect at a common fulcrum.

This makes it possible to use less force at

the handle than near the fulcrum.

Another machine that works in a similar way is a

pair of scissors.

Try to cut out a hard paper (like a cardboard).

When do you make more effort?

SIMPLE MACHINES COMPOUND MACHINES

A BICYCLE.
A bike is a compound machine that is made up of several simpler machines:
levers, gears, wheels…

The handlebar is a
lever that is
connected at a The brake is a lever located on
fulcrum. the handlebar which pulls on a
cable. This cable moves other
levers. This makes the bike
stop.

GEARS: The pedals

are connected to a
large cogwheel
called the chain
wheel.

WRITE THE PARTS OF A BIKE.

 GREAT INVENTIONS.
Many inventions have made people´s lives easier: from the prehistoric
tools to the machines that we use today.
Technical advances have changed our work, our homes and the transport and
communication systems we use.

THE PRINTING PRESS

Before the invention of the printing press copying

a book was a long and laborious process.
In the 15th century Gutenberg invented machine
which made it possible to produce many copies
of a book quickly.

This is a printing press today.

THE STEAM ENGINE

The steam engine was invented by James Watt in the 18th century and this
machine revolutionized people´s lives.
It was very important for the development of industry and transport (on
land and by sea)

This is a high speed train today.

LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION

In the past, communication was slow and difficult. A letter could take
weeks to reach its destination. The situation changed in the 19th century
when various systems were invented:

THE TELEGRAPH

The first modern communication system was the

telegraph, which sent text messages, called
telegrams with electrical signals. Postmen
delivered the telegrams to people´s houses.

Today we can send messages from our computers via the

internet, we send emails, or by using our mobiles we
send what´s apps.

THE TELEPHONE

The telephone came after the telegraph. It is based also on

electrical signals, but it allows the transmission of
sound.

At the beginning, these signals went sent by wires,

you can see the sky in this city.
Today, mobiles phones are very common, they can
send text messages, videos, images, sound…

Now it is your turn… let´s play to INVENTING.

INVENT, DESIGN AND DRAW A MACHINE WITH:

- 2 COGWHEELS.
- 1 PAIR PLIERS.
- 2 WHEELS.

NEW WORDS:

- LEVER: palanca
- EASIER: más fácil
- FULCRUM: punto de apoyo
- LIFT: elevar
- LOWER: bajar
- WEIGHT: peso
- PULLEY: polea
- PULL ON: tirar (de la cuerda)
- RELEASE: liberar (cuerda)
- PULL DOWN: tirar hacia abajo.
- PULL UP: tirar hacia arriba.
- SPOKES: radios
- LESS: menos
- TIRES: neumáticos.
- GEAR: engranaje
- COGWHEELS: ruedas dentadas.
- PAIR OF PLIERS: par de pinzas
- GROOVES:ranuras
- FIT: encajar
- DEVELOPMENT: desarrollo
- DELIVER: repartir
- REACH ITS DESTINATION: llegar a su destino.

Bike parts: bell/ light/ spokes/ tires/ chain/ seat/ pedal/ handlebar/